外生菌根菌对樟子松苗木生长的影响

通过菌种野外采集、分离培养、纯化及室内人工接种试验,获得9株樟子松外生菌根菌。采用苗木截根—菌剂浸根方法,对2年生樟子松移床苗进行外生菌根菌野外单接种试验,以接种无菌液体培养基的苗木作为对照,研究外生菌根菌单接种对樟子松苗木生长的影响。野外单接种试验表明,9株外生菌根菌对樟子松苗木均有一定的促生长效果。接种130 d,除菌株010外,其他菌株均可提高樟子松苗高23%以上。其中,接种菌株GT005的苗高提高54.24%;接种菌株035、009、LH004及GT001的苗高分别提高41.53%、36.44%、35.59%和35.59%。菌株035、LH004、025、010和GT001可使苗木地径提高20%以上,其中菌株035提高地径56.31%,菌株LH0040、25分别提高39.93%和29.01%。除接种菌株010的苗木外,接种其他菌株的樟子松苗木过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照30.23%~48.37%。接种菌株004的苗木根系活力最强,高于对照39.17%;接种菌株GT005和010的苗木,根系活力低于对照;接种其他菌株的苗木根系活力高于对照2.5%~16.67%。接种菌株GT005的苗木的叶绿素含量最高,高于对照20%以上。9个菌株均可用于樟子松苗木生产中。樟子松苗木的过氧化氢酶活性、根系活力与苗木的生物量间无相关性。     

红皮云杉外生菌根菌单接种及混合接种对苗木生长的影响

以提高外生菌根真菌对红皮云杉苗木促生长效果为目的,在前期研究的基础上,采用菌株配对培养的方法对获得的云杉外生菌根真菌进行混合接种菌株组合筛选;采用沟施菌剂方法,对3年生红皮云杉移床苗进行外生菌根菌菌株组合野外混合接种试验,同时以各菌株野外单接种作为对照,研究外生菌根真菌单接种及混合接种对红皮云杉苗木生长的影响。试验结果表明:供试菌株及菌株组合对红皮云杉苗木生长均有一定的促进作用。菌株L15促生长效果最佳,接种100d苗木高生长高于对照30.88%,地径高于对照15.29%。组合L15/025与L15/009促苗木生长效果低于单接种L15的效果,高于单接种009和025的效果。接种菌株010和组合L15/025的苗木与对照相比,叶绿素含量提高差异显著,叶绿素a水平分别高于对照59.15%、54.61%,叶绿素b水平分别高于对照76.34%和67.78%。除接种菌株010的苗木外,其他处理苗木其过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比均有所降低。所有处理苗木的根系活力均低于对照。综上,外生菌根菌高效菌株与一般菌株混合接种会弱化高效菌株自身接种效果;苗木过氧化氢酶活性、苗木根系活力与苗木的生物量间无相关性。     

厚环乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)N40与绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)T43复合接种下樟子松苗木的生理响应

采用植物生理学和生物化学等研究方法,研究了厚环乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)N40与绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)T43复合接种条件下,对樟子松苗木的接种效应。测定不同接种方式下樟子松苗木生长指标、菌根合成率、光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性,根际土壤酶活性和抗病保护酶活性等指标。结果表明:N40和T43既有竞争性,同时又具有良好的兼容性,对苗木的生长指标、生理指标均有明显的提高作用。接种N40 30d后接种T43,3个月后苗木高生长提高43.0%,地径提高55.6%,苗木可溶性蛋白含量提高176.9%,苗木叶绿素a水平提高76.2%,叶绿素b水平提高64.1%,类胡萝卜素水平提高103.6%,苗木CAT和SOD活力分别提高45.5%和43.7%,β-1,3葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活力提高28.0%和40.0%;苗木根际土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活力分别提高120%和100%。上述结果表明,绿木霉T43能够促进菌根化苗木的生长并能诱导苗木产生抗性。     

Cd胁迫下外生菌根菌对樟子松生理指标和根际土壤酶的影响

本研究采用盆栽试验法,研究了不同浓度Cd胁迫下,接种外生菌根菌——褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)苗期植株的生长及叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(CAT、POD和SOD)活性、细胞渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、MDA和游离脯氨酸)含量和根际土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性的变化。结果表明:1年生樟子松苗木在Cd胁迫1个月后,接菌处理组无论在苗木生长、抗氧化酶活性方面均高于对照组,且大部分指标达到显著差异水平(P0.05)。各接菌处理组菌根侵染率达48.0%以上。抗氧化酶活性方面,CAT和POD活性呈现出随着胁迫程度的加深,先下降后上升的变化趋势,SOD活性则呈现出地上与地下部分"上下对称"的变化趋势。同时,通过对各处理组苗木细胞渗透调节物质的定量测定,接菌处理组的细胞受破坏程度显著低于不接菌处理组。对苗木根际土壤酶分析结果表明,Cd胁迫下,施加外生菌根菌可以有效提高樟子松根际土壤酶的活性(尤其是脲酶),进而起到增加樟子松根际土壤生物活性作用。综上,接种外生菌根真菌对樟子松缓解重金属Cd胁迫具有明显的促进作用。Cd胁迫下,外生菌根可以有效正向调节樟子松的生长、抗氧化胁迫能力并提高苗木细胞渗透调节作用,进而提高苗木对重金属的耐受性和提高苗木根际土壤生物活性。本研究可以为重金属污染土地的有效治理和利用木本植物修复改良重金属污染土壤提供参考。     

外生菌根菌对樟子松苗木生长的影响

以内蒙古大兴安林樟子松分布区较典型的6个乡土菌种与本实验室从法国引进的宿主范围较广的2个菌种及内蒙古地区分布广泛的土生空团菌为研究对象,采用固体和液体两种菌剂类型,对出苗30d左右的樟子松实生苗进行外生菌根菌接种试验,接种130d后观察菌根侵染情况及生长特性,同时对菌根化的樟子松苗木进行自然干旱胁迫,研究外生菌根菌接种对樟子松苗木生长及抗逆性的影响。结果显示:(1)5个乡土菌种和1个法国引进菌种均能够与樟子松实生苗共生菌根,菌根化苗木较对照的苗高增长10.5%～111.4%、地茎增长4.55%～92.8%、苗木干重增加6.8%～184.5%,且固体菌剂效果优于液体菌剂。(2)在干旱胁迫下,菌根化苗木叶绿素含量较对照增加5.82%～36.92%、净光合速率提高120.2%～217.03%,叶片推迟10.3～25h出现萎蔫,临界致死时间推迟13.8～38.2h。(3)接种菌种厚环乳牛肝菌和点柄乳牛肝菌的苗木菌根侵染率、苗木生长量、干旱胁迫下各项生理指标均显著优于其他菌种和对照。研究表明,樟子松实生苗菌根化对苗木生长有明显的促进作用,能够提高苗木对干旱胁迫的抵御能力;厚环乳牛肝菌和点柄乳牛肝菌是有潜在研究和应用价值的优良菌株,这两个菌株的固体菌剂可用于樟子松菌苗生产。     

外生菌根菌对油松幼苗抗氧化酶活性及根系构型的影响

研究盆栽条件下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)和红汁乳菇(Lactarius hatsudake)对油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)苗木生长,抗氧化酶活性和根系构型的影响。结果表明:(1)褐环乳牛肝菌和红汁乳菇均可与油松合成外生菌根,并显著提高苗木的苗高、地径、鲜重和干重。(2)接种褐环乳牛肝菌苗木针叶抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD)活性分别比接种红汁乳菇苗木高14.77%、20.77%、34.68%;接种褐环乳牛肝菌苗木根系抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD)活性分别比接种红汁乳菇苗木高8.54%,4.34%,33.31%;接种处理苗木抗氧化酶活性均显著高于不接种处理。接种处理苗木根长、表面积、体积、平均直径、根尖数、分叉数显著高于不接种处理;接种处理间苗木只有根尖数存在显著差异;接种褐环乳牛肝菌的油松根系分支成80°—90°的一级侧根数占23.81%,显著多于接种红汁乳菇和对照苗木。研究表明,接种褐环乳牛肝菌和红汁乳菇均能促进油松苗木生长,提高油松体内抗氧化酶活性,扩大苗木根系的吸收范围,其中褐环乳牛肝菌各方面的促进效果要优于红汁乳菇。     

模拟氮沉降和不同外生菌根真菌侵染对樟子松幼苗生长的影响

盆栽条件下,采用单接种Suillus bovines(以下简称SB)和混合接种(Suillus luteus、Suillus grevillea、Tricholoma fulvum、Boletinus grisellus、Suillus bovinus、Leucocortinarius bulbiger、Rhizopogon luteolus、Pisolithus tinctorius 8个菌种的等量混合菌剂接种,以下简称HJ)方法对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)2个月幼苗进行接种处理,幼苗生长6个月形成菌根后对樟子松幼苗进行模拟氮沉降实验,5个月后通过测定幼苗生长指标、根系形态结构和菌根侵染率,旨在探讨模拟氮沉降对樟子松不同接种处理幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:①随着氮浓度的增加,单接种乳牛肝(SB)和混合接种(HJ)菌根侵染率均呈下降趋势,且氮沉降对SB处理的菌根侵染率影响更显著。②接种显著促进幼苗地上和地下生物量积累,且混合接菌效果更好;同一接菌处理中,氮浓度增加对地上生物量的积累有抑制作用;接种和氮浓度对地径和地上生物量有显著交互作用,但对苗高和地下生物量无交互作用。③HJ处理中不施氮(CKN)和1倍氮浓度(CN)较不接菌(CK)和SB处理显著促进幼苗根系的平均直径、总根长和总表面积;氮浓度增加显著促进CK和SB处理的幼苗根系平均直径、总根长和总表面积,但是对HJ处理的根系各形态结构指标均产生抑制作用。接种和氮浓度以及两者的交互作用均极显著影响幼苗根系形态结构。     

外生菌根真菌对杉木的接种效应

对商南县2年生杉木苗木进行乳牛肝菌(Suillus bovines)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)和褐黄牛肝菌(Boletus luridus)3种外生菌根真菌的接种试验.结果显示,外生菌根真菌对杉木苗木成活率、苗高和地径生长均有明显的促进作用,能明显提高苗木的菌根化水平,增加苗木体内叶绿素含量,促进其游离脯氨酸含量的累积,降低丙二醛含量.对不同坡向杉木苗木各项生长指标的分析显示,在杉木人工造林中,阳坡的综合效应明显优于阴坡.乳牛肝菌和褐黄牛肝菌可作为一种生物肥料,在杉木人工造林中应用.     

红花尔基樟子松优良抗旱菌树组合的筛选

为筛选红花尔基樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica）优良抗旱菌树组合,采用樟子松林下5个优势外生菌根真菌菌株为接种体,分别对5个月龄樟子松实生苗进行人工接种,接种8个月后观察菌根侵染情况及菌根形态,并在非干旱胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下测定不同菌树组合的生长和生理生化指标。结果表明：5个乡土菌种均能成功侵染樟子松并形成典型的外生菌根;干旱胁迫下,菌根化樟子松的各项生长指标均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,且接种粘盖牛肝菌（Suillus bovinus）具有最高的菌根侵染率、苗高、地上及地下生物量和根茎比;外生菌根共生体可通过提高植物SOD活性与POD活性,同时降低MDA含量来提高樟子松对干旱的耐受力;干旱胁迫下,所有接种处理苗木的萎蔫时间较对照处理均推迟,推迟时间最长的是粘盖牛肝菌接种处理,较对照推迟96.3 h;另外,接种处理均能显著延长宿主临界致死时间,尤其是接种粘盖牛肝菌可延长113.8 h。因此,可以认为粘盖牛肝菌与樟子松是一个较为理想的抗旱菌树组合。     

红皮云杉外生菌根菌对苗木生长的影响

2000年8～10月自大兴安岭新林林业局和兴隆林业局采集各种林型下的伞菌担子果,进行分离培养、纯化,获得36个菌株。经对红皮云杉室内接种试验获得6个可与红皮云杉共生形成外生菌根的菌株。室内接种试验结果表明,在红皮云杉播种苗上接种菌根菌的时期应在出苗后30d左右。菌根形成的适宜温度为20℃左右。筛选得到的6个菌株对红皮云杉幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用。接种林地菇(Agaricus silvaticus)、031和L15菌株的苗木叶绿素a含量明显高于其他菌株和对照;接种009、004、林地菇和L15菌株的苗木叶绿素b含量也明显高于其他菌株和对照;接种林地菇、L15、031、009和025菌株的苗木与对照苗木在重量上差异显著;其中接种林地菇和L15菌株的苗木比对照苗木分别增加了19.23%和23.08%;接种6个菌株的苗木与对照苗木高度比较差异非常显著,接种林地菇和L15菌株的苗木与对照相比分别增加17.83%和16.37%。室外接种结果表明,接种林地菇的苗木高生长最好,接种70d高于对照9.24%;接种菌株L15的苗木地径生长最好,接种70d高于对照9.92%;接种菌株009的苗木侧根数最多,接种70d高于对照51.91%;接种菌株009的苗木主根最长,接种70d高于对照3.36%;而接种菌株031的苗木全株感染菌根率最高,接种70d高于对照13.90%;接种菌株031的苗木光合作用最强,高于对照20.02%。从几项主要的指标综合来看,菌株L15、菌株009和菌株031是有潜在研究和应用价值的优良菌株。     

Growth of mycorrhizal jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings planted in oil sands reclaimed areas

The effectiveness of ectomycorrhizal inoculation at the tree nursery seedling production stage on growth and survival was examined in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) planted in oil sands reclamation sites. The seedlings were inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme strain # UAMH 5247, Suillus tomentosus strain # UAMH 6252, and Laccaria bicolor strain # UAMH 8232, as individual pure cultures and in combinations. These treatments were demonstrated to improve salinity resistance and water uptake in conifer seedlings. The field responses of seedlings to ectomycorrhizal inoculation varied between plant species, inoculation treatments, and measured parameters. Seedling inoculation resulted in higher ectomycorrhizal colonization rates compared with non-inoculated control, which had also a relatively small proportion of roots colonized by the nursery contaminant fungi identified as Amphinema byssoides and Thelephora americana. Seedling inoculation had overall a greater effect on relative height growth rates, dry biomass, and stem volumes in jack pine compared with white spruce. However, when examined after two growing seasons, inoculated white spruce seedlings showed up to 75 % higher survival rates than non-inoculated controls. The persistence of inoculated fungi in roots of planted seedlings was examined at the end of the second growing season. Although the inoculation with H. crustuliniforme triggered growth responses, the fungus was not found in the roots of seedlings at the end of the second growing season suggesting a possibility that the observed growth-promoting effect of H. crustuliniforme may be transient. The results suggest that the inoculation of conifer seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi could potentially be carried out on a large scale in tree nurseries to benefit postplanting performance in oil sands reclamation sites. However, these practices should take into consideration the differences in responses between the different plant species and fungal strains.     

七株外生菌根真菌与三种松苗菌根的形成能力

松树外生菌根菌资源丰富,但实际应用的种类不多。为筛选出与松苗形成菌根能力较强的菌种,采用播种接菌和芽苗截根移栽接菌两种方法,对7株外生菌根真菌与马尾松、湿地松和黑松3种松苗的菌根合成进行了研究。结果表明：形成的菌根以二叉分枝状为主,棒状菌根相对较少,多叉状菌根以马尾松较多。PC2形成的菌根表面菌丝厚且紧密,504、EG、Pt,形成的菌根表面菌丝紧密程度中等,而505、ZJ和HX形成的菌根其表面菌丝则比较稀疏;Pt1、Pt2、EG形成的菌根外延菌丝较长,而505、HX形成的菌根外延菌丝极短。截根接菌时的感染率和感染指数要高于播种接菌。504形成菌根的能力最强,在3种松苗上的菌根感染率都达100％,感染指数最高可达90,最低也达70;Pt2和EG与马尾松和黑松形成菌根的能力较强;而505和HX仅与马尾松形成菌根的能力较强;Pt1形成菌根的能力较差,在3种松苗上菌根感染率和感染指数都较低。在3种松苗中,马尾松的菌根化状况最好,其次为黑松,湿地松的菌根化状况较差。     

Zinc Phosphate Transformations by the Paxillus involutus/Pine Ectomycorrhizal Association

In this research, we investigate zinc phosphate transformations by Paxillus involutus/pine ectomycorrhizas using zinc-resistant and zinc-sensitive strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus under high- and low-phosphorus conditions to further understand fungal roles in the transformation of toxic metal minerals in the mycorrhizosphere. Mesocosm experiments with ectomycorrhizas were performed under sterile conditions with zinc phosphate localized in cellophane bags: zinc and phosphorus mobilization and uptake by the ectomycorrhizal biomass were analyzed. In the presence of a phosphorus source, an ectomycorrhizal association with a zinc-resistant strain accumulated the least zinc compared to a zinc-sensitive ectomycorrhizal association and non-mycorrhizal plants. Under low-phosphorus conditions, mycorrhizal seedlings infected with the zinc-resistant strain increased the dissolution of zinc phosphate and zinc accumulation by the plant. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots showed octahedral coordination of zinc by oxygen-containing ligands such as carboxylates or phosphate. We conclude that zinc phosphate solubilization and zinc and phosphorus uptake by the association depend on ectomycorrhizal infection, strain of the mycobiont, and the phosphorus status of the matrix.     

外生菌根菌接种马尾松和相思树幼苗的研究

以外生菌根菌Ｘｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓｃｈｒｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｏｎ接种相思树与马尾松幼苗,不灭菌栽培,植株生长指标和生理特性测定,都优于对照．以外生菌根菌Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ加ＶＡ菌根菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｓｐｉｇａｎｕｓ双接种于相思树幼苗,灭菌栽培．植株含Ｎ量和脯氨酸等含量优于ＶＡ菌根菌单接种的效果．幼根切片观察到接种的外生菌根菌进入根皮层细胞间隙,原有菌根的发育和结构状况有所改变．     

Studies in tetrapartite symbioses

Alnus incana seedlings were successfully inoculated with an endomycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasciculatus), an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Paxillus involutus) and an isolate ofFrankia (ACN1) simultaneously. The effects of the inoculation treatments on the growth performance of the seedlings were evaluated under controlled conditions.The overall growth performance of the seedlings inoculated with the three organisms was better than those inoculated withFrankia, G. fasciculatus andP. involutus individually or withFrankia+G. fasciculatus andFrankia+P. involutus combinations. The highest growth performance and mycorrhizal infection occurred when the seedlings were inoculated simultaneously withFrankia+G. fasciculatus+P. involutus.     

砂生槐根瘤内生菌对青稞种子萌发及幼苗的促生作用

该文以接种不同砂生槐根瘤内生菌的黑青稞种子和不接种菌株的黑青稞种子为研究材料,采用培养皿作为基质,观察黑青稞种子萌发及幼苗生长情况,测定接种不同根瘤内生菌后的黑青稞发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、株高、根长、须根数、根冠比、植株全株干/鲜重的生理性状,并对各不同处理进行隶属函数综合评价。结果表明:菌株R7和R17的发芽率均达到了100%,R17、R18及R19的发芽势达到了90%,R17和R18的发芽指数变化量与CK1对比分别为45.38%和32.05%。在不同处理下,R21、R14与R7的平均根长与CK1对比呈抑制作用,其变化量分别为-50%、-34.28%及-28.99%;黑青稞幼苗植株高与CK1对比,仅有4株菌对株高产生促进作用,分别是R5、R18、R22及R28;黑青稞幼苗须根数与CK1对比,除R15与R21呈抑制作用外,其余菌株均对幼苗须根数产生促进作用,但R17、R18及R19处理下须根数无显著差异(P>0.05)。与CK1对比,对植株全株鲜重产生促进作用的仅有4株菌,分别为R2、R18、R22和R28;菌株R5、R6及R14的全株干重均低于对照CK1,其余与CK1对比差异显著(P<0.05)。综上结果显示,不同砂生槐根瘤内生菌菌株对黑青稞的种子萌发及幼苗生理性状影响差异显著(P<0.05);接种不同根瘤内生菌效应的综合评价结果显示,接种R17、R18、R28、R20、R19菌株的黑青稞种子隶属函数值为6.71、6.45、6.31、5.81、5.76,可初步选为优良的促生菌株。     

Role of osmotic stress in ion accumulation and physiological responses of mycorrhizal white spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea glauca</Emphasis>) and jack pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus banksiana</Emphasis>) to soil fluoride and NaCl

To examine the mechanisms of earlier reported alleviation of fluoride injury in ectomycorrhizal plants by NaCl, jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings were subjected to 1 mM and 5 mM KF in the presence of either 60 mM NaCl or 10% polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) for 2 weeks. Before the treatments, seedlings had either been inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus tomentosus or remained non-inoculated. The inoculation with S. tomentosus reduced Na uptake by shoots and roots of jack pine seedling and by roots of white spruce that were treated with 60 mM NaCl. Mycorrhizal associations also drastically decreased fluoride uptake by jack pine seedlings, but did not affect shoot fluoride concentrations in white spruce. When NaCl was replaced by PEG in the 5 mM KF treatment solution, shoot fluoride concentrations were reduced by more than twofold without corresponding reductions in transpiration rates in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal white spruce seedlings. When fluoride was present in the treatment solution, Na concentrations were lower in shoots and roots of both jack pine and white spruce mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The results suggest that Suillus tomentosus may help alleviate the effects of soil fluoride and salinity in jack pine and that fluoride uptake in white spruce is sensitive to osmotic stress.