十二生肖(十二属种)动物与人类进化论——人类起源的探索(三)

地球上十二属种动物与人类的关系存在决定意识,人们的社会存在决定人们的社会(思想)意识。人类产生“十二兽”观念并制订,实行十二兽历法,正是人类自身起源于“十二兽”的先祖这一客观事实在人们头脑中的反映。十二兽:我国又称十二禽,十二属,十二物,十二生肖等。所谓十二兽,我国汉族是指鼠,牛,虎,兔,龙,蛇,马,羊,猴,鸡,狗,猪。让我们从十二兽历法的产生和起源来探讨地球上十二属种动物(十二兽)的先祖与人类进化的关系。世界上四大文明古国———中国、印度、埃及和巴比伦各有其“十二兽历法”,内容上大同小异。中国汉族:鼠,牛,虎,兔,龙,蛇,…     

我想邂逅一只獾

<正>当窗外猫头鹰的"咕咕"声和外公的呼噜声配成一首滑稽的奏鸣曲,我知道,夜已经很深了。穿好衣服,提上鞋子,我蹑手蹑脚地溜出家门。今晚,对,趁着夜深人静,我要独自走入森林,找到外公提到过的那棵老橡树。哪怕田鼠啃咬我的脚趾,虫虫钻进我的衣领,我都会在树下屏住呼吸,耐心守候,因为……     

烟草趣话

笔者不会抽烟,不喜欢烟,记得小时候看大人吸烟,那是一小烟袋,铜制的,有个咀子放烟丝,另一头用嘴吸,烟袋里装有水,当用火柴点燃烟丝时,嘴就随时缓缓吸烟,几下子就吞云吐雾了。由于好奇,大人走后,我就仿效试试,由于吸气太大,一下子把烟袋中的水都吸到口里了,满嘴烟味极不好受,以后再不玩这东西了。后来时兴纸烟,当闻到烟气时头就不舒服,从此与烟绝了缘至今。     

广西大戟科新种和新分布

<正> 灌木,通常高3米,枝条细,粗3—5毫米,树皮近灰色,具细条纹,小枝具翅,无毛。叶薄纸质,椭圆形至卵状长圆形,无毛;中脉细,两面凸起,侧脉纤细,5—7对,两面稍凸起,未达叶缘而网结,叶柄长不及2毫米,无毛;托叶挟三角形,长3—4毫米,基部扩大,近耳形,顶端急尖。花腋生,单朵或稀2朵簇生,萼片和花盘互生,无花辦。雄花:花梗丝状,长3—3.5厘米,基部被微柔毛;萼片4枚,覆瓦状排列,披针形,长4.5毫米,     

植物大熊猫——野生红豆杉

野生红豆杉,冰川世纪遗留下来的古老树种,以它顽强的生命力屹立在地球上已几百万年。在人类出现在这个星球以前,它就以红彤彤的红豆果,扮靓了地球的山间和密林。它树姿优美,枝繁叶茂,苍劲挺拔,一派生机盎然,令人敬畏。它果实鲜红,艳丽无比,圆如珍珠,寄托相思之情,令人爱怜。它全身是宝,强身健体,防癌抗癌,历史悠久,令人感动。     

中国琼楠属二新种

<正> 短叶琼楠 新种 图10 Beilschmiedia brevifolia Y. T. Wei, sp. nov. 乔木,高约8米,小枝略粗壮,无毛;树皮平滑或微裂;顶芽卵圆形,无毛,直径约5毫米,先端尖。叶薄革质,对生,常聚生于枝顶,椭圆形至狭椭圆状披针形,2.5—4(6)厘米,宽1.5—2.5(3)厘米,先端钝,基部近圆形,稀近楔形,两面无毛,干时腹面深灰色,背面黑褐色,中脉在叶面微下陷,在下面凸起;侧脉每边约7条,与网脉在两面凸起;叶柄短,长2—5毫米,无毛。花未见。果序顶生或腋生。果近球形,直经约1.5厘米,干后黑色,果     

青海蚕豆种质资源形态多样性分析

对153份青海蚕豆种质资源的形态多样性进行鉴定, 结果表明, 青海蚕豆种质资源具有丰富的形态多样性,平均多样性指数为0.8033,其中青海地方蚕豆品种多样性最丰富,平均多样性指数为0.8288.通过多变量的主成分分析,前6个主成分代表了蚕豆形态多样性的87.89%.基于形态性状,把153份蚕豆种质聚类并划分为3大组群.第Ⅰ组群,初花天数较长,植株中等,子粒中等,单株荚数和粒数多,单株产量较高;第Ⅱ组群,初花天数较短,株高较矮,子粒小,单株荚数和粒数较多,单株产量低;第Ⅲ组群,初花天数较短,株体较高,单株荚数和粒数少,但子粒较大,单株产量较高.     

中国栅蛛属2新种记述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

本文记了分别采自云南高黎贡山的栅蛛科栅蛛属Hahnia 2新种:垭口栅蛛,新种S.yakouensis sp.nov.和肾形栅蛛,新种S.reniformis sp.nov..垭口栅蛛后眼列前曲,交媾腔大,扁圆形,交媾孔1个,位于交媾腔下缘,交媾管粗,呈"人"字形下行分成2支再向两侧扭曲.纳精囊有一肓管斜向上伸出,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia mridulae Tikader,1970不同.肾形栅蛛交媾孔2个,位于生殖厣腹面中央,纳精囊1对,大,肾形,插入器始于生殖球左下方,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia xinjiangensis Wang et Liang,1989不同. Abstract： The present paper deals with two new species of the genus Hahnia collected from the Gaoligong Mountains Region of Yunnan Province, China: Hahnia yakouensis sp. nov., Hahnia reniformis sp. nov..     

广西铁木属一新种

<正> 乔木,高15—17米,胸径21—30厘米,树皮灰褐色,粗糙;老枝暗紫褐色,疏生不甚明显的褐色细小皮孔,变无毛,幼枝密被黄褐色长柔毛;芽椭圆形或狭卵形,长3—5毫米,芽鳞阔卵形,疏被短柔毛或无毛,边具缘毛。叶互生,卵形,稀狭卵形,长5—10.5厘米,宽2.5—5厘米,顶端渐尖,稀短浙尖,基部微心形,稍偏斜,上面疏生长柔毛或近无毛,背面灰绿色,密被短柔毛,中脉上面下凹,被开展的长柔毛,背面突起,基部密被其余疏被长柔毛,侧脉14—20对,脉间距离宽达6毫米,上面下凹,被短柔毛,背面突     

广西容县84例狂犬病流行病学分析及预防对策

目的 通过对容县2000～2007年84例狂犬病流行病学特点进行分析,探讨流行回升的因素,分析目前防治过程中存在的问题,提出狂犬病的预防对策和措施.方法 收集2000～2007年容县狂犬病疫情报告资料及对狂犬病病例的个案调查资料进行分析.结果 近年来,容县狂犬病疫情明显上升,成为有史以来流行高峰,最高年发病率3.04/10万.发病以农民,学生为主,男性多于女性,全年均有病例发生,无明显季节性,狂犬病暴露动物以犬伤为主,暴露部位以头颈部为最危险,潜伏期最短.结论 为有效预防狂犬病流行,应进一步建立完善犬类的管理的法律、法规,使预防狂犬病进入法制轨道,以有效控制狂犬病流行.伤后未能及时正确处理,暴露后免疫率低,是狂犬病发生的重要原因.加强宣传,提高狂犬病的防控知识,政府部门齐抓共管,采取综合性防控措施,才能有效控制狂犬病的流行.     

A miscellaneous collection of bird karyotypes

In the framework of a project on bird sexing for zoos, orcein stained karyotypes were studied of 16 species belonging to 7 avian orders, viz.Tinamus solitarius (Tinamiformes),Scopus umbretta, Jabiru mycteria, Mycteria cinerea, Ciconia (=Dissoura) (episcopus) stormi andC. (=D.) e. episcopus (Ciconiiformes),Aburria pipile cumanensis, A. p. grayi, Penelope purpurascens, Lagopus lagopus andArborophila orientalis (Galliformes),Phalcoboenus megalopterus (Falconiformes),Burhinus magnirostris (Charadriiformes),Carpococcyx renauldi (Cuculiformes), andCeratogymna (=Bycanistes) subcylindricus andC.(=B.) bucinator (Coraciiformes). With the exception ofCiconia (=Dissoura) e. episcopus, all these karyotypes are new to cytology. They are briefly described and compared to karyotypes of the respective families and orders known from the literature. Cytotaxonomic implications are briefly discussed. The karyotypes ofBurhinus magnirostris (2n=42),Ceratogymna subcylindricus (2n=44) andC. bucinator (2n=40) exhibit the lowest diploid chromosome numbers hitherto found in birds. Of these, the twoCeratogymna species almost completely lack microchromosomes.     

湖北黑鹳越冬地的新发现

黑鹳（Ciconia nigra）是世界性珍稀鸟类之一,在我国被列为一级保护动物,曾经是一种分布广、较常见的大型涉禽（Wang ＆ Xie,2004;Zheng GM,2002;Zheng ZX,2002）。但近几十年来,在世界范围内,其种群数量骤减：目前在瑞典、丹麦、比利时、荷兰、芬兰等国己绝迹,在德国、法国、朝鲜半岛也己难见踪影。目前全世界仅存1000多个繁殖对。在我国,1999年6月报道仅存2000只左右,2006年6月降到700-1000只,属濒危物种（Wang ＆ Xie,2004;Jin,2005）。     

Two species of Synhimantus (dispharynx) railliet, Henry and Sisoff, 1912 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea: Acuariidae), in passerine birds from the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Members of 2 species of Synhimantus (Dispharynx) live under the lining of the gizzard in passerine birds from the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) occurs in Thraupis episcopus, Turdus grayi, Caryothraustes poliogaster, Platyrinchus cancrominus, Ramphocaenus melanurus, Vermivora peregrina, and Geothlypis poliocephala. A single male, in Turdus grayi, apparently representing a new species, distinguishable from all other species of Synhimantus (Dispharynx) by having similar shaped left and right spicules, is described but not named.     

甘肃尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区黑鹳栖息活动动态监测

黑鹳Ciconia nigra是世界濒危鸟类之一,在我国数量稀少,被列为国家I级保护物种.我们通过监测尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区黑鹳活动情况(2005～2007),发现其具有明显的年活动节律和日活动节律.黑鹳的数量在该保护区呈逐年上升的趋势.另外,也对我国近几年黑鹳记录情况进行了总结,发现2007年所记录的最大数量是中国发现的最大黑鹳群体.     

湖南省翼手目新纪录——大耳菊头蝠

2008年11月和2010年3月,在湖南省凤凰县水打田乡马脚通洞和吉首市寨阳乡堂乐洞进行翼手类调查时,分别采到4号和2号菊头蝠标本.通过将其外形及头骨的测量数据与文献记载的重庆万县和贵州开阳大耳菊头蝠标本的特征比较,鉴定为大耳菊头蝠四川亚种Rhinolophus macrotis episcopus,属湖南省翼手目新纪录.标本保存于吉首大学动物标本室.     

Declines in breeding site fidelity in an increasing population of White Storks Ciconia ciconia

Following a steep decline, White Stork Ciconia ciconia populations in Germany are currently increasing, allowing us to examine potential density‐dependent effects on breeding dispersal. Our data suggest that the proportion of breeding dispersers has increased over time, indicating a density‐dependent component in nest‐site fidelity that may be linked to increased competition.     

Aerial “flycatching”: non-predatory birds can catch small birds in flight

Aerial flycatching — the lightning-fast seizure of flying small birds in the beak of larger, not normally predatory birds, only a few cases of which are treated in the literature — is here described and discussed for white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and crows (Corvidae).Communicated by F. Bairlein     

The breeding biology of Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii in the far north of Benin

Adjakpa, J.B. 2000. The breeding biology of Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii in the far north of Benin. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 61–63.

Little is known about the biology of Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii, in Benin. I studied the nesting of this intra- African migrant in the wet season of 1996. Breeding pairs arrived at the end of March 1996. Seven nest sites were found, involving 92 pairs; the largest colony was of 51 pairs. The storks used five different large tree species for nesting. Egg-laying began in early April and lasted until 2 July. Most clutches were of 3–4 eggs. Incubation lasted 28–29 days. A total of 196 young storks fledged (all of which were ringed), representing a success rate of 76.5% per egg laid and 86.0% per egg hatched. The last storks left the colonies on 9 September 1996, 164 days after the first ones arrived on 30 March. The species is threatened in Benin by human persecution and by widespread pesticide use: it urgently requires official protected status.     

Breeding dispersal directions in the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) are affected by spring migration routes

We examined breeding dispersal directions in the white stork (Ciconia ciconia), a migratory bird breeding in large parts of Europe. We asked whether and how the direction of the major spring/autumn migration route (from south-east to north-west and vice versa) affects breeding dispersal directions. Breeding dispersal directions were clearly nonrandomly distributed and were influenced by the major spring migration direction, leading to a bias toward south-eastward and north-westward breeding dispersal.     

Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies against<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Listeria monocytogenes</Emphasis> in chicks of the white stork (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ciconia ciconia</Emphasis> Linnaeus, 1758) in Poland

In 2002 and 2003, blood samples from white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks were examined for the presence of antibodies against Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria antibodies were detected in 121 (59%) of 205 chick samples. The probability of Listeria antibodies being present increased with chick age; chicks detected with Listeria antibodies were in better condition than those without the bacterium.