微生态制剂在控制艰难梭菌相关腹泻中的应用现状与前景

目的 以艰难梭菌感染为主的抗生素相关腹泻发病率和严重程度在全球范围内呈上升趋势,是一个备受关注的健康问题.本文主要介绍了微生态制剂的性质,以及其在艰难梭菌相关腹泻人群中应用的进展情况和作用机制,同时总结了微生态制剂在治疗和预防艰难梭菌相关腹泻中的生物安全性及其优点,对深入研发、推广使用针对抗生素相关腹泻的微生态制剂具有一定的参考价值.     

腹泻患者艰难梭菌及其毒素A/B检出率分析

目的了解住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌及其毒素A/B的检出情况,为临床诊断抗生素相关性腹泻提供参考依据。方法收集2015年9月至2016年8月崇州市人民医院疑似抗生素相关性腹泻住院患者的粪便标本163份,用艰难梭菌快速检测试剂盒检测艰难梭菌特异性抗原谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH);用酶联免疫荧光法检测GDH阳性标本中艰难梭菌毒素A/B的产生情况。结果 163份粪便标本中GDH阳性为34份,阳性率为20.86%。34份GDH阳性标本中艰难梭菌毒素A/B阳性率为41.18%(14/34),可疑阳性率为17.65%(6/34),阴性率为41.18%(14/34)。结论疑似抗生素相关性腹泻住院患者艰难梭菌GDH检出率较高,毒素A/B阳性率也比较高,提示临床应重视抗生素相关性腹泻患者艰难梭菌感染的诊断。     

上海部分地区儿童艰难梭菌相关性腹泻的临床分析

本文旨在监测儿童腹泻中艰难梭菌相关性腹泻(CDAD)的发病情况,并对其进行回顾性临床分析。对复旦大学附属儿科医院2007年2月～9月111例腹泻患儿的粪便标本进行艰难梭菌毒素A检测及粪便厌氧菌培养,对所有患儿进行回顾性病史采集及分析,并对粪便培养所得的4株艰难梭菌菌株用多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)技术进行同源性分析。111例患者中,艰难梭菌毒素A检测及艰难梭菌培养均为阳性者无,艰难梭菌毒素A阳性而艰难梭菌培养阴性者16例,艰难梭菌毒素A阴性而艰难梭菌培养阳性者4例,艰难梭菌毒素A及艰难梭菌培养均阴性者91例。比较院内、院外组3种不同病程腹泻CDAD的发病率,无显著差异。MLVA分析发现粪便培养得到的4株艰难梭菌菌株有部分同源性。结果提示,目前上海部分地区儿童CDAD发病情况为散发,但彼此之间有部分同源性;院内、外获得性腹泻的CDAD发病率无显著差异;艰难梭菌毒素A阳性或艰难梭菌培养阳性的病例在临床表现上与艰难梭菌毒素A阴性且艰难梭菌培养阴性的腹泻病例无显著差异。     

艰难梭菌的研究进展

艰难梭菌为革兰阳性厌氧芽胞杆菌,可引起艰难梭菌相关性腹泻,导致一系列肠道感染症状和相关临床表现。近年来由于高致病株的出现、菌株耐药性的增加,艰难梭菌感染在全球呈蔓延趋势。本文就艰难梭菌的耐药机制、检测技术、防治及国内感染现状等作一简要综述。     

艰难类梭菌芽胞形成和萌发相关调控的研究进展

艰难类梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)是一种革兰氏阳性、可产毒素的专性厌氧菌,是引起抗生素相关性腹泻的主要致病菌。芽胞是造成艰难类梭菌传播和感染复发的重要因素,其形成和萌发在感染的发展过程中起到重要作用。近年来,越来越多的艰难类梭菌芽胞形成和萌发的具体机制被阐明。本文就近年来艰难类梭菌芽胞形成和萌发的相关分子调控机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为开发针对芽胞的有效治疗手段提供思路。     

粪菌移植治疗艰难梭菌感染的研究进展

艰难梭菌感染(Clostridium difficile infection,CDI)是院内抗生素相关性腹泻的最重要因素之一,其主要临床表现包括血便、腹泻、中毒性巨结肠、伪膜性肠炎等。近年来,CDI发病率、复发率、死亡率和治疗费用均明显增加,但其各种治疗方法均有局限性,尤其是抗生素治疗复发性艰难梭菌感染已面临许多棘手问题。目前证实肠道菌群失调和CDI感染关系密切,肠道菌群紊乱后导致艰难梭菌过度繁殖并释放毒素,可导致艰难梭菌感染。粪菌移植作为重建肠道菌群的重要方式,已成为复发性、难治性艰难梭菌感染最有效的治疗方式之一,不良反应极少。本文就国内外粪菌移植治疗艰难梭菌感染的研究进展作一综述。     

艰难梭菌研究现状

艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile,CD)是产芽胞革兰阳性厌氧菌,产毒素艰难梭菌可导致艰难梭菌感染(Clostridium difficile infection,CDI)。产毒素艰难梭菌已被公认是抗菌药物相关性腹泻最常见的病原体,也是发达国家最常见的导致住院患者腹泻感染的原因之一。高毒力菌株导致全世界范围内CDI的发病率和死亡率增加。如何快速而准确地检测CD一直是备受关注的问题,国内外多推荐两步法和三步法进行检测。艰难梭菌治疗的一线用药是甲硝唑、万古霉素以及非达霉素,应用粪便微生物移植(faecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)也可作为治疗轻度或严重复发CDI(recurrence Clostridium difficile infection,rCDI)的可选方法。艰难梭菌的芽胞能抵抗不良环境,但抗菌药物的使用,医院环境的复杂性和医务工作者的手等因素会导致艰难梭菌易于传播,因此医疗机构应加强艰难梭菌的预防。本文主要对艰难梭菌的流行病学、致病机制、检测及治疗进行综述。     

婴幼儿艰难梭菌的无症状定植与防治措施研究进展

艰难梭菌是一种肠道条件致病菌,能形成芽胞有效抵抗抗生素的杀灭。由于临床上抗生素的不规范使用,导致人体肠道有益菌被杀死。艰难梭菌因抵抗力强而大量繁殖,破坏人体肠道菌群平衡,引起抗生素相关性腹泻。艰难梭菌同时也是院内感染的主要病原菌。艰难梭菌可在人体肠道无症状定植,不同年龄阶段艰难梭菌定植率有较大差异,相比于成人,婴幼儿时期艰难梭菌在肠道的定植率较高,且婴幼儿的生理特点常导致无症状定植,但若传播给成人,则有可能造成艰难梭菌感染引起腹泻,故有必要做好防治措施。本文就婴幼儿无症状定植的特点及防控措施作一综述。     

住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌快速检测结果分析

目的了解住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌带菌情况,为抗生素相关腹泻患者的诊断和治疗提供参考。方法收集2015年9月至2016年8月住院腹泻患者粪便标本163份,用艰难梭菌快速检测试剂盒检测艰难梭菌。结果艰难梭菌检出总阳性率为20.86%(34/163),其中春季16.67%、夏季15.79%、秋季17.86%、冬季27.87%,经比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.943,P0.05);成人粪便标本阳性率为22.52%(25/111),儿童粪便标本阳性率为17.31%(9/52),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.583,P0.05);男性粪便标本阳性率为21.69%(18/83),女性粪便标本阳性率为20.0%(16/80),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.202,P0.05);艰难梭菌阳性患者抗菌药物平均使用天数为12.74d,阴性患者为8.21d,差异有统计学意义(t=-7.81,P0.01)。结论住院腹泻患者艰难梭菌阳性率高低与抗菌药物使用时间长短有关。     

冰冻粪菌移植治疗艰难梭菌相关腹泻效果的Meta分析

目的 应用Meta分析评价冰冻粪菌移植(FMT)治疗艰难梭菌感染(CDI)相关腹泻的效果.方法 计算机检索CNKI、CBM、WanFang Data、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Li-brary数据库关于冰冻FMT治疗CDI相关腹泻的随机对照试验,检索时限均为建库...     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细