浙江植物新资料

报道了5种种子植物在浙江的分布新记录.其中,纵肋人字果[Dichocarpum fargesii (Franch.) W.T.Wang et Hsiao]、肾萼金腰(Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch)和沼生蔊菜[Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser]为浙江地理分布新记录;小叶地锦(Euphorbia heyneana Spreng.)和异檐花[Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieurol.]为浙江归化植物新记录.     

福建被子植物分布新记录Ⅶ

在福建省中药资源普查及本土植物全覆盖调查中,陆续发现福建省新记录植物6种(亚种),即洪氏半边莲(Lobelia hongiana Q. F. Wang & G. W. Hu)、假半边莲[Lobelia alsinoides subsp. hancei (H. Hara) Lammers]、落地梅(Lysimachia paridiformis Franch.)、大齿马铃苣苔(Oreocharis magnidens Chun ex K. Y. Pan)、翼茎阔苞菊[Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera]、美洲马?儿(Melothria pendula L.)。凭证标本存放于福建中医药大学标本馆。     

内蒙古被子植物新记录

报道了内蒙古被子植物3个分布新记录种:昆仑锦鸡儿(Caragana polourensis Franch.)、甘肃霸王(Zygophyllum kansuense Y.X.Liou)、口外糙苏(Phlomis jeholensis Nakai et Kitag.)。相关凭证标本均存放于内蒙古大学植物标本馆(HIMC)。     

广东省种子植物分布新资料(二)

报道广东省种子植物分布新记录5种——竹茎兰(Tropidia nipponica Masam.)、二色鸭跖草(Commelina bicolor D. Q. Wang & M. E. Cheng)、猫爪草(Ranunculus ternatus Thunb.)、繁缕景天(Sedum stellariifolium Franch.)和福参(Angelica morii Hayata),均发现于广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区。新记录不仅丰富了广东省的种质资源,对于丹霞山的区系发生研究也具有一定指示意义。     

福建省种子植物分布新记录

报道4种福建省种子植物分布新记录：球药隔重楼Paris fargesii Franch.、巫山繁缕Stellaria wushanensis Williams、肾萼金腰Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch.和叉序草Isoglossa collina (T. Anders.) B. Hansen。新分布植物标本均保存于福建农林大学植物标本馆(FAFU)。     

江西省武功山地区种子植物新资料

报道产自武功山地区的6种新记录种子植物,包括江西省新记录种子植物4种:望春玉兰(Magnolia biondii Pampan.)、桑叶葡萄(Vitis heyneana subsp.ficifolia(Bunge)C.L.Li)、湖南黄芩(Scutellaria hunanensis C.Y.Wu)、疏花车前(Plantago asiatica L.subsp.erosa(Wall.)Z.Y.Li),以及武功山地区新记录种子植物2种:肾萼金腰(Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch.)和佛光草(Salvia substolonifera Stib.),并对每种新记录植物的主要分类特征、价值以及植物地理意义进行了讨论,凭证标本均保存于吉首大学植物标本馆(JIU)和中山大学标本室(SYS)。     

丫蕊花属——陕西省百合科一新记录属

报道了陕西省百合科一新记录属——丫蕊花属(Ypsilandra Franch.),其新记录种为丫蕊花(Ypsilandra thibetica Franch.)。提供了形态描述和野外照片,凭证标本藏于陕西理工大学植物标本馆。     

甘肃省被子植物新资料

报道了甘肃省分布的菊科(Compositae)1个新记录属——母菊属(Matricaria Linn.)以及菊科、龙胆科(Gentianaceae)、唇形科(Labiatae)5个新记录种——同花母菊[Matricaria matricarioides(Less.)Porter ex Britton]、牛耳风毛菊(Saussurea woodiana Hemsl.)、打箭风毛菊(Saussurea tatsienensis Franch.)、南山龙胆(Gentiana grumii Kusnez.)和连翘叶黄芩(Scutellaria hypericifolia Lévl.)。     

中国斑果藤属（山柑科）新记录

报道了产滇东南斑果藤属的2个中国新记录,即锥序斑果藤Stixis ovata (Korth.) Hall. f. ssp. fasciculata(King) Jacobs和闭脉斑果藤S. scandens 　Lour.     

西藏被子植物4种新记录

基于第四次全国中药资源普查,在西藏自治区巴青县、丁青县及察隅县的野外调查中,发现了4种新记录种:草甸黄堇(Corydalis prattii Franch.)、纤细羽衣草(Alchemilla gracilis Opiz.)、长果茶藨子(Ribes stenocarpum Maxim.)、金阳美登木(Maytenus jinyangensis C. Y. Chang)。凭证标本均保存于西藏高原生态研究所植物标本室(XZE)。     

The interspecific competition between Humulus scandens and Alternanthera philoxeroides

Bioinvasion has become a serious environmental problem in the world in general and is considered the second biggest threat to biodiversity. Alternanthera philoxeroides is widely distributed and causes the most serious threat to biodiversity in China. The traditional physical or biological control methods are not effective in controlling the invasion and extension of A. philoxeroides. In the present paper, some physiological characteristics of Humulus scandens and A. philoxeroides were investigated in the field and laboratory. The results showed that H. scandens is more competitive than A. philoxeroides, the competitive rate (CR) of H. scandens against A. philoxeroides was 9.834. Additionally, the leaf, stem, and root biomass of A. philoxeroides decreased significantly when the two species co-occurred. Thus, the invasive abilities of these two invasive plants are different and H. scandens strongly inhibited the growth of A. philoxeroides. Moreover, as an annual herb, H. scandens can be easily eliminated by harvesting before its seeds mature. The result suggests that sowing seeds of H. scandens in the habitats invaded by A. philoxeroides could be an ideal biological control method.     

Developmental and cytogenetic analyses of pollen sterility in Valeriana scandens L.

Valeriana scandens presents perfect and pistillate flowers, the latter with sterile anthers. The species is composed of two varieties with different ploidy; V. scandens var. scandens (2n = 28) and V. scandens var. candolleana (2n = 56), both of which occur in RS, Brazil. Crosses between these varieties may give rise to hybrids with pollen sterility. In this study, we analyzed the microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of sterile and fertile anthers, and also investigate whether pollen sterility is caused by an irregular meiotic process. Developmental analysis using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that sterile anthers develop similarly to fertile anthers until the end of meiosis. After this stage, sterile tetrads do not separate as a consequence of exine fusion between adjacent microspores, which is similar to sterile pollen of Brassica ms-cdl1 mutants. In addition, vacuolated immature pollen grains degenerate after separation. The cytogenetic analysis of the microspore mother cell (MMC) showed that the diploid population of V. scandens var. scandens (2n = 28) has pollen sterility that is not caused by a cytogenetic disturbance. The MMCs analyzed from prophase I to tetrad stage showed a regular meiotic process, indicating the phenotype of V. scandens sterile pollen is a postmeiotic process formed by fusion of exine between opposite microspores.     

Comparative performance of invasive and native <Emphasis Type="Italic">Celastrus</Emphasis> species across environmental gradients

The ability to understand and predict the success of invasive plant species in their new ranges is increased when there is a sympatric native congener available for comparison. Celastrus orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet) is a liana introduced into the United States in the mid-1800s from East Asia as an ornamental plant. Its native congener, Celastrus scandens (American bittersweet), ranges from the east coast of the United States as far west as Wyoming. In the Northeastern United States, C. orbiculatus is continuing to expand its range while C. scandens appears to be in serious decline. One hypothesis for this decline is that C. scandens does not have such a wide range of ecological tolerances in the current landscape as C. orbiculatus, which seems to tolerate a greater range of resource conditions. To investigate this hypothesis, we transplanted these two species into ten sites that spanned a full range of light and soil moisture conditions to compare their establishment and performance in terms of aboveground growth (biomass and height) and mortality. After two years, C. orbiculatus showed significantly lower mortality and greater biomass across all resource conditions compared to C. scandens. In addition, C. orbiculatus preferred more mesic soil moisture conditions, while C. scandens performed better in drier soil moisture conditions. Since much of the Northeastern United States is now forested, this preference for mesic soil conditions could make it more successful than C. scandens in the region. This study shows the utility of manipulative experiments, particularly those using congeneric native species as benchmarks, for assessing the causes and predicting the course of invasions.     

Convergent evolution of Darwin's finches caused by introgressive hybridization and selection

Abstract Between 1973 and 2003 mean morphological features of the cactus finch, Geospiza scandens, and the medium ground finch, G. fortis, populations on the Galápagos island of Daphne Major were subject to fluctuating directional selection. An increase in bluntness or robustness in the beak of G. scandens after 1990 can only partly be explained by selection. We use 16 microsatellite loci to test predictions of the previously proposed hypothesis that introgressive hybridization contributed to the trend, resulting in genes flowing predominantly from G. fortis to G. scandens. To identify F₁ hybrids and backcrosses we use pedigrees where known, supplemented by the results of assignment tests based on 14 autosomal loci when parents were not known. We analyze changes in morphology and allelic composition in the two populations over a period of 15–20 years. With samples that included F₁ hybrids and backcrosses, the G. scandens population became more similar to the G. fortis population both genetically and morphologically. Gene flow between species was estimated to be three times greater from G. fortis to G. scandens than in the opposite direction, resulting in a 20% reduction in the genetic difference between the species. Nevertheless, removing identified F₁ hybrids and backcrosses from the total sample and reanalyzing the traits did not eliminate the convergence. The two species also converged in beak shape by 22.2% and in body size by 45.5%. A combination of introgressive hybridization and selection jointly provide the best explanation of convergence in morphology and genetic constitution under the changed ecological conditions following a major El Niño event in 1983. The study illustrates how species without postmating barriers to gene exchange can alternate between convergence and divergence when environmental conditions oscillate.     

Novel microsatellite markers for Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) and closely related taxa: application to studying a species complex

We developed novel microsatellite markers for D alechampia scandens L. (Euphorbiaceae). The target plants belong to a distinct, but undescribed, species in the D . scandens species complex, characterized by small resin‐producing glands. In total, 110 alleles over 36 novel markers were identified across 39 individuals from three populations. The number of alleles varied from one to seven, with an average of 3.06 ± 0.26 alleles per locus. The developed markers, along with previously developed ones for a large‐glanded D . scandens species, were tested for amplification in 11 additional species of the genus D alechampia. Four markers did not produce any detectable allele in 37 individuals from two populations of the large‐glanded species. Average expected heterozygosity across all small‐ and large‐glanded specific loci was 0.36 and 0.15, for the small and large glanded populations, respectively. Cross‐species amplification showed that 89% of all markers were successfully amplified in at least one of the 11 other D alechampia species. These microsatellite markers may be useful for detecting undescribed species in the D . scandens species complex, and can be used for comparative analyses of genetic structure, mating system and phylogeography of other D alechampia species.     

PATTERNS OF CHARACTER DIVERGENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ECOTYPES OF DALECHAMPIA SCANDENS (EUPHORBIACEAE)

The variation of four floral characters (resin-gland area, gland-stigma distance, gland-anther distance, and anther-stigma distance) was analyzed across 15 populations of Dalechampia scandens occurring sympatrically, in various combinations, with five other congeners. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance and a posteriori comparison tests indicate that there are significant statistical patterns of character divergence away from sympatric congeners for three of the floral characters. These characters, which on the basis of common garden studies appear to be under genetic control, may not vary independently; i.e., genetic control may be overlapping. The characters appear to be functionally related. Populations of Dalechampia scandens occurring sympatrically with congeners possessing relatively large resin glands, large gland-stigma distances and large anther-stigma distances (e.g., D. dioscoreifolia and D. affinis) have significantly smaller resin glands, gland-stigma distances and anther-stigma distances than do populations occurring sympatrically with congeners with relatively small resin glands, gland-stigma distances, and anther-stigma distances (e.g., D. cissifolia, D. heteromorpha and D. schottii). Populations of D. scandens not sympatric with other Dalechampia species generally have intermediately sized structures. The pattern of bidirectional divergence is consistent with the evolutionary scenario that selection against interspecific pollination has resulted in local ecotypic differentiation and character displacement in populations sympatric with ecologically similar congeners.     

从种内、种间化感作用分析入侵种薇甘菊及其近邻种的非协同进化趋势

为预测入侵植物与其邻近物种间的非协同进化趋势,分别提取薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其近邻种五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica)、葛藤(Pueraria lobata)和鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)的叶片水提液处理幼苗,对薇甘菊及其近邻种的种内、种间化感作用进行研究。结果表明,薇甘菊对3种近邻种的化感作用呈现不同趋势(SE=0.50, 0.61,–0.16),但种内存在较强的化感促进作用(SE=0.61),说明其种内化感竞争较弱;葛藤的种内化感促进作用(SE=0.32)弱于薇甘菊,种间的化感促进作用与薇甘菊相似(SE=0.52, 0.50);五爪金龙种内化感促进作用(SE=0.06)弱于薇甘菊和葛藤(SE=0.32),种间促进作用(SE=0.24)弱于薇甘菊(SE=0.61);鸡矢藤的种内、种间化感作用均表现为抑制作用(SE=–0.18,–0.07),说明种内、种间化感竞争较强。野外调查表明4种植物分布的频度和多度均表现为薇甘菊葛藤五爪金龙鸡矢藤,这与化感竞争力结果一致。可见,种内与种间化感作用在入侵植物与近邻植物的综合竞争力中扮演着极为重要的作用,这为入侵种与近邻种之间的非协同进化趋势指明了方向。     

Mycorrhizal and dark septate endophytic fungi of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedicularis</Emphasis> species from northwest of Yunnan Province,China

Colonization of mycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi in 14 Pedicularis species from northwest of Yunnan Province, southwest China, was examined. These species included: Pedicularis gracilis Wall., Pedicularis longipes Maxim., Pedicularis axillaris Franch., Pedicularis cephalantha Franch., Pedicularis tenuisecta Franch., Pedicularis tapaoensis Tsoong, Pedicularis likiangensis Franch., Pedicularis dichotoma Bonati, Pedicularis yui Li, Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk, Pedicularis rex C.B. Clarke, Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph., Pedicularis siphonantha Don, and Pedicularis oxycarpa Franch., among which nine are endemic to China (one to Yunnan). Three types of potentially beneficial fungi associated with roots of these species were observed, namely, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and dark septate endophytic fungi (DSEF), with DSEF as the most common colonizers. An unexpected high colonization level was detected in this hemiparasitic genus. Of the 19 sampling sites examined, 10 gave colonization frequency of above 50% and 6 showed a colonization index of above 50. Heavy colonization suggested a significant ecological role of these fungi and their potential to be applied to successful cultivation of these intractable plants.     

Naturalized Orchid Bee Pollinates Resin‐reward Flowers in Florida: Novel and Known Mutualisms

Females of an orchid bee, Euglossa viridissima, recently naturalized in southern Florida, routinely collect resin to construct their brood cells from the flowers of two Clusia (Clusiaceae) and two Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) species. We demonstrated that the bee pollinates three of these species including: (1) the newly naturalized D. scandens, which it pollinates in Mexico; (2) the ornamental D. aristolochiifolia native to Peru; and (3) the ornamental C. lanceolata native to Brazil, but not the apomictic Clusia rosea native to Florida. Field observations indicated that the bee promotes outcrossing in a naturalized D. scandens population. Comparisons of fruit set between unmanipulated control flowers and flowers supplemented with additional pollen indicated that the presence of bee eliminates pollen limitation for cultivated C. lanceolata. The orchid bee's pollination of ornamental resin‐reward plants may promote their naturalization.     

Development and structure of the female gametophyte in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Austrobaileya scandens</Emphasis> (Austrobaileyaceae)

Austrobaileyales, comprising the four families Austrobaileyaceae, Trimeniaceae, Schisandraceae, and Illiciaceae, are included in the basal angiosperms along with Amborellaceae and Nymphaeaceae. Here, we present the first developmental study of the female gametophyte in Austrobaileya scandens, the only species of Austrobaileyaceae, which are sister to the rest of the Austrobaileyales. Austrobaileya scandens has a four-celled/four-nucleate embryo sac as in the derived families of the order, e.g., Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. It is monosporic, with the chalazal megaspore of a tetrad developing into the embryo sac composed of an egg cell, two synergids, and one polar nucleus. This mode of embryo sac formation was first reported in Schisandra over 40 years ago and should now be established as the Schisandra type. Its occurrence in A. scandens shows that the Schisandra-type embryo sac is likely common to the whole Austrobaileyales as well as to Nymphaeaceae. Amborellaceae were recently reported to have an eight-celled/nine-nucleate embryo sac, clarifying that none of the basal angiosperms has the seven-celled/eight-nucleate Polygonum-type embryo sac found in the majority of angiosperms, and that the Polygonum-type embryo sac represents a derived character state in angiosperms.