洪湖浮游动物的种类组成及种群密度

洪湖是长江中游一个大型浅水湖泊,原与长江、汉水相通,面积760平方公里,水生生物资源丰富。建国以来,随着水利工程不断兴建,隔断了江湖通道,水位下降,1981年实测年平均水深1.35米,水面缩至355平方公里:湖水澄清,水生高等植物覆盖面高达90％以上,致使湖泊环境条件及水生生物区系组成有了较大变化。有关洪湖的浮游动物,1959年中国科学院水生生物所作过调查,报道过浮游动物75个属     

武汉市湖泊健康评估及保护修复初探

本研究基于湖泊生态系统健康的概念和内涵，结合武汉市河湖水系特点，以武汉市166个湖泊为研究对象，从物理结构完整性、化学完整性、水文完整性、生物完整性、社会服务功能可持续性、管理状况6个方面构建了包含21个指标的湖泊健康评价指标体系，并首次对武汉市全域湖泊进行了健康评价。同时，基于评价结果识别的武汉市湖泊生态系统健康问题，从宏观和微观两个层面针对不同功能类型湖泊提出了差异化的修复策略。该研究可为武汉市及长江中下游浅水湖泊的健康评价与生态修复研究提供重要参考。     

基于附石藻类生物完整性指数对汝溪河水生态系统健康的评价

以三峡库区支流-汝溪河自然河段为研究区域,调查了自然河段内9个样点的附石藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并在此基础上应用生物完整性评价指数（Index of Biotic Integrity,IBI）,对汝溪河水生态系统进行健康评价。结果表明,汝溪河自然河段附石藻类群落结构具有明显的空间和时间异质性,驱动附石藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、浊度、硝态氮和溶解氧。IBI结果表明,上游生物完整性较高;中下游和下游生物完整性较差;枯水期生物完整性较高,而平水期和丰水期生物完整性较低。由此可见,汝溪河自然河段生物完整性一般,表明汝溪河水生态系统已处于亚健康程度。     

长江中下游四大淡水湖生态系统完整性评价

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊集中分布区域,研究该区域湖泊生态系统完整性对于湖泊生态系统保护和恢复具有重要意义。物理、化学和生物完整性指标已经广泛应用于河湖生态系统健康评价,但是缺少物理、化学和生物完整性的综合评价方法。以历史调查状况为主要参照系统,构建了基于物理、化学和生物完整性的多参数湖泊完整性综合评价指标体系,结合近年来长江中下游四大淡水湖(洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、太湖)生态系统调查数据,对四大淡水湖生态系统完整性进行了评价。结果表明,洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖和太湖的综合得分分别为66、71、57和57。根据评价等级划分标准,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖生态系统完整性状况都达到"好"的等级,而巢湖和太湖则处于"一般"等级;结果显示,该指标能够表征人类活动对于湖泊生态系统完整性不同方面的干扰,且能够反映四大淡水湖生态系统完整性历史变化状况。因此,该方法可以作为长江中下游淡水湖泊生态系统完整性综合评价的工具并能够为湖泊生态系统的保护和恢复提供科学支撑。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊水生植被生态恢复种的筛选与应用研究

湖泊富营养化是全球性的生态学问题。长江中下游浅水湖泊群作为我国八大湖泊群之一, 近30年来水体富营养化以及生态系统功能退化极为严重, 亟待系统性修复。水生植物生态修复技术则是面向富营养化浅水湖泊生态治理的重要技术。然而, 选择合适的水生植物恢复种来保证恢复效果以及长期的生态安全与稳定性仍是目前恢复工程中的重要且薄弱环节。结合长江中下游湖泊中水生植物的生长、分布、繁殖、来源及污染耐受性等提出了以乡土物种操控为理念适合该区域湖泊的生态恢复先锋物种建议名录, 并依据所筛选的物种特性和淡水生态学相关理论, 提出不同的优化组合方案来指导长江中下游不同类型湖泊的水生植物生态恢复。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊水生植被生态修复种的筛选与应用研究

湖泊富营养化是全球性的生态学问题。长江中下游浅水湖泊群作为我国八大湖泊群之一,近30年来水体富营养化以及生态系统功能退化极为严重,亟待系统性修复。水生植物生态修复技术则是面向富营养化浅水湖泊生态治理的重要技术。然而,选择合适的水生植物恢复种来保证恢复效果以及长期的生态安全与稳定性仍是目前恢复工程中的重要且薄弱环节。结合长江中下游湖泊中水生植物的生长、分布、繁殖、来源及污染耐受性等提出了以乡土物种操控为理念适合该区域湖泊的生态恢复先锋物种建议名录,并依据所筛选的物种特性和淡水生态学相关理论,提出不同的优化组合方案来指导长江中下游不同类型湖泊的水生植物生态恢复。     

湿地生物多样性监测的指标体系和实施方法:以北美大湖湿地为例

我国湖泊湿地面积大,动植物资源十分丰富,但受人类活动干扰强烈,退化较为严重。湖泊湿地生物多样性监测是湖泊湿地生物多样性保护和研究的重要环节。在一些发达国家相关的工作已较为成熟,我国尚处于起步探索阶段。本文介绍了北美大湖湿地生物多样性监测项目的指标体系和实施方法,旨在为建立我国的湖泊湿地生物多样性监测网络提供借鉴与启示。北美大湖湿地共设置约1,500个监测样点,研究人员通过每年对水体环境和五大生物类群(植物、底栖无脊椎动物、鱼类、两栖类、鸟类)进行野外调查和数据采集,构建生物完整性指数(index of biotic integrity,IBI),以评价大湖湿地生物多样性和生态环境健康的现状及未来的变化趋势,为湿地的保护和管理提供重要依据。北美大湖湿地生物多样性监测方法不但具有较强的科学性和系统性,并且可操作性强,对构建我国湖泊湿地的生物多样性监测方案有参考价值。     

基于鱼类多样性与生物完整性的海南岛南渡江河流健康评价

根据2016—2017年南渡江鱼类资源调查数据,通过分析渔获生物量、相对重要性指数IRI、Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数评估了南渡江的鱼类生物多样性。基于鱼类生物完整性指数IBI构建了两套评价体系,分别评价了南渡江的局部健康状况及其与历史的差异。鱼类多样性研究结果表明:群落中存在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticu)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、海南似鱎(Toxabramis houdemeri)、(Hemiculter leucisulus)等16种优势种;Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均显示,以南渡江源头及河口采样点的数值较高,中部采样点数值较低;Pielou均匀性指数则表现为南渡江中部采样点数值高,两端采样点的低。鱼类生物完整性评价结果表明:南渡江保存了历史的大部分鱼类,各项百分比指标与历史的变化幅度在0.2%~10.5%,而种类指标变化范围在0~4种;从南渡江局部江段来看,中游江段评价得分仅为19分,远低于其他江段的36~46分。研究表明:南渡江鱼类生物多样性和生物完整性保存完好,河流健康状况好;在河流内部,源头和河口生物多样性高且完整性好,而河流中游健康状况差。     

梁子湖、牛山湖和保安湖沉水植被资源现状

在长江中下游浅水湖泊的水生植被中,沉水植被是最重要的植被类型。研究沉水植被资源量对湖泊生态系统及渔业管理都具有重要意义。本工作调查梁子湖、牛山湖和保安湖沉水植被的种类、生物量及覆盖度,并与以前研究相比较,以了解三个湖泊沉水植被资源现状以及变动趋势。       

浅水湖泊鱼类群落结构评估: 复合网目刺网与网簖的比较

准确评估鱼类群落结构是渔业管理和鱼类资源养护的必要前提, 而不同渔具采样结果往往会产生较大差异。研究同时采用欧洲标准采样网具-复合网目刺网(Multi-mesh gillnet)和中国传统网具-网簖对长江中游典型浅水湖泊扁担塘的鱼类群落结构进行了评估。2种网具共采集到27种鱼类, 并发现黄尾鲴(Xenocypris daviai)和湖鲚(Coilia nasus taihuensis)2种新记录种, 扁担塘的鱼类群落结构较1999年和2003年均发生了较明显的改变。2种渔具捕获的鱼类组成、相对丰度和生物量以及鱼类体长分布频率均存在显著性差异。基于鱼类的相对生物量和相对丰度的NMDS排序表明2种网具捕获到的鱼类群落结构也存在显著差异。另外还比较了复合网目刺网与其他定量采样网具间的差异, 作者认为复合网目刺网比较适合长江中下游浅水湖泊鱼类群落研究的定量取样, 但仅凭单一网具评估鱼类群落结构具有局限性。     

Development of a preliminary index of biotic integrity (IBI) based on fish assemblages to assess ecosystem condition in the lakes of central Mexico

The lakes of central Mexico have great cultural, economic, and biological value, but they are being degraded at an accelerating rate. We employed historical data on fish communities from 19 of these lakes and case studies of community responses to environmental degradation from four of the best-studied, Xochimilco, Cuitzeo, Chapala, and Pátzcuaro, to construct a preliminary index of biotic integrity (IBI). This IBI was designed to be an easily applied method for assessing lake ecosystem health and evaluating restoration efforts. The IBI had 10 metrics: number of total native species, number of common native species, number of native Goodeidae species, number of native Chirostoma species, number of native sensitive species, percent of biomass as tolerant species, percent of biomass as exotic species, percent of biomass as native carnivorous species, maximum standard length of native species, and percent of exotic invertebrate parasite species on or in native fishes. Initial applications of the index showed promise, accurately ranking the relative degradation of the four case-study lakes. Further tests of the index are warranted, and more data are needed to standardize sampling procedures, improve species classifications, and refine metric scoring criteria.     

Large-scale assessments of river health using an Index of Biotic Integrity with low-diversity fish communities

1. Effective tools are needed to measure the ‘health’ of rivers at scales large enough to be useful for management. Indicators for assessing the complex of variables that constitutes river health need to be ecologically based, efficient, rapid and consistently applicable in different ecological regions. 2. A large-scale survey of rivers in New South Wales, Australia provided data to test the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). The IBI employs the fish-community attributes, identified using regional and river-size data, expected for a river reach of excellent environmental quality. It uses metrics based on species richness, abundance, community structure and the health of individual fish. IBI metrics were established to suit a relatively low-diversity and unspecialized freshwater fish fauna in south-eastern Australia, totalling 55 species. 3. The IBI was able to discriminate between relative levels of environmental quality within a diverse set of stream systems and four presumptive ecological regions. The index was validated by testing the repeatability of scores, and by comparison of IBI scores at eighty sites with an independent measure of potential catchment condition, the River Disturbance Index. 4. Assessments of metric performance showed that eleven of the twelve metrics contributed satisfactorily. One metric based on trophic guild performed poorly and should be deleted from the index. Six other recommendations are made to enhance the performance of the IBI. 5. Results show that, while all large rivers have been disturbed, rivers in the Murray region and those in many coastal montane areas are particularly degraded. 6. The IBI results presented here demonstrate a validated method for large-scale monitoring of river health based on a fish fauna of limited diversity, in the absence of suitable reference sites.     

Biogeography of benthic macroinvertebrates in estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic coasts1,2

A multimetric fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) was composed to assess the biotic integrity of Flandrian water bodies. As fish communities differ substantially between standing waters, running waters of the bream zone and running waters of the barbel zone, eight candidate metrics for each of these water types or zones were identified, representing three major classes of biological attributes. These are species richness and composition, fish condition and abundance, trophic composition. The metrics were tested and modified where needed. The IBI was applied throughout Flanders on 104 locations in standing waters, 500 locations in waters of the bream zone and 257 locations in waters of the barbel zone. Standing waters scored substantially different from running waters. Standing waters rarely contained no fish at all, but their fish communities were very often poor to very poor. Waters of the bream and barbel zone were often fishless (respectively 40% and 35% of all locations contain no fish), but the locations with fish usually scored reasonable to poor. Only 18.5% of all locations were classified as reasonable to excellent (IBI classes 4 or lower on a scale from 1 to 9) and were considered to satisfy the basic ecological quality demands. The Leie-, Dijle-, Dender- and Schelde-basins had a very poor quality (more than 50% of the locations contained no fish). The Maas-, Grote and Kleine Nete-basins scored rather well, with respectively, 44%, 48% and 68% of the locations achieving an IBI of 4 or lower. The IBI is a valuable and complementary tool to assess the ecological quality of water bodies as suggested in the proposal for a Water Framework Directive by the European Commission.     

Effects of Landscape and Riparian Condition on a Fish Index of Biotic Integrity in a Large Southeastern Brazil River

Environmental conditions of a large river in southeastern Brazil were assessed by evaluating fish assemblage structure (index of biotic integrity, IBI), landscape use (forest, pasture, urban area, and tributary water) and riparian condition. A survey of the 338 km-long middle reach of the Rio Paraiba do Sul, containing a large urban-industrial complex, was conducted in two seasons: summer/wet and winter/dry. Fish were sampled with a standardized level of effort twice at seven sites, between March 2001 and April 2002, by gill nets, cast nets, sieves and seines. Riparian condition was evaluated by direct observations, and land use maps were used to assess landscape condition of an 8 km² buffer surrounding each site. IBI scores ranged from 5 to 36 (out of a possible range of 4–40), with lowest values at an urban-industrial landscape, and highest scores upstream and downstream, indicating the river’s recovery capacity. The most appropriate time to assess IBI was during the winter/dry period, when sampling was more effective and the IBI was more sensitive to changes in environmental quality. Landscape use and riparian condition were correlated, and IBI was positively correlated with % pasture, % tributary area, and riparian condition, but negatively correlated with % urban area. In some cases urban areas eliminated riparian woody vegetation, destabilizing site physical habitat structure.     

Modification of an index of biotic integrity based on fish assemblages to characterize rivers of the Seine Basin,France

The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) is a measure of fish assemblage health that has been used to assess catchment and stream quality throughout North America. It reflects human perturbations on natural environmental structures and processes. While preserving the ecological foundation of the original North American metrics, we have modified and adapted the IBI to the mainstem Seine River and its major tributaries in France. This successful modification of the IBI to a considerably different fish fauna on a different continent further supports its wider use outside the midwestern United States. Using data collected in 1967, 1981, and 1988–1989 from a total of 46 sites, we show spatial and temporal variation in the Seine as indicated by IBI scores. Statistically significant relationships were found between IBI and catchment area but insignificant relationships existed between IBI and an independent Water Quality Index (WQI) based on water chemistry. Comparisons between the IBI and the WQI indicate that the former is a more sensitive and robust measure of water body quality. Our results demonstrate that the IBI, combined with a statistically designed national monitoring program, would offer a reliable means of assessing spatial patterns and temporal trends in water body improvement or degradation in France. The more primitive fish families in the Basin were affected first by perturbations. These families include all the diadromous species found in the Seine and suggest serious disruption of their life histories.     

基于鱼类物种状况的长江生态环境质量评估

鱼类是水域生态系统的重要组成部分, 也是水域生态环境良好的指示类群。为合理评估长江生态环境的现状和变化趋势, 文章提出将土著鱼类物种数和珍稀特有鱼类物种数作为评价指标, 并建立了相关的评价基准和等级划分标准。以2010年和2020年为评价年, 评估了长江干流及代表性重点水域的生态环境质量。结果显示, 当前长江上游干流和下游干流的生态环境质量优于中游; 支流赤水河的生态环境质量良好, 大型湖泊鄱阳湖的生态环境质量中等。从时间上看, 随着长江十年禁渔等一系列保护措施的实施, 长江干流的生态环境质量有不同程度地好转。在此基础上, 提出了进一步改善长江生态环境的对策与建议。     

Small scale application and assessment of a Index of Biotic Integrity for a large boreal river

Modifications and use of Karr’s Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for assessing the effects of anthropogenic impacts to aquatic ecosystems have typically occurred using data collected at the macro scale. However, some non-point sources of habitat degradation occur at small scales. One possible source of perturbation to fish habitat in boreal rivers is the application of rip rap shoreline armouring in human use areas. In this study we assess the use of IBI in a small scale setting and discuss the potential impact of rip rap shoreline armouring. We captured small and juvenile fishes weekly during 2002–2003 from 12 sample sites within the littoral zone of a human use area using a modified beach seine. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data to examine the relationship between species composition and IBI scores. We also performed PCA on the IBI metrics to assess our modifications. The IBI method produced higher scores for armoured sites than for unarmoured sites. We found a strong rank order correlation (Spearman’s ρ > 0.93; p < 0.001) between the modified IBI scores and the first principal component, suggesting that Karr’s original empirically-based IBI is strongly linked to species composition. We found a high degree of redundancy between the metrics of the IBI that validate our modifications. These results suggest that IBI can be a suitable method for assessing non-point impacts from within a small study area. Our results also indicate that fish habitat from rip rap armoured sites within the test area had consistently higher IBI scores that unarmoured sites.     

Status assessment in acid-sensitive and non-acid-sensitive Maryland coastal planin streams using an integrated biological,chemical, physical,and land-use approach

This study was designed to: (1) evaluate the ecological status of acid-sensitive and non acid-sensitive Maryland coastal plain streams using biological (Index of biotic Integrity [IBI] for fish), chemical and physical habitat conditions; (2) determine if a low IBI for coastal plain stream fish can be related to stream sensitivity from acidic inputs and (3) correlate land use activities and watershed size in the coastal plain streams with biological, chemical and physical conditions. IBI values obtained using 12 community metrics for Maryland coastal plain stream fish demonstrated that there were no significant differences in these values when acid-sensitive and non-acid-sensitive streams were compared. However, other complementary data in acid-sensitive streams such as absence of the acid-sensitive species, blacknose dace and higher numbers and biomass of tolerant species suggested that these streams may be impacted. IBI values were also found to be negatively correlated with various trace metals in acid-sensitive streams but not in non-acid-sensitive areas. Chemical conditions such as trace metals and nutrients were associated with land use activities. Highest concentrations of trace metals (chromium, nickel, and cadmium) were found in streams with the highest percentage of low residential housing. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in streams found in agricultural areas than in forested areas. Agriculturally dominated streams with highest nitrate concentrations (> 10 mg l^-1) also contained the highest percentage of livestock feeding operations. The mean IBI score for streams draining agricultural land was higher than the mean value for forested streams when all streams were compared. However, when several streams that were only marginally forested (< 50%) were removed from the analysis, the IBI scores did not differ significantly by land use. Two physical habitat indices exhibited a strong associated with each other. Each habitat index also correlated with IBI values.