侵染双翅目昆虫的新种,新记录,新组合及新修订

记录了最近在中国记载的侵染双翅目昆虫的虫霉目两个新种,毛蚊虫疠霉（Ｐａｎｄｏｒａｂｉｂｉｏｎｉｓ）发现于浙江元的毛蚊（Ｂｉｂｉｏｓｐ．）其初生分生孢子拟卵形,多对称１４．４～２０．５×７．２～１１．５μｍ（平均１６．５～１７．４×８．４～１０．４μｍ）Ｌ／Ｄ１．４～２．３（平均１．７～２．０）;假根２倍粗于分生包子梗,末端膨大为吸盘状固着器,休眠孢子外壁刺毛状。１９．１～２１．４μｍ,食蚜蝇干尸霉     

丽棘虫属一新种(古棘头虫纲:棘吻目:长棘吻科)

本记述丽棘虫属一新种,即重庆丽棘虫Ｂｒｅｎｔｉｓｅｎｔｉｓ ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与其它相似种进行了比较。新种体呈梭形;吻部细长,雄虫的吻大小为（１．５８￣１．７８）ｍｍ×（０．１４￣０．２０）ｍｍ;吻钩１２纵行,每行有吻钩２２￣２４个;吻腺很长,延伸到身体后部;前、后精巢的大小分别为（０．２８￣０．６１）ｍｍ×（０．２４￣０．３５）ｍｍ,（０．２５￣０．５６）ｍｍ×（０．     

蜘蛛病原真菌一新种

虫壳属一新种大别山虫壳（Ｔｏｒｒｕｂｉｅｌａｄａｂｉｅｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）及其同时在蛛体上并存的无性型大别山球束梗孢（Ｇｉｂｅｌｕｌａｄａｂｉｅｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）。子囊壳表生至浅埋生,孔口黄色,子囊孢子弹射后呈波浪形弯曲。次生子囊孢子长柱形,９．４～１５．１×０．７～１．２μｍ。孢梗束单个或两个,白色,在其２／３处仍有分生孢子梗。分生孢子梗长２７～４４μｍ,光滑。分生孢子纺锤形,３．２～４．０×１．１～１．８μｍ。具糙梗孢式的共无性型方式,分生孢子线形,１１．０～２０．０×０．７～１．１μｍ。列出了该属已知种的检索表,并分别命以中名     

福建沿海鱼类吸虫二新种（发状科,隐殖科）

从福建沿海的侧条真鲨的体腔内发现发状科的中国连盘吸虫,新种Anaporrhutum sinicum sp. nov., 虫体大小11.0×4.5mm,卵41—56×18—20μm。这是国内首次报道连盘属吸虫及本科的海水种类。又从福州淡水鱼类鲶鱼的肠道发现隐殖科的叶巢外睾吸虫,新种Exorchis ovariolobularis sp. nov., 虫体大小0.340×0.342mm,卵11—14×7—9μm。     

乙型肝炎血源疫苗皮内接种4年效果观察

为了解乙型肝炎血源疫苗皮内接种的持久效果,选ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｓ和抗－ＨＢｃ均（－）的９～１１岁儿童１０３名,随机分成４组,分别皮内接种１μｇ×４和３μｇ×４（均按０,１,２,５月程序）和肌肉接种１０μｇ×３和３０μｇ×３（各按０,１,２月程序）。首针后４８月时,１μｇ、３μｇ、１０μｇ和３０μｇ组抗－ＨＢｓ≥１０ｍＩＵ／ｍＩ者各为６９．２％,８０．０％、９２．３％和８１．８％;ＧＭＴ则为１４．５,７９．０,４４．８和７０．９ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ,３μｇ×４皮内免疫的近期和远期效果与肌肉组３０μｇ×３相似,宜于某些人群采用     

白蚁翅面微刻点的招描电镜观察：堆砂白蚁属、楹白蚁属和原白蚁属

用扫描电镜观察了３种木白蚁（平阳堆砂白蚁Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓｐｉｎｇｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ、叶额堆砂白蚁Ｃ．ｈａｖｉｌａｎｄｉ和侧角楹白蚁Ｉｎｃｉｓｉｔｅｒｍｅｓ　ｌａｔｅｒａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）和２种草白蚁（东方原白蚁Ｈｏｄｏｔｅｒｍｏｐｓｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ和尤氏原白蚁Ｈ．ｙｕｉ）的翅面微刻点。微刻点类型有：乳突：基部宽５．０—２０．６μｍ,长３．０－１７．７μｍ,翅面中央密度可达２０７０—３３７５乳突／ｍｍ２;瘤状突起：基部直径１５．０—５８．６μｍ,翅面中央密度２８２—３５６突起／ｍｍ２;粉刺状突起：基部直径２．４－４．８μｎ。此外,还发现有长１１—５７μｍ的毛。同种白蚁的前、后翅和翅的背、腹面之间,微刻点类型没有明显的差异。最后初步讨论了白蚁翅面微刻点的分类学和生物学意义。     

拟青霉属一新种及其杀蚜活性

从病死棉蚜（ＡｐｈｉｓｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｉＧｌｏｖｅｒ）分离到拟青霉属一新种－灰绿拟青霉（ＰａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｇｒｉｓｅｉｖｉｒｄｉｓＭ．Ｘ．Ｄａｉｌ）。在查氏琼脂和ＰＤＡ上菌落呈灰绿色,瓶梗１．８～３．２×５．６～１０．３μｍ基部椭圆形膨大或呈圆柱状,上部明显变细,分生孢子纺锤形,单胞,壁光滑,１．２０～１．８×２．８～４．４μｍ分生孢子对蚜虫具有侵染力,该菌发酵液（离心后）亦具有一定的杀蚜活性     

中国热带地区的半知菌Ⅰ.云南尾孢菌属及其近似属的种(英文)

本文报道云南热带地区尾孢菌属及其近似属真菌４５种,其中有一个新种：番木瓜短胖孢（ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒｉｄｉｕｍｐａｐａｙａｅＹ．Ｌ．Ｇｕｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,寄生在番木瓜科（Ｃａｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ）番木瓜（ＣａｒｉｃａｐａｐａｙａＬ．）叶上。短胖孢属真菌在番木瓜科植物上是首次报道。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述并附图。模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室（ＨＭＡＳ）。寄生在番木瓜（ＣａｒｉｃａｐａｐａｙａＬ．）上的ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｍａｍａｏｎｉｓＶｉｅｇａｓ＆Ｃｈｕｐｐ与本种近似,二者都具有子座,分生孢子梗紧密簇生,但前者分生孢子梗（５～２５×２～３μｍ）和分生孢子（１０～４５×２～３μｍ）均短而窄。番木瓜尾孢（ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｐａｐａｙａｅＨａｎｓｆ．）与本种的区别在于无子座,分生孢子梗色泽深（中度褐色）,分生孢子梗长（５０～２００×３．５～６μｍ）,分生孢子无色,针形,窄（２０～７５×３～５μｍ）。     

贵州两种黄脊蝗核型和C－带的比较研究

本文研究了贵州日本黄脊蝗ＰａｔａｎｇａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＢｏｌｉｖａｒ和印度黄脊蝗Ｐ．ｓｕｃｃｉｎｃｔａＪｏｈａｎｓｓｏｎ的核型和Ｃ－带。结果表明：两种黄脊煌的染色体数目均为２ｎ＝２２＋Ｘ０＝２３,全部为端着丝粒染色体;核型公式２ｎ＝２Ｘ＝２３ｔ,ＮＰ＝２３．但日本黄脊蝗的染色体绝对长度总和（７９．７５±２．２２μｍ）比印度黄脊蝗的（７１．４７±０．６３μｍ）长;异染色质总量《３５．６５±０．１４μｍ）比印度黄脊蝗的（１８．７６±０．１１μｍ）多;日本黄脊蝗的核型属“ＩＢ＂核型,印度黄脊蝗的核型属“ＩＣ”核型。     

四川大鲵寄生吸虫一新属新种（吸虫纲：复殖目）

本文描述寄生在大鲵肠道内隐殖科,隐殖亚科吸虫一新种,沐川新鲵居吸虫Ｎｅｏａｎｄｒｉｎｃｏｌａ ｍｕｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．并建立了新属,即新鲵居吸虫属Ｎｅｏａｎｄｒｉｎｃｏｌａ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．标本采自四川省沭县。模式标本保存在四川农业大学兽医学系。     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.     

Oka: Behind the Barricades: Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance: Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man: My Name is Kahentiiosta: Acts of Defiance

Oka: Behind the Barricades. 1998. 312 minutes. For more information contact the National Film Board of Canada, 3155 Côte de Lisse Rd., St. Laurent, Quebec H4N 2N4. Series of four videos:
Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance. 1993. 120 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man. 1997. 58 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
My Name is Kahentiiosta. 1995. 30 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
Acts of Defiance. 1992. 104 minutes. Directed by Alec MacLeod .     

A dimeric RNA quadruplex architecture comprised of two G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexads,G:G:G:G tetrads and UUUU loops

Using CD and NMR, we determined the structure of an RNA oligomer, r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) (R14), comprising two GGAGG segments joined by a UUUU segment. A modified quadruplex structure was observed for r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) in solution even in the absence of K(+). An unusually stable dimeric RNA quadruplex architecture formed from two strands of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) at low K(+) concentration is reported here. In each strand of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG), two sets of successive turns in the GGAGG segments and turns at both ends of the UUUU loops drive four G-G steps to align in a parallel manner, a core with two stacked G-tetrads being formed. Two adenine bases bind to two edges of one G:G:G:G tetrad through the sheared G:A mismatch augmenting the tetrad into a G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexad. Thus, one molecule of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) folds into a modified quadruplex comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad, a UUUU double-chain reversal loop and a G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexad. Two such molecules further associate by stacking through the dimeric hexad-hexad interface with a rotational symmetry. The ribose rings of most nucleotides take S (close to C2'-endo) puckering, which is unusual for an RNA. K(+) can increase the stability of this quadruplex structure; the number of bound K(+) was estimated from the results of the titration experiment. Besides G:G and G:A mismatches, a network of hydrogen bonds including O4'-NH(2) and C-H..O hydrogen bonds, and the extensive base stacking contribute to the high thermodynamic stability of R14. Our results could provide the stereochemical and thermodynamic basis for elucidating the biological role of the GGAGG-containing RNA segments abundantly existing in various RNAs. Relevance to quadruplex-mediated mRNA-FMRP binding and HIV-1 genome RNA dimerization is discussed.     

Experimental demonstration of T:(G:G:G:G):T hexad and T:A:A:T tetrad alignments within a DNA quadruplex stem

A template-based approach was used to design unprecedented architectural motifs into a known DNA framework. The structure formed by the sequence d(GCGGTTGGAT) in 0.1 M Na(+) solution has been determined using molecular dynamics simulations constrained by distance and dihedral restraints derived from NMR experiments. The molecular topology has been previously observed for the sequence d(GCGGTGGAT) (Webba da Silva, M. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 14356-65). Insertion of a single thymine into the double chain reversal formed by the segment GGTGG results in the unprecedented experimental demonstration of a T:(G:G:G:G):T hexad. The bi-stranded hexad results from the pairing alignment of two G(T-G) triads. Each triad results from recognition of the sheared edge of a guanine by the Watson-Crick edge of a thymine of the segment GGTTGG. The alignment is stabilized by base-stacking of the thymine to the sugar pucker of the preceding thymine. The latter is involved in formation of the T:A:A:T tetrad alignment by forming a hydrogen bond with the free amino proton of a Watson-Crick aligned A:A mispair. We have thus established that residues in double chain reversal loops linking juxtaposed tetrads of a quadruplex stem may facilitate formation of yet unknown hydrogen bond alignments. By employing a systematic approach analysis of sequence motifs appearing in double chain reversals, bridging tetrad layers should allow for the prediction of topologies and architectural motifs appearing in biologically relevant genomic regions.     

Focus: Rare Disease: Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Brief Review

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) is a destructive pulmonary disease caused by a fungal infection, affecting mainly individuals with prior or concurrent pulmonary conditions. It has a global prevalence of 42 per 100,000 population, but in the US and Europe, prevalence is less than 1 per 100,000. The clinical definition of CPA is based on various factors accounting for comorbidities, clinical presentation, and duration. It may be categorized into five subtypes that the disease may evolve between over time. Based on global consensus covering the spectrum of low-resource to high-resource settings, diagnosis is a multi-factorial process that involves a combination of clinical presentation persisting over 3 months, radiological findings, positive culture growth, and serological tests. CPA remains underdiagnosed due to a lack of awareness and is often misdiagnosed due to the comorbidities present. Treatment options are limited due to a lack of research. Furthermore, associated comorbidities and drug interactions further complicate treatment plans. Follow-up throughout treatment should be based on understanding the predictors of mortality. Identification of potential relapse or resistance to antifungal therapy is crucial to limit the low long-term survival rate. Awareness surrounding this devastating disease needs to be raised further to enable earlier identification, improve understanding of patient factors associated with prognosis, and the future potential for targeted therapies. This review aims to raise awareness of this rare condition among practitioners, by providing an overview of common risk factors influencing the prevalence and incidence of the disease. We further discuss current approaches and recent advancements in CPA diagnosis and treatment.     

Hormone interactions and regulation of PsPK2::GUS compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana

The putative pea PINOID homolog, PsPK2, is expressed in all growing plant parts and is positively regulated by auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Here, we studied hormonal regulation of PsPK2::GUS expression compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis. PsPK2::GUS, DR5::GUS, and PID::GUS expression in Arabidopsis shoots is mainly localized in the stipules, hydathodes, veins, developing leaves, and cotyledons. Unlike DR5::GUS, PsPK2::GUS, and PID::GUS are weakly expressed in root tips. Both DR5::GUS and PsPK2::GUS are induced by different auxins and are more sensitive to methyl indole acetic acid, 4-chloro-indole acetic acid, and α-naphthalene acetic acid than others. GA(3) has no significant effect on GUS activity in DR5::GUS-transformed seedlings compared to the control, but induction by auxin and gibberellin in combination is synergistic. Cytokinin increases auxin transport in Arabidopsis seedlings. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin all increase GUS activity in shoots of PsPK2::GUS transformed plants compared to the control. However, only auxin and gibberellin increase GUS activity in PID::GUS shoots. In conclusion, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin positively regulate PsPK2 expression in shoots, but not in roots. Auxin and gibberellin also upregulate AtPIN1 and LEAFY expression, which is similar to PsPIN1 and Uni in pea. With minor exceptions, the orthologous genes from both species are regulated similarly.     

Focus: Microbiome: Metagenomic Assembly: Overview,Challenges and Applications

Advances in sequencing technologies have led to the increased use of high throughput sequencing in characterizing the microbial communities associated with our bodies and our environment. Critical to the analysis of the resulting data are sequence assembly algorithms able to reconstruct genes and organisms from complex mixtures. Metagenomic assembly involves new computational challenges due to the specific characteristics of the metagenomic data. In this survey, we focus on major algorithmic approaches for genome and metagenome assembly, and discuss the new challenges and opportunities afforded by this new field. We also review several applications of metagenome assembly in addressing interesting biological problems.     

Review: Gastric cancer: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is still one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers in the world. Although our knowledge about the disease has progressed extraordinarily, this has not been accompanied by our capacity to effectively treat the disease. In the last years, immunotherapy made its way into the cancer field and was responsible for major changes in the treatment success rates for several cancer types. Although gastric cancer was not among the first successful targets of this type of therapy, the relationship between this type of cancer, immunosurveillance and immunotherapy is now being actively researched. In this article, we review the literature of the past year regarding the relationship between gastric cancer, its immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. Published data indicate that the immune microenvironment influences the clinical behaviour of gastric cancer, and is correlated with its histologic and molecular subtypes with an emphasis on the microsatellite‐ and EBV‐positive tumour subgroups. Although the literature regarding response to immunotherapy is scarce, there is good evidence that patient stratification for immunotherapy is going to become a reality in gastric cancer.     

Retinol and retinyl esters: biochemistry and physiology: Thematic Review Series: Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A

By definition, a vitamin is a substance that must be obtained regularly from the diet. Vitamin A must be acquired from the diet, but unlike most vitamins, it can also be stored within the body in relatively high levels. For humans living in developed nations or animals living in present-day vivariums, stored vitamin A concentrations can become relatively high, reaching levels that can protect against the adverse effects of insufficient vitamin A dietary intake for six months, or even much longer. The ability to accumulate vitamin A stores lessens the need for routinely consuming vitamin A in the diet, and this provides a selective advantage to the organism. The molecular processes that underlie this selective advantage include efficient mechanisms to acquire vitamin A from the diet, efficient and overlapping mechanisms for the transport of vitamin A in the circulation, a specific mechanism allowing for vitamin A storage, and a mechanism for mobilizing vitamin A from these stores in response to tissue needs. These processes are considered in this review.     

Review: Gastric malignancies: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is the third deadliest cancer in the world, and the absolute number of cases is increasing every year due to aging and growing of high‐risk populations. This disease is a consequence of the complex interaction of microbial agents, with environmental and host factors, resulting in the dysregulation of multiple oncogenic and tumor‐suppressing signaling pathways. Despite the advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis, there are still reduced therapeutic options for patients with gastric cancer. In recent years, genomic analyses of gastric tumors have emphasized their molecular heterogeneity. The distinction of gastric cancer molecular subtypes may be a key to identify novel therapeutic targets, to predict patient outcome and response to therapy, and to guide early diagnosis strategies. In this review, we summarize the most recent updates on the relationship between microbial agents and gastric cancer, in particular, Helicobacter pylori, the non‐H pylori microbiome, and Epstein‐Barr virus. We also highlight the main advances made in the past year regarding the molecular characterization of gastric cancer, especially the signatures with potential clinical utility.