酵母PMT1与PMT5双基因缺失对细胞复制性寿命的影响

为研究蛋白质O-甘露糖转移酶-1(Protein O-mannosyltransferase-1,Pmt1p)与Pmt5p基因对酵母细胞寿命的影响,采用一步基因置换法构建PMT5基因缺失菌株(pmt5Δ),在此基础上,缺失PMT1基因,构建PMT1和PMT5双基因缺失菌株(pmt1Δpmt5Δ)。显微镜下分离和计数酵母子细胞的数目,统计菌株的复制性寿命;检测细胞吸光度值来评价细胞分裂增殖速度。结果发现,与对照组酵母细胞的平均复制性寿命(25代)比较,pmt5Δ菌株(26代)的寿命无明显变化(P 0. 05),而pmt1Δpmt5Δ菌株(21代)的寿命明显缩短(P 0. 01);热量限制条件下,与对照组酵母细胞比较,pmt5Δ菌株的生长曲线无明显变化,而pmt1Δpmt5Δ菌株的生长曲线低平,细胞分裂增殖减慢。结果表明,PMT1与PMT5双基因缺失明显缩短酵母细胞的寿命,机制可能与细胞的增殖活力下降有关。     

酿酒酵母PMT1与PMT3双基因缺失对细胞寿命的影响

研究蛋白质O-甘露糖转移酶(Protein O-mannosyltransferase,PMT)家族中PMT3基因缺失,以及PMT1与PMT3双基因缺失对酵母细胞复制性寿命的影响。采用一步基因置换法构建PMT3基因缺失酵母菌株(pmt3Δ),基于基因同源重组的原理,构建PMT1和PMT3双基因缺失酵母菌株(pmt1Δpmt3Δ);显微镜下分离和计数酵母子细胞的数目,统计酵母细胞复制性寿命。与野生型酵母细胞的平均复制性寿命(26代)比较,pmt3Δ菌株(24代,P0.05)和pmt1Δpmt3Δ菌株(25代,P0.05)的平均寿命均无明显变化,差异无统计学意义。酵母PMT3单基因缺失,以及PMT1和PMT3双基因缺失均不影响细胞的复制性寿命。     

酵母PMT1基因参与内质网应激的调控机制

【目的】内质网应激(Endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)可激活细胞保护性信号级联反应——未折叠蛋白质反应(Unfolded protein response,UPR)。研究表明,酵母细胞中的UPR信号通路由转录因子Hac1p和ERS感应因子Ire1p共同介导。前期研究发现:蛋白质-O-甘露糖转移酶1(Protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1,PMT1)基因缺失能延长酵母细胞的复制性寿命,其机制与上调UPR通路活性相关。本文进一步探讨PMT1基因缺失在酵母ERS反应中的作用。【方法】观察PMT1基因与IRE1或HAC1基因双缺失酵母菌株(pmt1?hac1?和pmt1?ire1?)在ERS反应条件下的克隆形成能力;通过比色法检测各菌株的细胞增殖活性;RT-PCR检测各菌株UPR通路下游部分靶基因的转录水平。【结果】与对照菌株比较,PMT1基因缺失菌株(pmt1?)在ERS反应条件下生长较慢,而HAC1和IRE1单基因缺失菌株(hac1?和ire1?)在ERS反应条件下无法存活;在hac1?或ire1?菌株的基础上进一步缺失PMT1基因,可以改善hac1?菌株在ERS反应条件下的生长状态;但缺失PMT1基因没有上调hac1?菌株UPR通路靶基因的转录水平。【结论】缺失PMT1基因可增强hac1?菌株对ERS诱导剂衣霉素的抗性,机制与已知的UPR通路不相关,提示可能存在其它途径参与ERS反应的调控。     

NirA1基因对球孢白僵菌生长、抗逆及毒力的影响

[目的] 探究参与硝酸盐同化的一个特异转录因子NirA1对球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）生长、抗逆及毒力的影响。[方法] 利用RT-PCR检测球孢白僵菌NirA1基因在不同培养基中的表达特征。通过构建敲除突变株ΔNirA1、超量表达OENirA1及回复互补菌株ComNirA1,解析NirA1在球孢白僵菌生长发育、逆境胁迫反应和致病昆虫中的功能。[结果] NirA1基因在营养较贫瘠的CZB培养基中表达量高于丰富培养基PDB和SDB。敲除NirA1导致了菌株在人工培养基上的生长缓慢,对NaNO₂和Urea的利用效率降低。RT-PCR显示,ΔNirA1中硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NrtA的表达较野生型显著下调。在CZA、PDA和1/4 SDAY培养基中,其分生孢子产量分别较野生型降低了21.6%、16.2%和25.6%。逆境胁迫分析发现,在高温（32℃）,高渗（1 mol/L NaCl）和H₂O₂处理后,ΔNirA1菌落生长抑制率较野生型分别降低29.0%、25.2%及49.0%;但在添加SDS和刚果红（CR）的处理中,突变体菌落的生长抑制率分别较野生型升高34.1%和96.2%。因此,缺失NirA后,菌株对SDS和CR更加敏感,但对高温、H₂O₂和NaCl的耐受性提高。以3龄的大蜡螟为试虫的毒力测定表明,敲除NirA1基因导致菌株的毒力提高,半致死时间较野生型提前17.4%。[结论] NirA1在球孢白僵菌生长过程中参与了氮源的利用,并在球孢白僵菌的菌落生长、分生孢子生产、胁迫反应和致病宿主过程中发挥了重要作用。     

过表达基因elo1和ole1增强光滑球拟酵母Δmed15B菌株的低pH耐受能力

[目的] 研究中介体亚基Med15B（ORF CAGL0H06215g）介导的脂肪酸代谢影响光滑球拟酵母（Candida glabrata）耐受低pH胁迫的生理机制。[方法] 在菌株Δmed15B中过量表达脂肪酸延伸酶基因elo1（ORF CAGL0L08184g）和Δ9去饱和酶基因ole1（ORF CAGL0I00418g）,构建过表达菌株Δmed15B/elo1-ole1,然后与菌株Δmed15B和亲本菌株ATCC55对比分析基因elo1和ole1的表达水平、脂肪酸组分比例、细胞膜完整性和耐受能力在pH 2.0和pH 6.0条件下的差异。[结果] 发现,在pH 2.0条件下过表达菌株Δmed15B/elo1-ole1：（1）基因elo1和ole1表达水平比菌株Δmed15B分别上调了4.1倍和3.3倍,与亲本菌株ATCC55相比分别上调了2.5倍和2.2倍;（2）脂肪酸平均链长延长至17.4,高于菌株Δmed15B的16.8和亲本菌株ATCC55的17.1;不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值比菌株Δmed15B和亲本菌株ATCC55分别提高了53.1%和41.5%;（3）碘化丙啶（PI）染色细胞数占总检测细胞数的比例,与菌株Δmed15B和亲本菌株ATCC55比较分别下降了60.8%和37.7%;（4）细胞半抑制pH（胁迫）（IC₅₀）值达到pH 2.3,比菌株Δmed15B的pH 3.7和亲本菌株ATCC55的pH 3.1具有更强的耐受能力。[结论] 在菌株Δmed15B中过表达基因elo1和ole1能通过提高长链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量,增强细胞对低pH胁迫的耐受能力。     

金黄色葡萄球菌tst-1基因敲除菌株的构建

抽提金黄色葡萄球菌834菌株的基因组DNA,PCR克隆扩增tst-1及tst-1的上、下游基因,通过将tst-1上、下游基因分别重组到载体质粒pAULA中,形成同源重组质粒pAULA Δtst-1,将pAULA-Δtst-1电转入细菌内,进行同源重组,以PCR、Western blot鉴定tst-1基因敲除菌株无tst-1基因片段,且无TSST-1蛋白表达,表明已成功构建金黄色葡萄球菌tst-1基因的敲除菌株。     

基因CfATG6和CfATG14参与调控果生刺盘孢细胞自噬和致病力

【目的】炭疽病是油茶的主要病害,由刺盘孢属的多种真菌引起,其中果生刺盘孢分布范围最广、分离率最高,是油茶炭疽病的主要致病菌。研究自噬相关蛋白CfAtg6和CfAtg14的生物学功能,为进一步揭示果生刺盘孢通过细胞自噬调控致病的分子机制,并为油茶炭疽病的防治提供理论基础。【方法】根据同源重组原理,通过聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG)介导的方法,在果生刺盘孢中敲除基因CfATG6和CfATG14,并进一步获得回补菌株ΔCfatg6-C和ΔCfatg14-C。【结果】酵母双杂交试验结果显示,果生刺盘孢蛋白CfAtg6和CfAtg14可能存在互作关系。生物学表型测定结果表明,相较于野生型和回补菌株,突变体ΔCfatg6和ΔCfatg14均表现出营养生长速率显著减慢,附着胞形成率分别只有野生型的5%和18%;突变体ΔCfatg6和ΔCfatg14致病力均极显著减弱,造成的油茶叶片病斑面积少于野生型和回补菌株的1/3;CfATG6和CfATG14基因缺失突变体均丧失转运和降解CfAtg8蛋白的能力,并对细胞壁胁迫更敏感。突变体ΔCfatg6的分生孢子产量显著降低,仅为野生型的20%左右;氧化胁迫试验结果表明,相较于野生型和回补菌株,过氧化氢对突变体的生长抑制率升高10%左右。内质网压力胁迫试验表明,ΔCfatg14对二硫苏糖醇抑制率升高5%以上。【结论】自噬相关基因CfATG6和CfATG14参与调控了果生刺盘孢生长发育、细胞自噬和致病力。     

解脂耶氏酵母tsr1突变体的构建*

将解脂耶氏酵母与蛋白质分泌有关的ＴＳＲ１基因编码区部分缺失的ＤＮＡ片段转化一株解脂耶氏酵母。通过体内同源重组，部分缺失的外源ｔｓｒ１片段取代了酵母染色体上的正常的ＴＳＲ１基因，从而获得ｔｓｒ１的转化子。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明，用该法成功地构建了ｔｓｒ１突变体，这为进一步研究解脂耶氏酵母ＴＳＲ１基因的功能奠定了基础。     

解脂耶氏酵母TSR1基因的定点诱变*

对解脂耶氏酵母与蛋白质分泌有关的TSR1基因进行寡核苷酸介导的定点诱变 ,限制性内切酶切割和拼接 ,得到了该基因的一系列缺失突变体。这为进一步研究TSR1基因不同结构域的功能奠定了基础。     

蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1基因CfPOFUT1在果生炭疽菌中的功能分析

【目的】蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1 (protein O-fucosyltransferase 1,POFUT1)是催化蛋白质O-岩藻糖基化的关键酶,在动物和人体内被证明调控一系列的生理病理过程,然而POFUT1基因在果生炭疽菌乃至真菌中还未见报道。本研究旨在克隆果生炭疽菌中CfPOFUT1基因,并分析其生物学功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术扩增CfPOFUT1的基因并进行生物信息学分析,构建了CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达载体,通过PEG介导法将载体导入原生质体中获得CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达突变体。测定了野生型菌株、CfPOFUT1沉默菌株和过表达菌株在PDA上的菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发与附着胞形成、胁迫应答和致病力、杀菌剂敏感性等生物学表型。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,基因过表达突变体产孢量显著增加,致病力增强,对嘧菌酯敏感性降低,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性增强。基因沉默突变体产孢量减少,细胞壁完整性、内质网应激敏感性提高,致病力减弱,对嘧菌酯敏感性提高,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性降低。【结论】CfPOFUT1基因参与调控果生炭疽菌分生孢子产量,细胞壁完整性、内质网对应激和药剂敏感性,并对其致病性也具有一定的影响。     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Characterization of CaGSP1, the Candida albicans RAN/GSP1 homologue

Gsp1p is a small nuclear-located GTP binding protein from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is highly conserved among eucaryotic cells and is involved in numerous cellular processes, including nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules. To learn more about the GSP1 structure/function, we have characterized its Candida albicans homologue. CaGsp1p is 214 amino acids long and displays 91% identity to the ScGsp1p. There is functional complementation in S. cerevisiae, and its mRNA is constitutively expressed in the diploid C. albicans grown under various physiological conditions. Disruption of both alleles was not possible, suggesting that it could be an essential gene, but heterozygous mutants exhibited genomic instability.     

Phytochrome-regulated EBL1 contributes to ACO1 upregulation in rice

The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene (ACO1) was upregulated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) phyAphyBphyC mutants lacking any phytochrome and containing the GCC box element, a binding site for rice ethylene-responsive element binding protein 1 (OsEREBP1), in its promoter region. Since the OsEREBP1-like gene EBL1 (OsEREBP1-LIKE 1) was significantly downregulated in phyAphyBphyC mutants, EBL1 was suspected to repress ACO1 expression in wild-type plants. However, ACO1 was downregulated in EBL1 RNA interference plants, and the total length of these plants was slightly shorter than that of wild-type plants. This study shows that EBL1 is positively regulated by phytochrome B and associated with ACO1 upregulation.     

共表达PDI1、MDH1和HAC1基因对重组毕赤酵母分泌表达葡糖氧化酶的影响

葡糖氧化酶(GOD)可催化葡萄糖生成过氧化氢和葡萄糖酸,在工业上被广泛应用。在构建的一株整合多拷贝GOD基因且含有HAC1表达单元的重组毕赤酵母G/GMH1的基础上,共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶基因PDI1和苹果酸脱氢酶基因MDH1,考察PDI1、MDH1基因与HAC1共表达后对GOD分泌表达的影响。这些基因共表达后对重组菌的生长无明显影响。PDI1和MDH1分别与HAC1共表达后,重组菌G/GMH1-PDI1和G/GMH1-MDH1的胞外GOD产量达到11 731. 9U/g DCW和1 1047. 6U/g DCW,比出发菌提高了17. 3%和10. 4%,前者达到了目前所报道摇瓶培养的最高单位菌体酶活水平。而三基因共表达重组菌G/GMH1-PDI1-MDH1的GOD产量略有下降。在所构建的菌株中,GOD基因的转录水平仅在G/GMH1-PDI1-MDH1中略有提高,与酶产量的提高无直接关系。与出发菌相比,共表达基因的转录水平在新构建的菌中有不同程度的升高,说明这些基因被成功转录。PDI1和MDH1基因转录在G/GMH1-PDI1和G/GMH1-MDH1中分别被上调,可能与GOD产量提高有关。虽然GOD、HAC1、PDI1和MDH1基因在G/GMH1-PDI1-MDH1中均被上调,但并未促进酶产量的提高。     

TFS1: A suppressor of cdc25 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The TFS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dosage-dependent suppressor of cdc25 mutations. Overexpression of TFS1 does not alleviate defects of temperature-sensitive adenylyl cyclase (cdc35) or ras2 disruption mutations. The ability of TFS1 to suppress cdc25 is allele specific: the temperature-sensitive cdc25-1 mutation is suppressed efficiently but the cdc25-5 mutation and two disruption mutations are only partially suppressed. TFS1 maps to a previously undefined locus on chromosome XII between RDN1 and CDC42. The DNA sequence of TFS1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a 219 amino acid polypeptide that is similar in sequence to two mammalian brain proteins. Insertion and deletion mutations in TFS1 are haploviable, indicating that TFS1 is not essential for growth.     

Germinal and somatic products of Mu1 excision from the Bronze-1 gene of Zea mays

Summary Germinal and somatic excision products of Mu1 from the insertion allele bz::mu1 were selectively amplified from maize cob tissue. The sequence of these footprints often included deletions at the target site, suggesting that substantial exonucleolytic degradation occurs upon excision of the element. In addition to deletions of target site sequences, single base insertions were also found. The isolation of an excision product including a 4 by inverted duplication of the target site provides evidence that the double-stranded chromosomal break generated by Mu excision may be terminated by a covalently closed hairpin structure. The majority of excision products, however, do not include inverted duplications of target site sequences, suggesting that such structures are the result of occasional repair activities, rather than an essential step in the mechanism of Mu excision. The sequence of the Mu insertion sites of the bz::mu1 and bz::mu2 alleles is also presented.