多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株的构建及鉴定

【目的】构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,并验证其致病性。【方法】采用正向筛选同源重组技术构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,利用PCR对突变株进行鉴定,分析其遗传稳定性、生长特性和致病性。【结果】成功构建多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,连续传代20代,遗传稳定;突变株体外生长曲线表明,在前6h生长速度稍慢于亲本菌,随后两者生长速度一致。对小鼠的致病性试验表明:经腹腔注射aroA基因缺失突变株在1.0×106 CFU对小鼠无致死性,而亲本菌株在1.0×102 CFU对小鼠是致死性的。【结论】本研究获得多杀性巴氏杆菌aroA基因缺失突变株,对小鼠的致病性是减弱的。多杀性巴氏杆菌突变株的构建有助于研究其致病机理。     

利用单克隆抗体对乙型脑炎病毒不同毒株抗原分析的研究

实验发现,应用动物免疫血清(多克隆抗体,PcAb)进行抗原分析时,我国分离到的乙型脑炎病毒SA14、P3、A2和高株的抗原性无明显差别,与从日本分离到的中山株有些差别,但仍被PcAb所中和;而用单克隆抗体(McAb)进行分析,情况就明显不同:SA14和P3株抗原性相似,高株和中山株不能被51-8McAb所中和,A2株则介于两者之间。A2和高顺生株的寡核苷酸指纹图谱分析表明,高株比A2株多两个斑点,但大多数斑点是一样的,证实了上述结果。实验还发现不同毒株的保护效果不同,A2株的免疫效果明显优于高株。     

多耐药临床分离株结核分支杆菌耐药基因rpsL 的克隆表达及功能的初步研究

制备多耐药临床分离株结核分支杆菌基因组DNA,PCR扩增其耐药基因rpsL基因和rrS基因,同时进行测序分析,结果显示该株多耐药临床分离株结核分支杆菌的rpsL基因的93、94bp处的碱基发生了突变,碱基C、C突变为T、T,使得相对应的编码氨基酸由脯氨酸(Pro)突变为亮氨酸(Leu);而rrS基因未发生核苷酸的插入、缺失或取代;进一步构建该株多耐药临床分离株结核分支杆菌耐药基因rpsL高效原核表达重组我体pGEX-λ T／rpsL,所构建的重组质粒pGEX-λ T／rpsL在大肠杆菌中高效表达了38kD的融合蛋白．结果提示,该株多耐药临床分离株结核分支杆菌对链霉素耐药仅仅是由于rpsL基因的个别碱基突变,是单基因型的,在国内外属首次研究发现．     

球孢白僵菌继代培养中菌落局变现象及环境影响因素的研究

球孢白僵菌[Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)Vuill.]野生型多孢株以及从其上分离的单孢株在不同培养基、光照、温度和湿度条件下继代培养,结果显示:无沦是多孢株还是单孢株,在传代中均发生显著的菌落局变,并产生形态各异的分离子,多表现为菌苔瘠薄或气生菌丝徒长,肉眼可见产孢量减少;尤其是单孢株菌落局变产生的分离子往往伴随着棕黄色或红棕色色素的分泌。培养基、温度、湿度和光照等环境因素对菌落局变产生具明显诱导作用。以SDAY培养基、偏低的温湿度和全光照条件下产生局变频率较低。大批量生产中以麦麸作原料较适宜。提出了菌落局变发生的几种可能的遗传机制。     

甜椒雄性不育两用系AB91不育株与可育株花药同工酶分析

通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法（PAGE）对甜椒核雄性不育两用系AB91不育株与可育株的花药过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和酯酶（EST）同工酶谱带的分析,以及对其超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）同工酶活性的分析结果表明,这几种同工酶的活性和谱带均与不育性有一定的关系,具体表现为POD、CAT、EST在不育株谱带数少,而可育株谱带数多;POD、SOD的活性不育株高于可育株,而CAT、EST的活性则是可育株高于不育株。     

PGMS水稻育性转换中的多胺含量变化(简报)

在光敏核不育水稻农垦58s幼穗的花粉母细胞形成期间,短日可育株的多胺含量高于长日不育株。多胺合成的前体Arg在短日可育株中比幼穗中多胺早一个时期在叶片中达到高峰,而在长日不育株中大量积累。用甲基已二醛-双（脒腙）（MGBG）处理的短日可育株中Spd和Spm水平、花粉可育度和自交结实率都下降。用Spd补充长日不育林中多胺含量,其花粉可育度有提高。     

PGMS水稻育性转换中的多胺含量变化

在光敏核不育水稻农垦５８ｓ幼穗的花粉母细胞形成期间,短日可育株的多胺含量高于长日不育株。多胺合成的前体Ａｒｇ在短日可育株中比幼穗中多胺早一个时期在叶片中达到高峰,而在长日不育株中大量积累。用甲基乙二醛－双处理的短日可育株中Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ水平、花粉可育度和自交结实度都下降,用Ｓｐｄ补充长日不育株中多胺含量,其花粉可育度有提高。     

牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离与初步鉴定

【目的】本研究旨在对引起犊牛呼吸道综合征的多杀性巴氏杆菌进行分离鉴定,分析其亲缘关系和毒力基因的分布情况。【方法】收集2017年8月至2018年4月疑似患有犊牛呼吸道综合征的病牛鼻拭子进行细菌分离培养,对菌落形态和染色疑似巴氏杆菌的菌株进行16S rRNA测序和血清型鉴定,选择巴氏杆菌7类23种毒力基因,筛查临床分离株的毒力基因的分布。【结果】从8个省份的237份病料中分离出31株多杀性巴氏杆菌,分离率为13.1%。16S rRNA测序分析表明31株A型多杀性巴氏杆菌属于同一亚群,其序列同源性与中国分离株HB01以及国外分离株USDA-ARS-USMARC-60712、USDA-ARS-USMARC-60214、ATCC 43137以及36950亲缘关系较近。对分离出的31株A型多杀性巴氏杆菌的7类共23种毒力基因鉴定,结果显示31株多杀性巴氏杆菌所携带的毒力因子大多分布在17–19个,且集中度较高。【结论】A型多杀性巴氏杆菌为犊牛呼吸道综合症的主要流行血清型,通过对多杀性巴氏杆菌的临床分离株进化树和毒力基因分析,内蒙古、黑龙江、新疆、山西以及河北的7株分离株进化来源于同一分支,且均缺失毒力基因tadD和hgbA及携带毒力基因hsf-1,提示着其亲缘关系可能与其携带的特定毒力基因存在一定相关性。该研究为犊牛呼吸道综合征的病原学调查和多杀性巴氏杆菌流行病学调查提供了参考数据。     

球孢白僵菌继代培养中菌落局变现象及环境影响因素的研究

球孢白僵菌野生型多孢标以及从其上分离的单孢株在不同培养基,光照,温度和湿度条件下继代培养。结果显示：无论是多孢株还是单孢株。在传代中均发生显著的菌落局变,并产生形态各异的分离子,多表现为菌苔瘠薄或气生菌丝徒长,肉眼可见产孢量减少,尤其是单孢株菌落局变产生的分离子往往伴随着棕黄色或红棕色色素的分泌。培养基、温度、湿度和光照等环境因素对菌落局变产生具明显诱导作用,以ＳＤＡＹ培养基、偏低的温湿度和全光照     

曾候乙墓穴木椁微生物的分离与鉴定

从曾侯乙墓中椁室、东椁室、西椁室和北椁室分别取样,经平板划线培养,分离,纯化共获得典型的菌株16株。将16株分别涂片镜检,生理生化分析鉴定,结果证明芽孢杆菌属11株,其中苏云金变种1株,地衣芽孢杆菌1株,巨大芽孢杆菌1株,球形芽孢杆菌5株,蜡状芽孢杆菌2株,多粘芽孢杆菌1株。其余菌株微杆菌属4株,黄色杆菌属黄杆菌1株。     

Post-pruning shoot growth increases fruit abscission and reduces stem carbohydrates and yield in macadamia

Background and Aims

There is good evidence for deciduous trees that competition for carbohydrates from shoot growth accentuates early fruit abscission and reduces yield but the effect for evergreen trees is not well defined. Here, whole-tree tip-pruning at anthesis is used to examine the effect of post-pruning shoot development on fruit abscission in the evergreen subtropical tree macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × tetraphylla). Partial-tree tip-pruning is also used to test the localization of the effect.

Methods

In the first experiment (2005/2006), all branches on trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R treatment) and shoots were removed from others (NR treatment). Fruit set and stem total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) over time, and yield were measured. In the second experiment (2006/2007), upper branches of trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R) and shoots were removed from others (NR). Fruit set and yield were measured separately for upper (pruned) and lower (unpruned) branches.

Key Results

In the first experiment, R trees set far fewer fruit and had lower yield than NR trees. TNSC fell and rose in all treatments but the decline in R trees occurred earlier than in NR trees and coincided with early shoot growth and the increase in fruit abscission relative to the other treatments. In the second experiment, fruit abscission on upper branches of R trees increased relative to the other treatments but there was little difference in fruit abscission between treatments on lower branches.

Conclusions

This study is the first to demonstrate an increase in fruit abscission in an evergreen tree in response to pruning. The effect appeared to be related to competition for carbohydrates between post-pruning shoot growth and fruit development and was local, with shoot growth on pruned branches having no effect on fruit abscission on unpruned branches.     

南方红豆杉响应不同传粉式样的结实表现

采用开花前雌株短枝套袋隔离传粉、花期人工授粉、风媒传粉 对照 及其传粉障碍等几种传粉式样 ,比较不同传粉 授粉 方式对南方红豆杉 Taxus chinensis var.mairei 结实的影响 ;在风媒传粉条件下 ,研究了南方红豆杉不同种植行向、树冠不同方位、上下内外不同层面的结实表现 .结果表明 :南方红豆杉存在孤雌生殖现象 ,平均单枝结实率为 2 8.7% ,与风媒传粉相比较 ,存在极显著差异 P<0 .0 1 ;人工授粉能显著提高结实率 P<0 .0 5 2 0 .7% ;2～ 3月份开花期 ,江汉平原盛行东北风 ,在风媒传粉条件下 ,东西向种植的南方红豆杉有更多的授粉机会 ,其结实情况极显著优于南北向种植的 P<0 .0 1 ;东西向种植的南方红豆杉树冠果实的空间分布 ,受传粉条件包括风向、冠层方位及距传粉源的距离、冠层内外上下层次等因素的影响 ,方位间的结实量按东南西北方位依次为 :2 30 .375粒、185 .6 2 5粒、12 8.813粒、10 5 .4 38粒 ,呈递减趋势 ,冠外层结实量普通高于冠内层 ,树冠东向下外层结实量最高 4 16 .75粒 ,北向下内层最低 2 2 .0 0粒 .     

The effect of viruses on growth and cropping of pear trees

Two virus diseases, vein yellows and mosaic, that commonly infect pear trees, reduced the growth and crop of four cultivars (Beurré Hardy, Doyenne du Cornice, Conference and Williams' bon Chrétien) in an experiment continued for 13 years. Reduction in yield was mainly due to the smaller size of infected trees. These produced about 30% less fruit than healthy trees when infected with vein yellows and 40 % less fruit when also infected with mosaic. Fruit size was decreased in only one year. The fertility of Cornice flowers was impaired. The greater vigour of healthy trees did not delay cropping; they produced over 30% more fruit than infected trees in the first three harvests.     

In Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Return Bloom Depends on the Time the Fruit Remains on the Tree

In loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), the comparison of fruiting trees and defruited trees carried out covering a range of developmental fruit stages reveals a significant reduction in flowering due to fruit from its early stage of development, being higher when it changes color and becomes senescent, which coincides with the floral bud inductive period. This effect occurred both at the tree and at the shoot level. Furthermore, although current shoots almost always develop into panicles, those from fruiting trees develop fewer flowers, suggesting that fruit also affects at the floral bud level. In our experiment, the gibberellin concentration at the floral bud inductive period was significantly higher in bark tissues (periderm, cortex and phloem tissues) of fruiting trees, compared with defruited trees that tend to flower more. The lower concentration of IAA in the bark tissues of defruited trees also contributes to increase their flowering intensity. On the contrary, the zeatin concentration was higher. Accordingly, at bud burst, the IAA/zeatin ratio, an indication of effect on flowering, was significantly higher for fruiting trees. Some disruption in the nitrate reduction process in fruiting tree was also observed. The process of floral bud induction and differentiation was not associated with either reducing or translocating and reserve carbohydrate concentration. Hence, loquat flower intensity depends on the time the fruit is maintained on the tree. The intensity is affected indirectly, by reducing the number of shoots, and directly, by reducing the number of flowers per panicle, and these effects are linked to endogenous plant hormone contents.     

Small fruit problem in Citrus trees

Summary Physiological causes of the small fruit problem which occurs in certain trees of orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia] were investigated in terms of water relations and gas exchange of fruits during early fruit development as well as tree carbohydrate reserves. These data from cv. Valencia trees with and without a small fruit potential were compared with those of the large fruited cv. Navel. Neither fruit water potential nor fruit transpiration nor tree carbohydrate reserves appeared to be a cause of the small fruit. Yield records showed the small fruit to be assocaited with a large number of fruit per tree. However, fruits from cv. Valencia trees with a small fruit potential respired faster than either fruits of the same cultivar and size from trees without the physiological disorder or fruits of the same size of cv. Navel and also exceeded the dark respiration of the respective leaves. Hence, the small fruit problem in cv. Valencia was partly attributed to inefficient fruit photosynthesis, causing excessive respiration of each of a larger number of fruits compared to fruits of a tree of the same cultivar but without the physiological disorder. Fruits of cv. Valencia respired more in their 2 months longer lifetime on the tree relative to those of cv. Navel. It is concluded that orchard management methods will have to be investigated to balance the fruit load of the cv. Valencia tree utilizing the carbon available for fruit growth and to minimise stress during the early fruit development.     

The community structure of bird assemblages on urban strangler figs

Figs have been regarded as keystone plant resources that support diverse tropical vertebrate frugivore communities. Planting or conserving large fig trees, such as stranglers, have therefore been proposed for enhancing urban biodiversity. We compared the diversity and community structure of bird assemblages on strangler figs with non‐fig urban trees as well as between the fruiting and non‐fruiting fig trees in an urban setting in Singapore. The total bird abundance across all the fig trees when in fruit was 4.5‐fold higher than on non‐fig trees and 3.5‐fold higher than when the same fig trees were not fruiting, but only attracted two more species. On individual trees, after accounting for the presence of mistletoes, tree height, the area covered by buildings, road lane density, and the distance to natural vegetation, mean diversity was not different between non‐fig trees and fig trees when they were not in fruit. On the other hand, when fruiting, each fig tree on average had 1.4 more species, 3 more counts of non‐native birds, and 1.6 more counts of insectivorous birds than when not fruiting. There was significant compositional turnover between non‐fig trees and non‐fruiting fig trees, while community dispersion was significantly lower among fig trees in fruit. Our results demonstrate that fig trees provide fruit and non‐fruit resources for birds in an urban landscape but do not necessarily support more diverse total bird assemblages than non‐fig trees. Instead, bird communities on fruiting urban figs would be highly homogeneous and dominated by a few species. Abstract in Malay is available with online material.     

新疆天山野生果树研究及保护

根据多年调查和初步统计,新疆天山山区的野生果树种类有81种,由于新疆天山野果林生态系统受到人类经济活动的强烈影响,野果林分布范围缩减、面积下降,物种减少,有的濒临灭绝状态,必须引起重视,本研究提出了新疆野生果树资源保护和可持续利用的建议及对策：（1）加强新疆野生果树种质资源的收集和保存;（2）开展资源调查、评价与利用工作,保育和开发利用并重,实现资源的永续利用;（3）应及早建立新疆新源野苹果林自然保护区和霍城大西沟野生樱桃李自然保护区。     

Senescence-related changes in the antioxidant status of ginkgo and birch leaves during autumn yellowing

The antioxidant status of birch and ginkgo leaves during autumnal senescence was characterized by the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The contents of leaf H₂O₂ and ascorbate were used as indicators of oxidative stress. Degradation of chlorophyll (chl) during natural senescence was not accompanied either by an increase of H₂O₂ or by a decrease of reduced ascorbate. A transient decrease of reduced ascorbate in ginkgo and birch leaves in early senescence was accompanied by CAT inactivation. The activity of ionically-bound PODs was stimulated in late senescence in both species, when more than 30% of chl was degraded. Induction of MnSOD in both species and new isoforms of CuZnSOD in birch in late senescence was accompanied by the disappearance of other CuZnSOD isoforms in birch and FeSOD in ginkgo. The role of antioxidative enzymes in keeping ascorbate reduced and endogenous H₂O₂ at low levels in senescent leaves of deciduous trees was discussed.     

银杏芽中内源激素与大小年结实的关系

为探讨银杏大、小年结实现象的生理原因,于2004～2005年,用ELISA(间接酶联免疫法)对银杏大年树和小年树果芽和叶芽内的IAA,GA,ZR和ABA含量进行了对比测定。结果表明:大年树IAA、ZR和ABA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值均高于小年树,GA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值则低于小年树,有利果芽分化生长,形成大年;果芽中较高水平的ZR、IAA和ABA与较低水平的GA,以及萌芽前期较高的IAA/GA,ZR/GA和ABA/GA等比值,有利果芽分化,形成大年;叶芽中较高的ZR、IAA和较低的ABA有利于形成大年生长,尤其是ZR含量在萌芽前期或中期升高与形成大年生长关系密切。