鲍鱼内脏酶解物可调节肠道菌群及短链脂肪酸缓解小鼠系统低度炎症

为探究鲍鱼内脏酶解物对辣椒素诱导的系统低度炎症模型小鼠炎性因子、肠道菌群及短链脂肪酸的影响,将30只雄性小鼠随机分为6组：空白对照组、辣椒素致炎模型组、鱼油对照组、鲍鱼内脏酶解物低、中、高剂量组（0.30、0.60、1.20 g /(kg·d)）,干预7 d后,ELISA法检测小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）,鲎试剂法测定小鼠血清中细菌脂多糖（LPS）的含量,16S rRNA基因高通量测序和生物信息学方法考察小鼠肠道菌群的结构组成,GC-MS法测定小鼠粪便中短链脂肪酸的含量。结果显示,辣椒素模型组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6和LPS含量显著升高,肠道菌群OTUs数显著降低,菌群各门、属水平比例存在显著变化,其中寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）和棒状杆菌属(Corynebactrium)等有害相对丰度显著增加,粪便中的乙酸、丙酸以及总短链脂肪酸含量显著降低,异戊酸含量显著升高,而经鲍鱼内脏酶解物干预后,小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6和LPS含量显著降低,肠道中乳杆菌属（Lacbobacillus）、阿洛巴氏菌属(Allobaculum)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)等短链脂肪酸产生相关细菌的相对丰度显著增加,寡养单胞菌属和棒状杆菌属相对丰度显著降低,乙酸、丙酸和总短链脂肪酸的含量显著升高,异戊酸含量显著降低。鲍鱼内脏酶解物可以调节肠道菌群结构和肠道短链脂肪酸组成缓解机体系统低度炎症反应。     

江山乌猪肠道黏膜菌群组成及其功能的性别差异

肠道黏膜微生物在调控宿主生理功能方面发挥重要作用,其结构组成受到多种因素影响。性别被认为是塑造肠道微生物的因素之一。然而,性别对肠道黏膜菌群的差异影响还不清楚。【目的】以江山乌猪为研究对象,探究性别差异对其肠道黏膜微生物组成及功能的影响。【方法】选取性成熟的雌性和雄性江山乌猪各8头,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析回肠和结肠黏膜菌群。【结果】在回肠黏膜中,雄性江山乌猪菌群的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于雌性(P<0.05),在结肠黏膜中,不同性别江山乌猪菌群Chao1指数和Shannon指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。菌群差异分析显示,回肠黏膜中,沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和埃希氏志贺菌属(Escherichia_Shigella)在雌性组中的相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05),雄性组中Oscillospiraceae UCG-005、拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group相对丰度显著高于雌性组(P<0.05);结肠黏膜中,雌性组中unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group和Prevotellaceae UCG-003相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05),Oscillospiraceae UCG-005、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group和unclassified_Lachnospiraceae在雄性组中相对丰度更高(P<0.05)。功能预测发现,雄性乌猪回肠黏膜菌群显著富集了氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢等功能途径(P<0.05);结肠黏膜菌群主要富集了膜转运相关的ABC转运蛋白和信号转导相关的双组分系统等功能途径(P<0.05)。【结论】不同性别江山乌猪肠黏膜菌群结构及功能具有明显差异。这些结果揭示了不同性别江山乌猪肠道黏膜菌群的差异特征,为了解和挖掘我国地方畜禽品种肠道微生物资源提供部分参考。     

异种源复合益生菌对杜滇仔猪肠道微生物多样性的影响

为研究异种源复合益生菌对超早期断奶（7日龄）的杜洛克×滇南小耳猪肠道微生物多样性的影响,选取30头7日龄杜洛克×滇南小耳猪,分为DD组哺喂代乳粉,DY组哺喂代乳粉+复合益生菌,对照组（DM组）母乳喂养,每组10头。试验期为21 d,采用IIIumina技术分析粪便菌群组成。结果表明,早期哺喂代乳粉,使杜洛克×滇南小耳猪肠道菌群多样性下降（P＜0.05）,厚壁菌门（P＜0.01）、螺旋菌门（P＜0.05）和Epsilonbacteraeota（P＜0.01）相对丰度降低,乳杆菌属相对丰度极显著提高（P＜0.01）,代乳粉中添加异种源复合益生菌后,拟杆菌门和普氏菌属的相对丰度显著提高（P＜0.05））,与碳水化合物代谢（Prevotella_7、Prevotella_2、Prevotella_9）及肠道抗炎症（Colilnsella）相关菌群的相对丰度也显著提高,具有降低仔猪断奶应激的潜能。     

叶酸调控对高尿酸血症大鼠肠道微生物的影响

探究叶酸对高尿酸血症大鼠肠道微生物的影响,为治疗高尿酸血症提供新思路。将SPF 级雄性大鼠分为空白对照组、模型组和叶酸组,采集大鼠的粪便样本,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析肠道微生物的多样性、群落组成以及结构的变化。研究结果显示,Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,空白对照组、模型组和叶酸组大鼠粪便中微生物多样性和群落组成存在明显差异,其中模型组大鼠粪便微生物具有较高的物种丰度和种群差异性。对门分类水平上的物种丰度分析发现,微生物种群主要由厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）组成;对属分类水平上的物种丰度分析发现,微生物种群由乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、Muribaculaceae、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、柯林斯菌属（Collinsella）、梭菌属（Clostridium）、罗姆布茨菌（Romboutsia）、劳特氏菌属（Blautia）和毛螺菌科NK4A136群（Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group）等菌属组成,与空白对照组相比,模型组中Muribaculaceae和柯林斯菌属的丰度显著升高,乳杆菌属、梭菌属、罗姆布茨菌和毛螺菌科的丰度显著下降;叶酸组中Muribaculaceae、拟杆菌属、柯林斯菌属和劳特氏菌属的丰度显著升高,梭菌属、罗姆布茨菌和毛螺菌科的丰度显著下降。研究探索了叶酸干预调控高尿酸血症大鼠肠道微生物的变化,为治疗高尿酸血症提供参考。     

基于窖泥微生物相对定量与绝对定量联用的窖泥老熟特征分析

[目的] 基于传统的相对定量法,在总DNA提取过程中加入内标菌,探索不同老熟程度下窖泥微生物菌群组成特征。[方法] 通过添加外源菌丙酮丁醇梭菌（Clostridium acetobutylicum）作为内标菌,利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术,基于相对丰度与绝对丰度解析不同老熟程度窖泥内的菌群结构和理化差异。[结果] 相对定量分析表明,随着窖泥老熟,窖泥微生物群落的多样性增加,己酸菌属（Caproiciproducens）、甲烷杆菌属（Methanobacterium）、甲烷八叠球菌属（Methanosarcina）和互营单胞菌属（Syntrophomonas）等菌的相对丰度显著增高。结合绝对丰度分析,老熟窖泥内的生物量分别是新窖泥与趋老熟窖泥的600倍与28倍。不同于相对定量分析,乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）的绝对丰度在老熟窖泥内并未降低,为新窖泥的20倍。己酸菌属在老窖泥中的绝对丰度为新窖泥的25000倍;其他功能微生物包括甲烷杆菌属、甲烷八叠球菌属、甲烷短杆菌属（Methanobrevibacter）、互营单胞菌属的绝对丰度也随着窖龄的增加而显著增加。菌群结构的绝对定量动态分析表明,新窖泥转变为老熟窖泥的过程是一个菌群组成多样性不断提高、生物量也逐步增加的过程,老窖泥中己酸菌属、互营单胞菌属、多种甲烷菌等微生物绝对量的增加,推测对降低窖泥内的乳酸含量和形成窖泥稳态环境具有重要作用。[结论] 绝对定量方法的引入,可观测不同窖龄窖泥微生物生物量的差异,解析不同老熟阶段窖泥功能微生物绝对丰度的动态变化,为窖泥菌群结构和代谢功能的定量化和因果关系研究提供了新的策略。     

大熊猫精液和包皮菌群组成及潜在致病菌调查

[目的] 大熊猫是我国国家一级保护动物,其种群面临着传染病和栖息地破碎化等持续威胁,其中生殖系统的细菌感染和菌群失衡会影响大熊猫生殖健康,严重者可导致流产,是引起大熊猫繁殖障碍的原因之一。本研究对精液与包皮分泌物样本的菌群组成情况及分离培养潜在致病菌开展研究。[方法] 通过采集13份大熊猫包皮分泌物和12份精液样本,采用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术、细菌培养及PCR鉴定的方法,确定样本中的细菌种类。[结果] 菌群组成分析结果显示,在门水平上,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的细菌丰度在大熊猫包皮与精液中均为最高;在属水平上,不同时期的雄性大熊猫包皮的菌群可能会发生改变,棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）和Dolosicoccus是Ⅰ期包皮样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对丰度分别为15.45%和12.40%;链球菌属（Streptococcus）和埃希氏菌属（Escherichia）是Ⅱ期包皮样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对分度分别为37.94%和9.68%;拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）是精液样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对丰度分别为14.40%和12.88%。菌群多样性分析结果显示,精液样品高于Ⅰ期包皮样品和Ⅱ期包皮样品,Ⅰ期包皮样品和Ⅱ期包皮样品之间无显著差异。通过细菌分离培养得到肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumonia）在内的多种潜在性致病菌。[结论] 本研究分析了大熊猫精液和不同时期包皮分泌物的菌群组成,其优势菌属存在差异,大熊猫包皮与精液中存在潜在性致病菌,这可能对大熊猫的生殖系统健康带来威胁,其致病性有待进一步研究。     

天山北麓典型水库细菌多样性分析

为了探讨天山北麓中段水库细菌的多样性及其功能,选取蘑菇湖水库（MGW）、奎屯/车排子水库（KCW）、安集海水库（AJW）和八一水库（BYW）为典型水库进行宏基因组学分析。多点采集水库水样,收集水样中的微生物,CTAB法提取总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V3-V4区,扩增产物进行高通量测序,使用BLAST、USEARCH、QIIME等软件和在线工具分析水库细菌的多样性,使用PICRUSt软件和KEGG数据库预测细菌功能基因组成。结果表明,水库细菌分属18个门、38个纲和181个属,其中AJW的操作分类单元（Operational taxonomic units,OTUs）数量和多样性指数较高。4个水库菌群组成有一定的共性,在门分类阶元上优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;在纲分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌纲（Flavobacteriia）;在属分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）。然而各水库菌群组成也存在较大差异,在变形菌门中,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的相对丰度在MGW和BYW较高,α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacterial）和β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）分别于AJW和KCW具有较高丰度;芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）在AJW和MGW具有较高丰度;相对丰度较高的菌属还包括AJW的动性杆菌属（Planomicrobium）、KCW的马赛菌属（Massilia）、MGW的不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和动性杆菌属以及BYW的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）;另外,AJW特有多种丰度较高的菌纲和菌属,其中微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）和CL500-29_marine_group均有利于水质和菌群多样性的维持。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,4个水库菌群的多种代谢以及遗传信息处理、信号传递和细胞生长相关功能基因丰度较高,并含有环境异生物降解代谢相关基因,其中苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸酯、氯烷烃和氯烯烃以及萘降解相关基因的相对丰度较高。以上结果提示,天山北麓中段不同水库菌群组成存在差异,其与水源、周边环境和人类活动等因素相关。水库菌群含有芳香族和有机氯等化合物降解相关基因,其可在污染物的降解和生物修复中发挥作用。     

模拟海拔5000 m低氧环境对小鼠肠道免疫和肠道菌群的影响

摘要 目的：研究模拟海拔5000 m低压低氧环境下,不同低氧暴露时间对小鼠肠道组织结构、免疫因子和肠道菌群的影响。方法：采用低压低氧舱模拟海拔5000 m高度,构建8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠低氧模型,随机分为1、3、5、7、14和30 d低氧组及其常氧对照组,每组6只常规饲养,记录体重。在对应时间点取材,HE染色制作小鼠回肠组织切片、免疫组织化学染色分析小鼠肠道紧密连接occludin蛋白表达,ELISA检测小鼠血浆免疫因子IL-6、IL-22和TNF-α水平,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群变化。结果：与常氧对照组相比,各低氧组小鼠体重均显著降低（P<0.05）。小鼠回肠组织HE 染色及免疫组化染色显示,各低氧组均出现不同程度的肠上皮绒毛缺损,淋巴细胞增多等变化,且7、14 d组低氧组小鼠紧密连接occludin蛋白表达量显著降低（P<0.05）。与常氧组相比,7 d低氧组小鼠血浆IL-6水平显著降低（P<0.05）,14 d低氧组小鼠血浆IL-6水平显著增加（P<0.05）;与相应的常氧组对比,低氧组TNF-α和IL-22的水平没有显著差异,但在各低氧组间出现差异。不同低氧时间组与其常氧对照组的肠道菌群构成具有显著差异;在菌属水平上,低氧组中普雷沃菌属（Prevotella）、阿克曼氏菌属（Akkermansia）、颤螺菌属（Oscillospira）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、脱硫弧菌属（Desulfovibrio）和臭气杆菌属（Odoribacter）,相对丰度较高且具有显著性差异（P<0.05）;血浆免疫因子与肠道菌群相关分析表明,乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）与IL-6、IL-22水平呈显著正相关（r=0.27,P<0.05;r=0.27,P<0.05）。结论：模拟海拔5000 m低压低氧环境显著改变C57BL/6小鼠肠道组织结构及其屏障功能和肠道菌群组成,肠道菌群的变化与免疫因子水平显著相关,这些变化与低氧暴露时间相关,是小鼠低氧应激响应肠道功能的适应性变化。     

基于16S rDNA测序绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群结构与功能性分析

目的 通过16S rDNA测序技术对绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能进行分析,探讨肠道菌群与绝经综合征抑郁发生的关联。方法 选取2021年6月至2022年3月就诊于我院妇科门诊的绝经综合征抑郁患者19例为观察组（A组）,同期绝经综合征患者10例为对照组（C组）。利用16S r DNA基因测序法对患者肠道菌群进行物种注释分析和功能比较,统计两组肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能的变化。结果 两组肠道菌群差异明显。GraPhlAn物种组成图显示,患者肠道菌群总体以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门组成。在门水平,与C组相比,A组放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度较低,拟杆菌门相对丰度较高。在属水平,与C组相比,A组拟杆菌属、小杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、Lachnospiracea＿incertae＿se相对丰度较高,而Gemmiger、布劳特菌属、普雷沃菌属、粪球菌属、粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属相对丰度偏低。进一步在属水平上选取了10种相对丰度差异具有统计学意义的菌群（P<0.05）：韦氏球菌属、消化球菌属、巨单胞菌属、史雷克菌属在A组的相对丰度较高（P<0.05）,柯林斯菌属、C...     

马乳酒样乳杆菌1207对CUMS小鼠焦虑及抑郁样行为的缓解作用

【目的】越来越多的研究表明,益生菌能够通过“微生物-肠-脑”轴来调节中枢神经系统,影响精神障碍疾病的发生和发展。因此,精神健康相关的益生菌资源的开发具有重要的意义。本文利用慢性不可预知温和应激小鼠模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS),研究了一株分离自西藏Kefir粒的马乳酒样乳杆菌1207对小鼠焦虑样和抑郁样行为的缓解作用。【方法】本研究构建了CUMS模型,并利用马乳酒样乳杆菌1207(10⁹ CFU/d)灌胃进行2周的干预。随后,分别利用旷场实验、悬尾实验和强迫游泳评估了该菌株对小鼠的焦虑样和抑郁样行为的影响;通过测定下丘脑、血清和脾脏中生物标记物的含量变化,研究了该菌株对色氨酸代谢、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena,HPA)轴和炎症因子的调节作用。【结果】与对照小鼠相比,灌胃马乳酒样乳杆菌1207可显著增加小鼠在旷场实验中中央区域的滞留时间(P<0.05);降低小鼠在悬尾实验(P<0.01)和强迫游泳实验(P<0.05)中的不动时间;可通过降低小鼠下丘脑中5-羟基吲哚乙酸/5-羟色胺来改善小鼠下丘脑的色氨酸代谢;通过降低血清中皮质酮(corticost erone,CORT)的水平,调控HPA轴的平衡;通过增加小鼠脾脏中抗炎细胞因子(inflammatory cytokines-10,IL-10)的相对表达量(P<0.05),有效抑制炎症的发生。【结论】本研究表明,为期2周的马乳酒样乳杆菌1207灌胃干预可以有效调节“肠脑轴”相关生物标记物,显著改善小鼠焦虑样和抑郁样行为。本研究有助于为精神疾病的预防和治疗提供新的益生菌干预策略。     

低聚果糖对慢性应激小鼠抑郁样行为及 肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨低聚果糖(FOS)对慢性应激小鼠的抑郁样行为及肠道菌群的影响。方法选取8周龄健康雄性ICR小鼠随机分成3组,C组小鼠每天给予正常护理,S组和SF组小鼠每天随机给予1～2种应激源,持续8周,SF组小鼠在应激造模的同时经食物补充FOS。在造模4周和8周后,分别通过强迫游泳、蔗糖偏好试验评估各组小鼠抑郁样行为。造模结束后通过Western blot试验检测小鼠大脑皮层内糖皮质激素受体(GR)的表达,并收集结肠内容物进行16SrDNA扩增子测序分析。结果应激造模8周后,C、S和SF三组小鼠的肠道菌群组成存在明显差异;与C组相比,S组小鼠强迫游泳的不动时间显著增加(t=3.970,P=0.0009),蔗糖偏好率显著降低(t=3.890,P=0.0011),脑内GR的表达显著降低(t=4.311,P=0.0125);与S组相比,SF组小鼠强迫游泳的不动时间显著缩短(t=3.495,P=0.0026),蔗糖偏好率和脑内GR表达有增加趋势。结论益生元FOS可调节肠道菌群,改善慢性应激诱发的精神情绪异常。     

Behavioral characteristics of female Wag/Rij rats

Behavior of male and female WAG/Rij and Wistar rats was compared in the tests assessing the level of anxiety (light-dark choice, open field) and depression-like state (sucrose intake and preference, forced swimming). Females of WAG/Rij rats like males of the same strain exhibited symptoms of depression-like behavior: increased immobility in the forced swimming test and decreased sucrose intake and preference (anhedonia). In contrast to males, females of WAG/Rij rats displayed more distinct signs of increased anxiety as compared to Wistar rats. Both WAG/Rij and Wistar females exhibited increased locomotor and exploratory activity in the open field as compared to males.     

Antidepressant-like activity of a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, Koso-san (Xiang-Su-San), and its mode of action via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Koso-san (Xiang-Su-San in Chinese), a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, is used clinically in East Asia for the treatment of depression-like symptoms associated with the initial stage of the common cold, allergic urticaria due to food ingestion, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, insomnia, and autonomic imbalance. However, the antidepressant-like activity of Koso-san has never been evaluated scientifically. In this study, ddY mice subjected to a combination of forced swimming and chronic mild stresses were termed depression-like model mice. The degree of the depression-like state was measured by the animal's duration of immobility using the forced swimming test (FST). Oral administration of Koso-san (1.0 g/kg/body wt./day, 9 days) significantly shortened the duration of immobility of the depression-like model mice in the FST; however, locomotor activity was not affected. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the pituitary were significantly increased, and glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus was downregulated in the depression-like model mice. However, Koso-san ameliorated these alterations to the normal conditions.

The results of this study suggest that Koso-san shows the antidepressant-like effect through suppressing the hyperactivity of the HPA axis in depression-like model mice.     

Population differences in host plant preference and the importance of yeast and plant substrate to volatile composition

Divergent selection between environments can result in changes to the behavior of an organism. In many insects, volatile compounds are a primary means by which host plants are recognized and shifts in plant availability can result in changes to host preference. Both the plant substrate and microorganisms can influence this behavior, and host plant choice can have an impact on the performance of the organism. In Drosophila mojavensis, four geographically isolated populations each use different cacti as feeding and oviposition substrates and identify those cacti by the composition of the volatile odorants emitted. Behavioral tests revealed D. mojavensis populations vary in their degree of preference for their natural host plant. Females from the Mojave population show a marked preference for their host plant, barrel cactus, relative to other cactus choices. When flies were given a choice between cacti that were not their host plant, the preference for barrel and organ pipe cactus relative to agria and prickly pear cactus was overall lower for all populations. Volatile headspace composition is influenced by the cactus substrate, microbial community, and substrate‐by‐microorganism interactions. Differences in viability, developmental time, thorax length, and dry body weight exist among populations and depend on cactus substrate and population‐by‐cactus interactions. However, no clear association between behavioral preference and performance was observed. This study highlights a complex interplay between the insect, host plant, and microbial community and the factors mediating insect host plant preference behavior.     

Cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors in an APPswe/PS1 bigenic model of Alzheimer's disease

Neuropsychiatric signs are critical in primary caregiving of Alzheimer patients and yet have been relatively ignored in murine models. In the present study, APPswe/PS1 bigenic mice had higher levels of irritability than non-transgenic controls as measured in the touch escape test. Moreover, APPswe/PS1 mice showed poorer nest building than controls and a higher duration of immobility in the forced swimming assay. These results are concordant with the hypothesis of increased apathy and depression-like behavior in an Alzheimer's disease model. In addition, APPswe/PS1 bigenic mice were deficient in retention of passive avoidance learning and left–right discrimination learning, concordant with previous findings in other Alzheimer-like models.     

Antidepressant-like Effect of Bacopaside I in Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress by Modulating the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function and Activating BDNF Signaling Pathway

Preliminary studies conducted in our laboratory have confirmed that Bacopaside I (BS-I), a saponin compound isolated from Bacopa monnieri, displayed antidepressant-like activity in the mouse behavioral despair model. The present investigation aimed to verify the antidepressant-like action of BS-I using a mouse model of behavioral deficits induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and further probe its underlying mechanism of action. Mice were exposed to CUMS for a period of 5 consecutive weeks to induce depression-like behavior. Then, oral gavage administrations with vehicle (model group), fluoxetine (12 mg/kg, positive group) or BS-I (5, 15, 45 mg/kg, treated group) once daily were started during the last two weeks of CUMS procedure. The results showed that BS-I significantly ameliorated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, as characterized by an elevated sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test and reduced immobility time without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity in the forced swimming test, tail suspension test and open field test. It was also found that BS-I treatment reversed the increased level of plasma corticosterone and decreased mRNA and protein expressions of glucocorticoid receptor induced by CUMS exposure, indicating that hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity of CUMS-exposed mice was restored by BS-I treatment. Furthermore, chronic administration of BS-I elevated expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (mRNA and protein) and activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP response element-binding protein in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice subjected to CUMS procedure. Taken together, these results indicated that BS-I exhibited an obvious antidepressant-like effect in mouse model of CUMS-induced depression that was mediated, at least in part, by modulating HPA hyperactivity and activating BDNF signaling pathway.     

冬末春初圈养梅花鹿健康与腹泻个体粪便菌群的比较分析

腹泻是制约梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)养殖发展的主要因素之一，通常与肠道菌群失衡有关，而健康与腹泻梅花鹿个体菌群组成变化尚不清楚。为探究健康与腹泻梅花鹿肠道菌群差异，分析梅花鹿腹泻原因，以圈养雄性梅花鹿为实验对象，采集正常及腹泻梅花鹿粪便共18份，通过16S rRNA基因测序进行比较分析。研究结果表明，腹泻组菌群丰度及多样性较健康组均有所下降。在门至属水平，腹泻组理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)等有益菌丰度下降，Treponema＿2菌属等促炎菌丰度上升。此外，瘤胃球菌科UCG-014菌属(Ruminococcaceae＿UCG-014)和理研菌科RC9菌属(Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group)在健康组中显著富集；疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)在腹泻组显著富集。腹泻梅花鹿与健康梅花鹿粪便菌群组成和多样性存在显著差异，疣微菌门丰度升高可能是导致梅花鹿腹泻的一个原因。     

二氢杨梅素对抗生素应激小鼠血清抗氧化性和肠道微生物多样性的影响

【背景】二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin, DMY)是一类存在于藤茶中的主要黄酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎等功能,其药用价值受到广泛关注,但其在生物体内的生物活性及肠道中的分解代谢机制尚不清楚。【目的】探究二氢杨梅素对抗生素应激下小鼠的血清抗氧化性和肠道微生物多样性的影响。【方法】将小鼠分为对照组、抗生素组、抗生素+二氢杨梅素组,检测各组小鼠血清中的抗氧化指标,利用高通量测序分析组间肠道微生物多样性的差异,通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR)验证特定菌群组间的相对丰度差异。【结果】二氢杨梅素显著提高了抗生素应激小鼠血清中过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutataione peroxidase, GSH-PX)活性(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量(P<0.05),催化一氧化氮(nitric...     

Mice Lacking NMDA Receptors in Parvalbumin Neurons Display Normal Depression-Related Behavior and Response to Antidepressant Action of NMDAR Antagonists

The underlying circuit imbalance in major depression remains unknown and current therapies remain inadequate for a large group of patients. Discovery of the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine - an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist – has linked the glutamatergic system to depression. Interestingly, dysfunction in the inhibitory GABAergic system has also been proposed to underlie depression and deficits linked to GABAergic neurons have been found with human imaging and in post-mortem material from depressed patients. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) GABAergic interneurons regulate local circuit function through perisomatic inhibition and their activity is NMDAR-dependent, providing a possible link between NMDAR and the inhibitory system in the antidepressant effect of ketamine. We have therefore investigated the role of the NMDAR-dependent activity of PV interneurons for the development of depression-like behavior as well as for the response to rapid antidepressant effects of NMDAR antagonists. We used mutant mice lacking NMDA neurotransmission specifically in PV neurons (PV-Cre+/NR1f/f) and analyzed depression-like behavior and anhedonia. To study the acute and sustained effects of a single NMDAR antagonist administration, we established a behavioral paradigm of repeated exposure to forced swimming test (FST). We did not observe altered behavioral responses in the repeated FST or in a sucrose preference test in mutant mice. In addition, the behavioral response to administration of NMDAR antagonists was not significantly altered in mutant PV-Cre+/NR1f/f mice. Our results show that NMDA-dependent neurotransmission in PV neurons is not necessary to regulate depression-like behaviors, and in addition that NMDARs on PV neurons are not a direct target for the NMDAR-induced antidepressant effects of ketamine and MK801.