水稻恶苗病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性

从水稻根际土壤中筛选出拮抗水稻恶苗病的菌株,初步研究其抑菌作用及生防效果。采用平板稀释法从水稻根际土壤中分离获得菌株,以水稻恶苗病菌为靶标菌采用平板对峙法筛选出拮抗菌;通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列分析对筛选出的拮抗菌进行鉴定;检测拮抗菌无菌发酵液对水稻恶苗病菌菌丝生长的影响,同时测定拮抗菌的抑菌谱及进行盆栽实验。分离得到6株拮抗菌,其中有一株对水稻恶苗病菌拮抗作用较强的菌株SH15,经鉴定菌株SH15为多粘类芽孢杆菌。菌株无菌发酵液对水稻恶苗病菌菌丝生长有显著抑制作用;菌株SH15抑菌谱广,对水稻恶苗病菌、层出镰孢菌、棉花枯萎病菌、辣椒疫病菌、棉花黄萎病、黄瓜黑斑病菌均有一定的抑菌活性。水稻盆栽实验表明,接种多粘类芽孢杆菌SH15可显著降水稻恶苗病的发病指数,平均防效高达65.68%。因此,多粘类芽孢杆菌SH15在水稻恶苗病的生物防治方面具有一定的应用价值。     

甘蔗内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CGB15的分离、鉴定及生防活性

真菌病害占作物病害种类的一半以上,病原真菌是目前已知种类最多的作物病原菌。从作物根际与/或体内分离筛选具有生防活性的微生物,并应用于病害的防控,是除作物品种改良与化学防治外的另一种高效的病害防控策略。【目的】本研究拟筛选并分离鉴定对重要作物病原真菌具有拮抗作用的甘蔗内生细菌,为开发生物防治作物真菌病害新策略提供理论依据。【方法】采用平板对峙法初步筛选对病原真菌具有拮抗能力的甘蔗叶片内生细菌,通过16SrRNA基因测序鉴定其种属;进一步检测候选拮抗内生细菌对甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)致病发育过程关键步骤：有性配合/菌丝生长、冬孢子萌发的抑制率,田间试验检测其对甘蔗鞭黑穗病的防治效果;检测候选拮抗内生细菌对稻梨孢菌(Pyricularia oryzae)附着胞形成、离体叶片及盆栽条件下叶片病斑形成的抑制作用。【结果】分离自甘蔗叶片的细菌菌株,编号为CGB15,经分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。CGB15菌株能有效抑制甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌有性配合/菌丝生长,对峙培养条件下使真菌菌落呈现光滑;抑制冬孢子萌发,...     

烟草根黑腐病拮抗内生细菌的筛选及其抑菌作用

【目的】从烟草根、茎中分离获得对烟草根黑腐病菌(Thielaviopsis basicola)有较好控病作用的内生细菌。【方法】采用平板对峙培养,测定分离获得的306个内生细菌对烟草根黑腐病菌的抑制作用;通过菌株形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列对菌株进行分类鉴定。【结果】筛选获得6个菌株对烟草根黑腐病菌有较强拮抗作用,室内测定其对病原菌的抑菌带宽达6.5 mm-11.0 mm,温室控病效果达11.9%-77.1%,其中来自茎部的内生细菌T295菌株对烟草根黑腐病的防效达77.1%;无菌滤液实验表明,拮抗内生细菌T295无菌滤液在实验浓度范围内对病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发有较好地抑制作用。【结论】菌株T295对烟草根黑腐病具有较好的防治作用,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)。     

枯草芽孢杆菌TF26抗菌蛋白抑菌活性的初步研究

目的:研究枯草芽孢杆菌TF26抗菌蛋白的抑菌活性和生物稳定性,为菌株及抗菌蛋白的应用提供理论依据.方法:采用硫酸铵盐析方法提取抗菌蛋白,采用菌丝生长速率法检测其对13种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈方法对其生物稳定性进行分析.结果:抗菌蛋白粗提物能够抑制13种植物病原真菌的生长,平皿抑制率为74.3％ ～91.3％,对葵花菌核病菌、番茄和黄瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜菌核病菌和立枯病菌、水稻恶苗病菌和大豆根腐病菌抑制作用较强.抗菌蛋白在100℃以下,pH＜ 10范围内抑菌活性稳定,对紫外线照射不敏感,室温(20℃)和4℃储存150d抑菌活性稳定.结论:抗菌蛋白具有较强的热、酸碱、紫外和储存稳定性以及广谱的抑菌活性.     

桃褐腐病菌拮抗性内生细菌的筛选及其抑病效果

【目的】从桃树根部组织中分离、筛选能够防治桃褐腐病害的内生拮抗菌,从细胞学水平探究其抑制机理。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选对桃褐腐病菌(Monilinia fructicola)有拮抗作用的内生细菌,调查内生拮抗细菌的形态学及生理生化特性,通过细菌16S r RNA基因测序分析菌株的系统发育学特征。通过果实离体实验检测内生拮抗细菌的抗菌效果,使用电子显微镜观察受抑制的桃褐腐病菌菌丝、孢子的形态以及细胞内部结构变化。【结果】从桃树根部组织中复筛分离得到的3株内生细菌对桃褐腐病防效高且稳定,经鉴定3株细菌均为枯草芽孢杆菌。果实离体试验表明,3株内生细菌均明显抑制了桃褐腐病的发生。通过电子显微镜观察,发现受拮抗细菌抑制的桃褐腐病菌的菌丝明显变细、杂乱且打结缠绕成团,孢子普遍干瘪变大、破裂,细胞质外渗。【结论】从桃树根部组织中得到的3株内生细菌对桃褐腐病菌的生长均有明显的抑制作用,可以作为防治桃褐腐病的新选择,具有进一步研究价值。     

丁香内生死亡谷芽孢杆菌DX78的分离鉴定及其抑菌成分

【背景】植物内生菌往往产生与植物相同、相似或新颖的次生代谢产物,丁香具有广谱优异的抗菌活性,可从中分离到强抑菌作用的内生细菌。【目的】筛选抑制姜瘟病菌的丁香内生细菌并分离其活性成分。【方法】牛津杯法筛选拮抗内生细菌;根据16S rRNA基因序列鉴定菌株;有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析和薄层制备色谱分离活性成分;测定1HNMR、13CNMR和DEPT(135°)并对分离的活性成分进行结构鉴定;滤纸片法和菌丝生长速率法测定活性成分抑菌活性。【结果】共分离到112株丁香内生细菌,从叶中分离最多,占37.4%。其中17株对姜瘟病菌有抑制,DX78菌株抑制作用最好,经鉴定为死亡谷芽孢杆菌,并从其发酵液中追踪分离到邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate, DBP)。DBP对姜瘟病菌、猕猴桃溃疡病菌的MIC分别为0.3 mg/disc、0.25 mg/disc;其还可抑制多种植物病原真菌,特别对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制EC50仅分别为3.751、18.568和22.019μg/mL。以苹果炭疽叶枯病菌为靶标菌,戊唑醇抑制毒力约为DBP抑制毒力的4.5倍,DBP抑制毒...     

石斛内生甲基营养芽胞杆菌的拮抗和促生作用研究

从霍山石斛中分离内生菌,旨在获得具有广谱抗菌活性和促生作用的内生细菌。以石斛黑斑病菌为指示菌,用对峙培养法筛选具有抗菌活性的内生菌;对筛选到的具有拮抗活性的菌株进行抗菌谱和促生长潜力的测定。结果显示,从霍山石斛中分离获得22株内生细菌,其中菌株RA具有较强抑菌活性,根据16S r DNA序列分析结果鉴定RA为甲基营养芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。菌株RA可以产生IAA、嗜铁素、蛋白酶、表面活性剂和生物膜,RA对8种植物病原菌也具有较好的抑制作用,具有广谱抗菌活性;并且可以显著促进玉米幼苗的生长。RA菌株具有作为生防菌剂和生物肥料应用的良好潜力。     

草珊瑚炭疽病拮抗细菌的鉴定及其抑菌机理

【背景】草珊瑚炭疽病发生严重,目前尚未有植物内生细菌对该病原菌生物防治的研究报道。【目的】筛选对肿节风炭疽病Colletotrichumdematium具有拮抗作用的内生细菌,并对其抑菌机理进行研究。【方法】采用平板稀释法从广西不同地区采集健康肿节风植株的不同组织分离、纯化获得内生细菌。【结果】平板对峙试验结果表明,来自茎的RJ-4和JJ-5对草珊瑚炭疽病具有较强的拮抗作用,其中拮抗作用最强的菌株是RJ-4,其抑制率达到84.10%。抗菌谱测定结果表明,RJ-4、JJ-5对供试的14种病原真菌均有明显的拮抗效果,拮抗作用最强的是RJ-4,平均抑制率达到95.30%;抑菌机理研究结果表明,该菌株可以分泌蛋白酶和纤维素酶以及几丁质酶,破坏病菌菌丝,抑制病菌生长;含有拮抗细菌的发酵液对病原菌菌丝抑制明显,菌丝扭曲、断裂且分枝缠绕、菌丝颜色加深等。通过形态学特性和16S rRNA基因鉴定,RJ-4菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。【结论】RJ-4菌株具有抑菌抗病功能,并能产生多种抗菌活性物质,这可为新型抗菌物质提供资源。     

温郁金内生拮抗细菌B-11的分离及其抑菌活性

【背景】植物内生菌广泛分布在自然界中,具有巨大的潜在开发与应用价值。【目的】对温郁金内生细菌进行分离鉴定,并从中筛选出具有生防潜能的菌株。【方法】采用常规组织分离法对温郁金根茎内生细菌进行分离并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析进行初步鉴定;采用平板对峙法以铁皮石斛炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)为供试菌株对温郁金内生细菌进行拮抗菌的筛选;通过形态学鉴定、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定拮抗菌株B-11的分类地位;以6个不同属的植物病原真菌为供试菌株对拮抗菌株B-11的抑菌谱进行测定,并研究其对病原菌菌丝的影响;利用特异性平板和MALDI-TOF-MS检测技术对拮抗菌株B-11产生的抑菌物质进行检测;采用离体叶片接种法研究拮抗菌株B-11对铁皮石斛炭疽病菌的防治效果。【结果】从温郁金根茎中分离得到25株内生细菌菌株,这些细菌菌株分属于12个属,其中芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属,占分离菌株的28%;通过初筛获得8株对C.gloeosporioides有抑菌活性的菌株,其中菌株B-11的抑菌活性最强,经鉴定该菌为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Baclliusvelezensis);抑菌谱测定发现菌株B-11能够对供试的属于不同属的6种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长具有抑制作用,显微观察发现经对峙培养6 d后这6种病原菌的菌丝体出现畸形膨大、分枝增多等现象;特异性平板检测结果表明拮抗菌株B-11能够产生蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶和嗜铁素,但不产生几丁质酶;MALDI-TOF-MS检测结果表明拮抗菌株B-11能够产生伊枯草素、丰源素和表面活性素3种脂肽类抗生素,其中伊枯草素的产量最高;离体叶片接种实验表明,拮抗菌B-11的离心去菌发酵液对铁皮石斛炭疽病的防治效率可达64%。【结论】温郁金根茎含有丰富的内生细菌资源,其内生细菌菌株B-11有潜力作为开发抗真菌代谢物和新药物的重要微生物资源。     

防治烟草赤星病有益内生细菌的筛选及抑菌作用

从健康烟草的叶、茎中分离到302株非病原内生细菌,通过平板对峙培养,筛选出对烟草赤星病菌［Alternaria alternata（Fr.）Keissl］不同致病力的4个代表菌株均有拮抗作用的11个菌株。室内测定其对赤星病菌抑菌带的宽度达5.5～13.2mm;拮抗、防病试验测定,来自叶片内的内生菌株Itb162对赤星病菌有较强和稳定的拮抗作用,对赤星病有52.0%的防病效果。无菌滤液实验表明,拮抗内生细菌Itb162无菌滤液在一定浓度范围内均能有效地抑制菌丝生长,减少孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强。     

柑桔溃疡病生防细菌Bt8的研究

柑桔溃疡病是中国柑桔的重要病害。从南宁柑桔园土壤中分离到1株对柑桔溃疡病菌具有强抑制力的细菌Bt8。根据Bt8菌株的形态1、6S rDNA序列分析以及生理生化特性,将其鉴定为鲍氏不动杆菌。Bt8菌株的抑菌效果受温度、pH及培养基等环境因素的影响。在温室条件下将该细菌悬浮液喷施到柑桔叶片上,获得了55.2%的病斑抑制效果。研究结果揭示了鲍氏不动杆菌在柑桔溃疡病田间防治上的潜能。     

魔芋内生拮抗细菌的分离及其抗菌物质特性研究

从魔芋的内生菌中筛选到能抑制魔芋软腐病病原菌生长、产芽胞的杆状细菌,16SrDNA序列分析表明该菌是一株枯草芽胞杆菌,命名为BSn5。BSn5的胞外蛋白提取液有抗菌活性,并具有对热不稳定,对蛋白酶K敏感,对胰蛋白酶不敏感的特性,SDS-PAGE检测显示该蛋白提取液仅由分子量为31.6kDa的蛋白质组成。通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯化该蛋白,纯化的蛋白能够抑制软腐病病原菌的生长,进一步表明该31.6kDa蛋白即为该菌的抗菌活性物质。该蛋白与目前所知的枯草芽胞杆菌产生的抗菌物质均不同,可能是一种新的抗菌蛋白。     

Ranatuerin 1T: an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin of the frog, Rana temporaria.

A peptide, termed ranatuerin 1T, with growth-inhibiting activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, was isolated from an extract of the skin of the European brown frog, Rana temporaria. The primary structure of the peptide was established as: GLLSGLKKVG10 KHVAKNVAVS20LMDSLKCKIS30GDC. In common with other anti-microbial peptides from Ranid frogs, (e.g., ranalexin, ranatuerins, gaegurins, brevinins, esculetins, rugosins), ranatuerin IT contains an intramolecular disulfide bridge forming a heptapeptide ring but there is little structural similarity outside this cyclic region. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ranatuerin 1T was 120 microM against the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus and 40 microM against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, but the peptide was not active against the yeast Candida albicans.     

Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on Vibrio vulnificus and murine infection caused by it

Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium known to cause fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection in humans. Here, a remarkable therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on V. vulnificus infection provoked by its injection into mouse footpads is described. HBO was shown to be bactericidal to this bacterium in vitro as well as in the infected tissue. The bactericidal activity of HBO was shown to be due to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the efficacy of HBO against V. vulnificus infection being accounted for by the high sensitivity of this bacterium to ROS. Besides being somewhat weak in ROS-inactivating enzyme activities, this bacterium is also unusually sensitive to ultraviolet light and other DNA-damaging agents. It seems likely that the sensitivity of V. vulnificus to HBO is mainly due to its poor ability to repair oxidative damage to DNA. These findings encourage clinical application of HBO against potentially fatal V. vulnificus infection in humans.     

The drug resistance of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus strain TK-6

Abstract Hydrogenobacter thermophilus is an extremely thermophilic and obligately autotrophic hydrogen-oxidising bacterium with various unusual properties and believed to occupy a unique taxonomic position. Inhibitory patterns of various antibiotics on the cell growth of H. thermophilus strain TK-6 clearly showed that the bacterium possessed prokaryote-type systems of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses. Effect of ionophore antibiotics supported that the bacterium was a Gram-negative bacterium, but high sensitivities against macrolide and some other antibiotics and insensitivity against polymyxin B were unusual as a Gram-negative eubacterium.
Growth inhibition by cell wall synthesis inhibitors revealed the existence of peptidoglycan on the surface of H. thermophilus , but ineffectiveness of cell wall lytic enzymes (lysozyme and lysostaphin) on intact cells and purified cell wall strongly suggested the uniqueness of the cell wall structure of the bacterium.     

中药金银花药用成分的提取及抑菌实验的研究

为了研究金银花中抗菌消炎成分总黄酮、绿原酸的提取方法及其抑菌效果,本实验中用金银花的提取物对11种菌种进行筛选,并对其中有抑制作用的菌种进行了最小抑菌浓度的实验。结果表明金银花的提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为6．25mg／ml,对大肠杆菌的MIC为12．5mg／ml。     

溶藻细菌FS1的溶藻效果与机制初探

近年来,由水体富营养化引发的蓝藻水华频繁暴发,对水体生态系统平衡产生了重大影响,给人类健康也带来严重威胁。生物法除藻具有高效性、环境友好等优点,因此,如果能获得具有较高溶藻效率的溶藻细菌,选择生物法除藻更为理想。从菏泽一富营养化池塘分离得到1株溶藻细菌FS1,经16S rDNA测序分析鉴定为芽胞杆菌属。实验以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,采用血球计数板法计算反应前后藻细胞的浓度,对不同生长阶段溶藻细菌FS1的溶藻效果进行了探究。停滞期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期的除藻率分别为7.1%、24.3%、57.0%和45.5%,结果表明,处于稳定期的FS1对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果最佳。细菌溶藻方式的研究结果表明,溶藻细菌是通过分泌溶藻物质间接溶解藻细胞。     

Antifungal activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> 355 against wood-surface contaminant fungi

A strain of Bacillus subtilis was examined for antifungal activity against phytopathogenic and wood-surface contaminant fungi. The bacterium was grown in five culture media with different incubation times in order to study cell development, sporulation, and the production of metabolites with antifungal activity. The anti-sapstain and anti-mould activity of the bacterium grown in yeast extract glucose broth (YGB) medium in wood was also evaluated. In YGB, the bacterium inhibited the growth of several fungi and displayed a broader spectrum of activity than in the other media tested. A relationship between bacterial spore production and the formation of metabolites with antifungal activity was detected. YGB medium displayed effective control in wood block tests. YGB medium was extracted with solvents of increasing polarity and the dry residues were applied to silicagel plates, resolved with the appropriate solvent and sprayed with different solutions, detecting the presence, of amines, and higher alcohols. The bioautographic method revealed the presence of at least two active compounds against the blue-stain fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum.     

Producing mechanism of an algicidal compound against red tide phytoplankton in a marine bacterium γ-proteobacterium

Strain MS-02-063, γ-proteobacterium, isolated from a coast area of Nagasaki, Japan, produced a red pigment which belongs to prodigiosin members. This pigment, PG-L-1, showed potent algicidal activity against various red tide phytoplanktons in a concentration-dependent manner. An understanding of a mechanism of PG-L-1 production by this marine bacterium may yield important new insights and strategies for preventing blooms of harmful flagellate algae in natural marine environments. Therefore, we analyzed the mechanisms of PG-L-1 production. In our previous study, the pigment production by this marine bacterium was completely inhibited at 1.56 μg/ml of erythromycin or 3.13 μg/ml of chloramphenicol, while minimal inhibitory concentrations for cell growth of erythromycin and chloramphenicol against this bacterium were >100 and 25 μg/ml, respectively. It is interesting to note that the ability of the pigment production in erythromycin-treated bacterium recovered by an addition of homoserine lactone. In fact, the pigment production was inhibited by β-cyclodextrin that inhibits autoinducer activities by a complex with N-acyl homoserine lactones. N-acyl homoserine lactones with autoinducer activities are ubiquitous bacterial signaling molecules that regulate gene expression in a cell density dependent process known as quorum sensing. Therefore, it was suggested that PG-L-1 produced by strain MS-02-063 is controlled by the homoserine lactone quorum sensing. It is speculated that this quorum sensing is involved in the production of algicidal agents of other marine bacteria. This bacterium and other algicidal bacteria might be concerned in regulating the blooms of harmful flagellate algae through the quorum sensing system.     

Screening a library of 1600 adamantyl ureas for anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity in vitro and for better physical chemical properties for bioavailability

Adamantyl ureas were previously identified as a group of compounds active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture with minimum inhibitor concentrations (MICs) below 0.1 μg/ml. These compounds have been shown to target MmpL3, a protein involved in secretion of trehalose mono-mycolate. They also inhibit both human soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH) and M. tuberculosis epoxide hydrolases. However, active compounds to date have high cLogP's and are poorly soluble, leading to low bioavailability and thus limiting any therapeutic application. In this study, a library of 1600 ureas (mostly adamantyl ureas), which were synthesized for the purpose of increasing the bioavailability of inhibitors of hsEH, was screened for activity against M. tuberculosis. 1-Adamantyl-3-phenyl ureas with a polar para substituent were found to retain moderate activity against M. tuberculosis and one of these compounds was shown to be present in serum after oral administration to mice. However, neither it, nor a closely related analog, reduced M. tuberculosis infection in mice. No correlation between in vitro potency against M. tuberculosis and the hsEH inhibition were found supporting the concept that activity against hsEH and M. tuberculosis can be separated. Also there was a lack of correlation with cLogP and inhibition of the growth of M. tuberculosis. Finally, members of two classes of adamantyl ureas that contained polar components to increase their bioavailability, but lacked efficacy against growing M. tuberculosis, were found to taken up by the bacterium as effectively as a highly active apolar urea suggesting that these modifications to increase bioavailability affected the interaction of the urea against its target rather than making them unable to enter the bacterium.