嗜热蓝藻层理鞭枝藻（Mastigocladus laminosus）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

研究了层理鞭枝藻胆体在不同浓度磷酸冲溶液中解离过程中荧光发射光谱的变化和光能传递,完整藻胆体的７７Ｋ荧光光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８５ｎｍ,它是末端发射体（核心－膜连接多肽和别蓝蛋白－Ｂ）的荧光峰,部分解离藻胆体的荧光光谱的主峰位移至６５２ｎｍ,次峰位于６８５ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ为一弱荧光发射肩,它们依次为Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,末端发射体和别藻蓝蛋白的荧光。严重解离藻胆体的荧光主峰移至６４４ｎｍ;次峰由６８５ｎ     

螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

对螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）藻胆体在室温和７７Ｋ处于不同浓度磷缓冲溶液和不同解离时间的荧光发射光谱进行了研究。藻胆体在０．９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中,由于没有发生解离,光能传递效率高,在７７Ｋ荧光发射光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８７ｎｍ,属于别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。当藻胆体悬浮在０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中１分钟,７７Ｋ荧光光谱的主峰出现在６８４ｎｍ．又出现６５５ｎｍ和６６６ｎｍ荧光峰,它们依次属子Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白。在２小时;６５５ｎｍ荧先峰成为主峰,６８４ｎｍ荧光峰为次峰,６６６ｎｍ荧光肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的先能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但能传给别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。我们提出在螺旋藻藻胆体中存在两类Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,一是与别藻蓝蛋白相连接,另一是与别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ相连接。     

螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

对螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）藻胆体在室温和７７Ｋ处于不同浓度磷缓冲溶液和不同解离时间的荧光发射光谱进行了研究。藻胆体在０．９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中,由于没有发生解离,光能传递效率高,在７７Ｋ荧光发射光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８７ｎｍ,属于别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。当藻胆体悬浮在０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中１分钟,７７Ｋ荧光光谱的主峰出现在６８４ｎｍ．又出现６５５ｎｍ和６６６ｎｍ荧光峰,它们依次属子Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白。在２小时;６５５ｎｍ荧先峰成为主峰,６８４ｎｍ荧光峰为次峰,６６６ｎｍ荧光肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的先能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但能传给别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。我们提出在螺旋藻藻胆体中存在两类Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,一是与别藻蓝蛋白相连接,另一是与别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ相连接。     

嗜热蓝藻层理鞭枝藻（Mastigocladus laminosus）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

研究了层理鞭枝藻藻胆体在不同浓度磷酸缓冲溶液中解离过程中荧光发射光谱的变化和光能传递。完整藻胆体的７７Ｋ荧光光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８５ｎｍ它是末端发射体（核心－膜连接多肽和别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ）的荧光峰。部分解离藻胆体的荧光光谱的主峰位移至６５２ｎｍ：次峰位于６８５ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ为一弱荧光发射肩。它们依次为Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,末端发射体和别藻蓝蛋白的荧光。严重解离藻胆体的荧光主峰移６４４ｎｍ;次峰由６８５ｎｍ移至６８２ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ荧光发射肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的光能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但可传递给末端发射体洞时又表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白不仅与别藻蓝蛋白相连接而且还与末端发射体相连接。提出该藻胆体光能传递链如下：核心－膜连接多肽藻红蓝蛋白→Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白→别藻蓝蛋白别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ     

蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)藻胆体内核结构与功能的研究I.变藻蓝蛋白六聚体(αβ)5APβ16.3LCM42分离及其表征

利用藻胆体温和解离的方法和超速离心分离技术首次得到了变藻蓝蛋白六聚体,并通过光谱技术,凝胶柱过滤柱色谱方法,和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳方法以及蔗糖密度超速离心方法对其进行表征。结果表明：该变藻蓝蛋白六聚体的最大吸收峰（λＡｍａｘ＝６５２ｎｍ）,荧光发射峰位于６６６ｎｍ,并且在６８０ｎｍ处有一明显肩峰;其分子量大约为２４０ＫＤ左右;其分子组成为（αβ）５ＡＰβ１６．３ＬＣＭ４２;离心沉降系数为１２Ｓ（０．２－０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ线性蔗糖密度梯度于０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸盐缓冲液）。该六聚体在５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ＝７．０）发生解离,通过羟基磷灰石柱分离可得到两种变藻蓝蛋白三聚体（αβ）３ＡＰ和（αβ）２ＡＰβ１６．３ＬＣＭ４２,这说明该变藻蓝蛋白六聚体是由两个变藻蓝蛋白三聚体组成;通过差谱的方法得出锚蛋白的吸收光谱（λｍａｘ＝６６０ｎｍ）;根据稳态光谱测定的结果,推断出锚蛋白碎片ＬＣＭ４２的光谱性质与整个锚蛋白的光谱性质相同,进而得出ＬＣＭ４２保留了整个锚蛋白中的发色团,因而保留了其传递能量的功能。利用光谱数据和晶体结构数据讨论了该六聚体内能量传递途径     

多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻胆体——类囊体膜光能传递的研究

多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻胆体一类囊体膜的吸收峰位于678,624,490,438和418nm.当用580nm波长光激发藻胆体一类囊体膜中藻胆蛋白时,室温荧光峰位于662nm,在680nm附近有一肩;液氮温度荧光峰位于655,666,695和730nm.这说明藻胆蛋白捕获的光能能有效地传给叶绿素a.当用436nm波长光激发藻胆体一类囊性膜中叶绿素a时,室温荧光峰(?)于683nm;液氮温室荧光峰在730nm,另一小峰在695nm.表明叶绿素a捕获的光能不能传递给藻胆蛋白.藻胆体一类囊体膜放氧速率为245μmoleO_2/小时,毫克叶绿素,电境照片显示在类囊体膜上有大量藻胆体.用0.3M蔗糖,O.05M磷酸缓冲溶液洗藻胆体一类囊体膜,能使藻胆体与类囊体膜分开.对藻胆体与类囊体之间的光能传递进行了讨论.     

多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻胆体——类囊体膜光能传递的研究

多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)藻胆体一类囊体膜的吸收峰位于678,624,490,438和418nm.当用580nm波长光激发藻胆体一类囊体膜中藻胆蛋白时,室温荧光峰位于662nm,在680nm附近有一肩;液氮温度荧光峰位于655,666,695和730nm.这说明藻胆蛋白捕获的光能能有效地传给叶绿素a.当用436nm波长光激发藻胆体一类囊性膜中叶绿素a时,室温荧光峰(?)于683nm;液氮温室荧光峰在730nm,另一小峰在695nm.表明叶绿素a捕获的光能不能传递给藻胆蛋白.藻胆体一类囊体膜放氧速率为245μmoleO_2/小时,毫克叶绿素,电境照片显示在类囊体膜上有大量藻胆体.用0.3M蔗糖,O.05M磷酸缓冲溶液洗藻胆体一类囊体膜,能使藻胆体与类囊体膜分开.对藻胆体与类囊体之间的光能传递进行了讨论.     

蓝藻藻胆体与菠菜光系统Ⅱ颗粒之间的能量传递

制备了嗜热蓝藻优雅粘囊藻（ＭｙｘｏｓａｒｃｉｎａｃｏｎｃｉｎｎａＰｒｉｎｔｚ）的藻胆体和菠菜（ＳｐｉｎａｃｉａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａＭｉｌ．）的光系统Ⅱ颗粒,测定了它们的吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱。研究了藻胆体与菠菜光系统Ⅱ颗粒的能量传递。发现藻胆体不仅能将吸收的光能有效地传递给菠菜的光系统,而且能量传递的效率随着反应体系离子强度的升高而升高（ＫＨ２ＰＯ４,０１～０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）。用５５８ｎｍ的光激发,可以测到菠菜光系统Ⅱ颗粒的放氧活性显著升高,进一步表明藻胆体可以将激发能传递给菠菜的光系统Ⅱ。     

蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)藻胆体内核结构与功能的研究I.变藻蓝蛋白六聚体(αβ)5APβ16.3LCM42分离及其表征

利用藻胆体温和解离的方法和超速离心分离技术首次得到了变藻蓝蛋白六聚体,并通过光谱技术,凝胶柱过滤柱色谱方法,和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳方法以及蔗糖密度超速离心方法对其进行表征。结果表明：该变落蓝蛋白六聚体的最大吸收峰（λ＾Ａｍａｘ＝６５２ｎｍ）,荧光发射峰位于６６６ｎｍ,并且在６８０ｎｍ处有一明显肩峰;其分子量大约为２４０ＫＤ左右;其分子组成为（αβ）５＾ＡＰβ＾１６．３ＬＣＭ＾４２;离心沉降系数为１     

柱孢鱼腥藻的藻蓝蛋白亚基和F_(678)色素蛋白

柱孢鱼腥藻的藻蓝蛋白包含有两个亚基。β亚基具有578nm吸收峰和600nm荧光发射峰,分子量19.80±0.40KD,可表明β亚基仅有一个载色团。α亚基具有578nm和630nm吸收峰及645nm的荧光发射峰,分子量17.35±0.38,α亚基可能有两个载色团。别藻蓝蛋白有635nm和650nm吸收蜂及664nm的荧光发射峰。具藻胆体的类囊体膜从高盐浓度缓冲液移至低盐浓度缓冲液时表现678nm荧光发射峰,可能柱孢鱼腥藻存在的F_(678)色素蛋白相当于GLazer(1975)的别藻蓝蛋白B。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.