橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性分析

【目的】研究鲜橘皮表面真菌群落结构多样性,为探讨橘皮经贮藏陈化为陈皮真菌群落的变化奠定基础。【方法】在广东、四川、广西、江西、重庆5个柑橘主产地采集橘栽培变种茶枝柑、大红袍等的鲜橘皮,在Illumina Hi Seq平台上扩增橘皮表面真菌ITS区进行高通量测序,分析真菌物种注释及丰富度,并应用α与β多样性分析(AlphaBeta diversity)对真菌群落结构组成进行分析。【结果】8批橘皮样品的有效序列可分类至35个属,不同产地茶枝柑、大红袍等品种橘皮表面真菌群落由7类真菌群落组成,种类一致,其中担孢酵母属(Erythrobasidium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、球腔菌属(Mycosphaerella)为最大相对丰度排名前5的属,首次在橘皮表面发现枝氯霉属和短梗霉属真菌。【结论】明确了橘皮表面真菌群落结构组成,为橘皮在贮藏过程中真菌群落变化与药材品质变化相关性研究奠定基础。     

哈尔滨市室外空气真菌组成和分布的初步研究

采用曝皿法(孟加拉红培养基)连续12个月对哈尔滨市实验林场、东北林业大学家属区和哈尔滨市二环路、兴路区间3个地点的空气真菌进行取样,初步确定了哈尔滨市室外空气真菌的种类及其动态变化。试验共得到9 908个真菌菌落,经鉴定为22属(或群)49种。试验结果表明:室外空气真菌的优势菌属依次为枝孢属、链格孢、曲霉属、青霉属、附球菌属、木霉属和无孢菌群,分别占总菌落数的21.54%、15.16%1、4.70%、12.20%、11.35%、7.86%和7.80%;室外空气真菌的种类在一天中基本没有变化,但菌落的数量有一定变化,总菌落数从早至晚也逐渐增加;不同季节室外真菌的种类和菌落数有明显变化,秋季最多,冬季最少;不同采样地点的空气真菌的种类变化不大,但菌落数量有差异,菌落数量依次为公路林场家属区。     

套袋与未套袋苹果果实表皮及心部真菌种群结构与变化动态

2011年在山东海阳,2013年在蓬莱和栖霞选取当地常规管理的苹果园,采用传统组织分离法对套袋苹果、未套袋苹果的果实表皮及心部组织进行真菌分离并进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。对不同时期采集的套袋及未套袋果实表皮与心部的真菌种类、菌落数量、组织分离率、多样性、相似性系数、相对分离频率等指标进行统计分析。结果表明,两个年度内从果实表皮共分离获得真菌43属,从心部获得真菌31属,相对分离频率较高的真菌包括：链格孢Alternaria spp.、枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides、镰孢菌Fusarium spp.、青霉菌Penicillium spp.等。研究结果表明：果实套袋后,在果实表皮定殖真菌的种类减少,多样性降低,而数量增加,组织带菌率升高;随果实生长,套袋果实表皮上的真菌种类与未套袋果实表皮真菌种类的相似度逐渐降低;7、8月份,套袋果实表皮上真菌种类明显减少,至8月底,套袋果实表面只有链格孢等少数几种优势真菌定殖。果实套袋后,定殖于果实心部的真菌种类和数量有所波动,套袋果和未套袋果上所分离真菌的相似度有所降低;5月底自果实心部分离真菌的种类和数量与9月底所分离真菌的种类和数量差异不大。     

小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra DC)内生真菌的分布特点

[目的]为探明小花棘豆不同组织中内生真菌带菌率及其种属分布特点,对采自内蒙古阿拉善盟草原的小花棘豆各组织内生真菌进行检测与分离.[方法]制作小花棘豆不同组织临时装片,通过染色观察与分离鉴定方法研究小花棘豆各组织中内生真菌分布形态、带菌率以及内生真菌种属分布情况.[结果]通过临时装片染色技术从小花棘豆茎、叶、叶柄及种子中均检测到内生真菌并观察到其在各组织中的分布特点;采用普通分离方法从小花棘豆四种组织中分离出79株内生真菌,鉴定为5个种.比较小花棘豆各组织内生真菌带菌率与分离率发现种子＞叶＞茎＞叶柄,且小花棘豆内生真菌的主要优势种(相对分离频率)为疯草内内生真菌(Undifilum oxytropis)(77.32％),砖格孢属(Embellisia sp.)L12(64.00％),镰刀菌属(Fusarium equiseti)(50.00％).[结论]小花棘豆各组织中普遍存在内生真菌,其在各组织中的形态分布各异,内生真菌数量与种属分布存在组织差异性,种子和叶是内生真菌侵染和定殖的主要部位.     

兰科植物黄花白及Bletilla ochracea内生真菌多样性分析

黄花白及Bletilla ochracea是一种地生兰科植物,也是中国传统中药材之一。以黄花白及为实验材料,对其叶和根组织中内生真菌类群组成及多样性进行分析。结果表明,从黄花白及植株的叶片和根组织块(段)中分离到可培养内生真菌140株,根据形态特征将它们鉴定为16个分类单元,其中包括10种子囊菌和6种担子菌。从叶片组织中分离的内生真菌有6种,其中刺盘孢属Colletotrichum真菌为叶片组织中的优势种类;从根组织中分离内生真菌有10种,瘤菌根菌属Epulorhiza和腊壳菌属Sebacina真菌构成了根组织内生真菌的优势类群。根组织可培养内生真菌的多样性(H′=1.968)要高于叶片组织(H′=1.459)。     

金沙江干热河谷（元谋段）丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

从金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)75种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了44种丛枝菌根真菌,分属无梗囊霉属Acaulospora、古孢霉属Archaeospora、内养囊霉属Entrophospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora、球囊霉属Glomus和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora,其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金沙江干热河谷中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属。齿状无梗囊霉A．denticulata、刺状无梗囊霉A．spinosa、瘤状无梗囊A．tuberculata,近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G．clarum、根内球囊霉G．intraradices、单孢球囊霉Gmonosporum、弯丝球囊霉G．sinuosa是金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的优势种。金沙江干热河谷土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为5-6400个／100g土壤,平均1504;每个根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度1～18种,平均9种。     

中国稻谷可培养真菌群落组成及多样性

真菌生长导致粮食品质下降及真菌毒素污染,是造成粮食损失的主要原因。我们采用形态学与分子系统发育分析相结合的方法,对中国13个省78份稻谷样品的真菌群落组成及多样性进行研究。结果表明,本次共分离622株真菌,经初步鉴定分属于17属73个物种。南北方因气候条件差异较大,稻谷真菌数量和物种组成都存在很大差异。南方稻谷表面真菌数量（10 ⁴cfu/g）明显高于北方（10 ³cfu/g）。北方收获期的优势种主要属于枝孢属Cladosporium,南方收获期的优势种为黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus、黑曲霉Aspergillus niger和阿姆斯特丹曲霉Aspergillus amstelodami等。进入储藏期后,由于中国仓储管理要求较高,储藏环境相对稳定（aw≤0.75）,耐旱真菌阿姆斯特丹曲霉和多育曲霉Aspergillus proliferans（占比40%以上）成为优势种,这类真菌可作为储藏期粮堆异常的早期预警指示菌。南方收获期感染的黄曲霉和黑曲霉进入储藏期后仍保持优势比例,导致储藏期间毒素污染风险必然增加,因此南方稻谷收储环节均应加强监管。本研究通过分析南北方收获和储藏环节稻谷真菌群落组成差异及产毒真菌的分布规律,以期为中国粮库在稻谷收储环节的真菌毒素防控提供依据。     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

从金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)75种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了44种丛枝菌根真菌, 分属无梗囊霉属Acaulospora、古孢霉属Archaeospora、内养囊霉属Entrophospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora、球囊霉属Glomus和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora, 其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金沙江干热河谷中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属。齿状无梗囊霉A. denticulata、刺状无梗囊霉A. spinosa、瘤状无梗囊A. tuberculata,近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G. clarum、根内球囊霉G. intraradices、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、弯丝球囊霉G. sinuosa是金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的优势种。金沙江干热河谷土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为5~6400个/100g土壤,平均1504;每个根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度1~18种,平均9种。     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究*

从金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)75种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了44种丛枝菌根真菌, 分属无梗囊霉属Acaulospora、古孢霉属Archaeospora、内养囊霉属Entrophospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora、球囊霉属Glomus和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora, 其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金沙江干热河谷中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属。齿状无梗囊霉A. denticulata、刺状无梗囊霉A. spinosa、瘤状无梗囊A. tuberculata,近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G. clarum、根内球囊霉G. intraradices、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、弯丝球囊霉G. sinuosa是金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的优势种。金沙江干热河谷土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为5~6400个/100g土壤,平均1504;每个根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度1~18种,平均9种。     

感染羽茅的香柱菌属内生真菌对丛枝菌根真菌孢子萌发的影响

内生真菌与丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是构成草原生态系统的重要组成部分.内生真菌会抑制其宿主植物的AM真菌侵染率.本研究以感染2种香柱菌属内生真菌[Epichloё gansuensis(Eg)和E. sibirica(Es)]的天然禾草羽茅为供试材料,进行体外纯培养的内生真菌培养滤液、感染内生真菌的羽茅叶片(包括鲜叶和枯叶)浸提液,以及根系分泌物对摩西球囊霉(Gm)和幼套球囊霉(Ge)2种AM真菌孢子萌发影响试验.结果表明: 香柱菌属内生真菌的培养滤液会显著抑制2种AM真菌孢子的萌发,而感染香柱菌属内生真菌的羽茅根系分泌物只对Ge孢子萌发有显著抑制作用,且上述抑制作用与内生真菌种类无关;鲜叶浸提液对Gm和Ge的孢子萌发率均无显著影响,而枯叶浸提液对Ge的孢子萌发有显著抑制作用.在自然生态系统中,香柱菌属内生真菌通常存在于宿主植物体内,可能通过影响宿主植物的根系分泌物来影响AM真菌孢子的萌发.     

Keratinophilic fungi on the hair of cows,donkeys, rabbits,cats, and dogs from the West Bank of Jordan

The mycoflora of hair of 111 cows, donkeys, rabbits, cats, and dogs were analysed and the frequency of occurrence and the relative importance value of the different fungal species isolated were calculated. Total numbers of species 56, 45, 48, 23, and 11 were recovered from cows, donkeys, rabbits, cats, and dogs respectively. The majority of the keratinophilic fungi isolated were either well-known mycotic agents or have been recovered from various animal and human lesions. These comprised 87.8%, 66.7%, 61.4%, 59.3%, and 55.2% of the hair mycoflora in cats, dogs, rabbis, cows, and donkeys respectively. Seven species of dermatophytes were isolated: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, Microsporum gypseum, M. nanum, T. ajelloi, and M. canis. Cats harboured the largest number of dermatophytes (5 species), followed by cows (4 spp), rabbits (3 spp), and donkeys and dogs (1 sp). The role of these animals in the persistence and transmission of pathogenic fungi is discussed.     

Mycoflora and aflatoxin production in pigeon pea stored in jute sacks and iron bins

The mycoflora, moisture content and aflatoxin contamination of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millisp) stored in jute sacks and iron bins were determined at monthly intervals for a year. The predominant fungi on freshly harvested seeds wereAlternaria spp.,Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium spp. andPhoma spp. These fungi gradually disappeared from stored seeds with time and by 5–6 months, most were not isolated. The fungi that succeeded the initially dominant ones were mainly members of the generaAspergillus, Penicillium andRhizopus. Population of these fungi increased up to the end of one year storage. Higher incidence of mycoflora andAspergillus flavus were recorded in jute-sack samples throughout the storage period. The moisture content of stored seeds was found to fluctuate with the prevailing weather condition, being low during the dry season and slightly high during the wet season. The stored seeds were free of aflatoxins for 3 and 5 months in jute sacks and iron bins respectively. The level of aflatoxins detected in jute-sack storage system was considerably higher than that occurring in the iron bin system. Of 196 isolates ofA. flavus screened, 48% were toxigenic in liquid culture (54% from jute sacks and 41% from iron bins).     

The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin,zearalenone and sterigmatocystin in dairy feed and forage samples from Eastern India and Bangladesh

The mycoflora of a range of mixed ruminant feed and forage samples collected in Eastern India and Bangladesh were determined. Most fungi isolated from the samples were those associated with low moisture contents. Several potentially mycotoxigenic fungi and thermotolerant species were present particularly in the rice straw. The most frequently isolated fungi were: Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium citrinum Thorn, Eurotium species, Wallemia sebi (Fr.) v. Arx, Aspergillus penicilloides Speg. and yeasts. Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Cladosporium species were prevalent in straw but not other feeds. Levels of certain individual fungi, particularly thermotolerant types, were higher in Bangladesh rice straw although overall counts were similar to those of the Indian samples. Mycotoxin analyses for aflatoxins, zearalenone and sterigmatocystin were carried out. Aflatoxins were detected in significant amounts in some feed samples from Eastern India but not in rice straw from India and Bangladesh. Zearalenone occurred in a Paspalum straw sample and three other feed samples from India and sterigmatocystin was detected in three rice straw samples from Bangladesh.     

Aspergillus flavus and other mycoflora of groundnut kernels in Israel and the absence of aflatoxin

More than 300 groundnut (peanut) samples collected from different regions of Israel were examined by ELISA for aflatoxin contamination. Samples were designated for export, local consumption or for sowing. None of the samples were contaminated with the toxin. However, when kernels were kept at high humidity (RH?99%), aflatoxin could be frequently detected seven days after incubation and the toxin was not uniformly distributed among kernels.Aspergillus niger, A flavus, Penicillium citrinum andP pinophilum were the dominant fungi and no differences were observed among cultivars. Almost half of the commercial samples examined were devoid ofA flavus. Other fungi identified wereA tamaril, A amstelodami, P rubrum, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizopus spp., Sclerotium rolfsll, Fusarium andAlternaria spp; the two last ones comprising a group of low incidence. Although groundnut samples that containA flavus—infected kernels are moderately common, the local climate and agrotechniques In use in Israel are not conducive to aflatoxin accumulation. Nevertheless infected kernels may become a threat to health if stored under inadequate conditions.     

Investigation of stored wheat mycoflora,reporting the<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> cf.<Emphasis Type="Italic">langsethiae</Emphasis> in three provinces of Iran during 2007

Wheat is the most important cereal produced in Iran. A mycological survey was carried out for the first time, on the stored wheat samples in Tehran, East Azarbayejan and Mazandaran provinces in 2007. Exogenous and endogenous fungi, were isolated by the method of flotation with Malachite green agar (MGA 0.25) and Freeze blotter techniques respectively. In this study, 46 species belonging to 23 different genera were isolated.Cladosporium spp. (57.1–89.2%) andAlternaria spp. (82.4–100%) species were the predominant fungal species identified as endogenous mycoflora. The predominant exogenous fungi werePenicillium spp. (78.4–92.8%) andAspergillus spp. (71.4–85.7%) species.Fusarium proliferatum was the most prevalent species ofFusarium isolates.Aspergillus niger (39.4%) andAspergillus flavus (36.7%) were the predominantAspergillus species identified as exogenous mycoflora.Aspergillus flavus (26.6%) was the predominantAspergillus species identified as endogenous mycoflora. Flotation method with MGA 0.25 recommended for isolating of hyaline fungi from wheat cereals. In this study one isolate fromFusarium species was isolated on the basis of morphology and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer classified asFusarium langsethiae but on the basis of partial translation elongation factor-1alpha gene grouped withFusarium sporotrichioides. To our knowledge, this is the first report aboutF. cf.langsethiae in Iran and Asia.     

Fungi associated with black tea and tea quality in the Sultanate of Oman

Forty-eight samples of four popular commercial brands of black tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) were purchased from the local markets in Muscat area, Sultanate of Oman. Tea leaves were surveyed for mycoflora. Five fungal species were isolated with A. niger as the most dominant in all the brands having percentage contamination ranging between 0.66% and 30.34%. Other fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. and Pacelomyces spp. but having average percentages of 0.6%, 0.84% and 0.21% respectively. Significant differences were found among the batches contaminated by A. niger. None of the 25 A. flavus strains screened for aflatoxins were found aflatoxigenic. The total ash, water-soluble ash, and mineral concentration of the samples were within the British standards and were not affected by fungal contamination. The results showed that black tea is contaminated by fungi that might constitute health hazards for humans. The post harvest contamination of tea could be eliminated or reduced if processing is conducted under more hygienic conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies on seed-borne fungi of wheat in seed health testing programme

Seed mycoflora associated with wheat was studied on different media with a particular reference to Blotter and potato dextrose agar (PDA) procedures of ISTA. Seed-borne fungi, viz. Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Drechslera spp, Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp., were isolated from the variety HD264. Blotter method was found to be the best media for the isolation of mycoflora whether borne externally or internally. Total number and frequency of occurrence of fungi were recorded. The effect of seed treatment with different chemicals and eco-friendly botanicals was analysed on germination, and growth, better percentage of seed germination and reduction in fungal pathogen were due to biochemical seed treatment.     

Occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species in maize fields in New Zealand

Fusarium populations were investigated in maize grains and their husks about six weeks before harvest in three maize fields in the Manawatu region of New Zealand. The role of litter and soil as reservoirs for these fungi was also examined. Two techniques were used to examine populations, dilution plating and direct plating. Using the dilution plating technique the highest overall populations were found in husks (mean 2.2 x 10(5)/g) and litter (mean 1.4 x 10(5)/g), while similar lower numbers of viable propagules were obtained from grain (mean 2.1 x 10(3)/g) and soil (2.8 x 10(3)/g). With this technique five Fusarium spp. were commonly isolated; F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F. subglutinans, F. oxysporum and F. acuminatum, of which F. graminearum was the most abundant. With the direct plating technique 87% of grains were infected with Fusarium spp., with some grains being infected with more than one species. Segments from husks and litter, 70% and 43% respectively, were colonised by Fusariumr spp. F. graminearum was the most frequent species isolated from maize grain and husk segments (48.3 and 37.7% colonisation respectively). Other species, particularly F. culmorum and F. acuminatum, were also found to be common contaminants. A total of 15 Fusarium spp. was recovered from all material examined by both techniques. Cultures with characteristics resembling those of F. moniliforme were rarely observed.     

Detection and identification of moulds in dutch houses and non-industrial working environments

The mycoflora of indoor non-industrial environments is reported from “case” studies in The Netherlands. Both air sampling by a RCS-Reutcr centrifugal air sampler and surface sampling by swabs and cellotape preparations were carried out in homes, archives and libraries, musea, offices and schools. Common species encountered in these indoor environments are Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, Cladosporium spp. and the xerophilic fungi Eurotium spp. and Wallemia sebi. Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis spp. and Stachybotrys chartarum were occasionally isolated. It is not always possible to detect the mycoflora growing on surfaces by air sampling. Therefore direct microscopical examination and sampling from surfaces in addition to air sampling is strongly recommended for the detection of viable moulds in indoor environments. Selection of the most suitable media for isolation of fungi is discussed.     

豫南茶园树栖真菌群落结构研究

对豫南茶园叶栖及枝栖真菌群落结构进行了初步调查,经分离共得到真菌17属32种。结果表明,茶树不同的器官以及同一器官的不同发育阶段栖居有不同的真菌群落;豫南茶园树栖真菌群落主要由兼性寄生菌和腐生菌构成;茶树不同品种之间树栖真菌群落差别不明显,茶园的生态环境是影响茶园树栖真菌群落结构的主要因素。