棉铃虫成虫对两种关键花香气味的联系性学习

为了明确棉铃虫对苯乙醛和乙酸苯甲酯两种关键花香气味的联系性学习行为,在室内分别测定了不同学习训练的棉铃虫雌雄成虫对两种关键花香气味的选择偏好性反应和雄成虫的触角电位反应。偏好性测定结果表明,无花香气味接触经历的棉铃虫对苯乙醛和乙酸苯甲酯的选择频次均无显著差异,且单纯的花香气味接触经历也不能诱导棉铃虫气味偏好性的显著改变,唯有花香气味接触经历伴随蔗糖溶液进行强化训练时,才能诱导气味偏好性的显著性改变。从对两种花香气味的联系性学习看,棉铃虫更容易将苯乙醛与蔗糖溶液进行联系性学习,而不容易将乙酸苯甲酯与蔗糖溶液进行联系性学习。从性别差异看,雌虫比雄虫具有更强的将花香气味与蔗糖溶液进行联系性学习的能力。触角电位测定结果表明,不同学习训练的棉铃虫雄成虫对两种花香气味和绿叶气味顺-3-己烯-1-醇的EAG反应值之间不存在显著性差异。总之,花香气味伴随食物资源的联系性学习经历,能够明显提高棉铃虫成虫对花香气味的选择偏好,可以此为基础进一步优化花香引诱剂的配方设计和应用技术。     

Attractiveness of binary blends of floral odorant compounds to moths in Florida, USA

Evaluation of combinations of flower odor compounds in the field revealed several compounds that were attractive or co-attractive with phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) to pest noctuid and pyralid moths. A number of moth species responded positively to the key floral odorant PAA. The floral odorants cis -jasmone, linalool, benzyl acetate, limonene, β-myrcene, methyl salicylate, and methyl 2-methoxybenzoate all increased captures of some moths when added to traps with PAA, but responses varied among the moth species that were trapped. For example, soybean looper moths, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), most strongly responded to PAA + β-myrcene, but benzyl acetate, cis -jasmone, and limonene also increased captures of these moths when these compounds were used in traps along with PAA. Velvetbean caterpillar moths, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), responded most strongly to PAA + linalool, but β-myrcene, cis -jasmone, and limonene also increased captures of these moths in traps over numbers trapped with PAA. Positive responses to floral compound blends were also noted for golden looper [ Argyrogramma verruca (F.)], grass looper [ Mocis disseverans (Walker)], tobacco budworm [ Heliothis virescens (F.)], southern armyworm [ Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (all Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], and melonworm [ Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)]. Overall, PAA + β-myrcene appeared to be the strongest floral compound combination for pest species trapped, compared to PAA or other compound blends.     

An improved multi-component sex attractant for trapping male western yellowstriped armyworm, Spodoptera praefica (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract 1 Chemical analyses of solvent extracts of pheromone glands of female western yellowstriped armyworm moths Spodoptera praefica (Grote) indicated the presence of (Z)‐7‐dodecenol (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate. 2 In field tests of combinations of these chemicals, small numbers of male S. praefica were captured in traps baited with (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate. Numbers of males captured in traps were greatly increased in response to blends that included both (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate with either (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate. The combination of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate and (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate provided the strongest sex attractant for use in trapping male S. praefica. 3 Males of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) were captured in traps baited with blends possessing (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate, and were greatly reduced in traps baited with blends that included (Z)‐7‐dodecenol. 4 Multi‐component blends that included (Z)‐7‐dodecenol attracted males of the alfalfa looper Autographa californica (Speyer). 5 Males of Peridroma saucia (Hübner) and Mamestra configurata Walker were captured in traps that included (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate with (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate. 6 These responses by other species of moths to S. praefica pheromone components and blends may still complicate the use of any lure for S. praefica.     

Sex pheromone components of female Cornutiplusia circumflexa

Capillary gas chromatography indicated the presence of (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the abdominal tip extracts of female Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) moths. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and dimethyl disulfide derivatization confirmed the structure of these two principal pheromone components. In a flight-tunnel bioassay, a 5:1 blend of alcohol and acetate elicited the complete courtship sequence by males. The response was comparable to that evoked by a live virgin female, but males spent significantly longer time at calling females than at the synthetic source. The 5:1 blend was also attractive to male C. circumflexa in the field, as indicated by catches in traps baited with this mixture. (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol alone was slightly attractive whereas (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone was completely inactive. C. circumflexa is the first reported Plusiinae species which utilizes (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol as the major pheromone component.     

Local dispersal of maleHelicoverpa zea

Local dispersal ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males as they emerged following the F₁ and F₂ generations in dent corn was examined in a 4 km diam. area in South Carolina, USA. Males were marked at artificial nectar feeding stations using RbCl, and recovered in traps baited with a synthetic pheromone. Effects of nocturnal boundary layer winds, crop pattern at the pheromone traps, and crop pattern between the marking area and pheromone traps were examined. Local movement of captured male moths was predominantly downwind in both flights in both years of the study. Crop pattern at the traps had no effect on capture of marked moths. During some flights, flowering crops between the marking area and traps had a negative effect on the number of marked moths captured.     

Sex pheromone of the red clover casebearer moth,Coleophora deauratella,an invasive pest of clover in Canada

The red clover casebearer, Coleophora deauratella Lienig & Zeller (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), is an invasive pest of Trifolium species (Fabaceae) in Canada. We identified candidate sex pheromone components from female pheromone gland extracts using coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic analysis detection. Three compounds elicited an electrophysiological response from antennae and were identified as: (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate, (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)‐7‐dodecen‐1‐ol. Field tests of the candidate pheromone components revealed that males were attracted to a binary mixture of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate and (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate. Male moth trap capture was greatest in traps baited with lures containing 100:10 or 100:20 ratios of these pheromone components, respectively. Trap capture was reduced when (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate was present below 10 or above 20% of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate. Equal numbers of male moths were captured in traps baited with 10, 100, and 1 000 μg of the attractive binary mixture. These findings allow for the development of a pheromone‐based monitoring system for this invasive pest of clover in Canada.     

New chemical attractants for trapping Lacanobia subjuncta, Mamestra configurata, and Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Significant numbers of 3 pest species of noctuid moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-pentanol. These were Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson); Mamestra configurata Walker, bertha armyworm; and Xestia c-nigrum (L.), spotted cutworm. The combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting all 3 species, whereas the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting X. c-nigrum. For the 3 species of moths, numbers captured were similar in traps baited with the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol or acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol. Traps baited with these attractants captured both males and females at a ratio near 1:1.     

Population dynamics of noctuid moths and damage forecasting in sugar beet

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Pheromone‐trapping the nun moth,Lymantria monacha (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Inner Mongolia,China

The nun moth, Lymantria monacha L., is one of the most important defoliators of Eurasian coniferous forests. Outbreaks during 2011–2015 in the natural/planted larch, and larch‐birch mixed forests of the Greater Khingan Range in Inner Mongolia, China, caused tremendous timber losses from severe defoliation and tree mortality. A series of trapping experiments were conducted in these outbreak areas to evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic species‐specific pheromone lure based on the female pheromone blend of European nun moth populations. Our results clearly show that the nun moth in Inner Mongolia is highly and specifically attracted to this synthetic pheromone, with few gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) captured. Flight activity monitoring of L. monacha male moths using pheromone‐baited Unitraps at 2 locations during the summer of 2015 indicated that the flight period started in mid‐July, peaking in early August at both locations. Based on male moth captures, there was a strong diurnal rhythm of flight activity throughout the entire scotophase, peaking between 22:00 and 24:00. Unitraps and wing traps had significantly and surprisingly higher catches than the gypsy moth traps. Unitraps fastened to tree trunks 2 m above ground caught significantly more male moths than those at the ground level or at 5 m height. Male L. monacha moths can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps in open areas 150–200 m distant from the infested forest edge. Our data should allow improvement on the performance of pheromone‐baited traps for monitoring or mass‐trapping to combat outbreaks of this pest in northeastern China.     

Identification of components of the female sex pheromone of the potato tuber moth, Scrobipalpopsis solanivora

The sex pheromone produced by virgin female S. solanivora moths has been shown to contain (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate with approximately 2% of the Z isomer by electroantennography and gas chromatography. In the field, traps baited with (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with 1% or 2% of the Z isomer caught at least as many male S. solanivora moths as those baited with virgin female moths, and there was some evidence that addition of 5% of the Z isomer reduced catches.

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Résumé S. solanivora est l'un des plus importants lépidoptères détruisant les pommes de terre en Amérique Centrale. L'analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC) des produits obtenus par lavage de l'ovipositeur de femelles vierges, associée à des électro-anténnogrammes (EAG) a révélé un composé actif unique en EAG. Les durées de rétention pour ce constituant correspondaient à celles des acétates monoinsaturés à 12 carbones, et les analyses sur colonne GC liées avec une phase liquide cristal ont montré un pic principal correspondant à l'acétate (E)-3-dodécénul et un pic secondaire, correspondant à l'isomère Z, et au niveau de 2,5% du pic principal. L'acétate dodécyl a aussi été décelé en quantités variables, approximativement 10% du pic principal.Dans la nature, des pièges contenant de l'acétate (E)-3-dodécényl, seul ou mélangé avec 1 ou 2% de l'isomère Z, ont capturé autant des mâles de S. solanivora que des pièges contenant des femelles vierges, et certaines indications montrent que l'addition de 5% de l'isomère Z réduit les captures.

     

Juvenile bolas spiders attract psychodid flies

Large immature and mature female bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora attract certain male moths by aggressive chemical mimicry of those moth species' sex pheromones. These older spiders capture moths by swinging a bolas (i.e., a sticky globule suspended on a thread) at the approaching male moths. Juvenile bolas spiders do not use a bolas, but instead use their first two pairs of legs to grab prey, which our field observations suggested were primarily nematocerous Diptera. Our field experiments over a 2-year period demonstrated that juvenile bolas spiders attract moth flies (Psychodidae), with each species apparently specializing on a particular prey species. In three experiments, sticky traps containing young Mastophora phrynosoma spiderlings consistently captured significantly more male Psychoda phalaenoides than were captured on traps containing spiderlings of other Mastophora species or no spiderlings (control traps). Results from two of the three experiments suggested that Mastophora hutchinsoni spiderlings attract male Psychoda trinodulosa. Only two of our experiments included Mastophora bisaccata and those produced contrasting results. In the first experiment, M. bisaccata appeared to attract P. phalaenoides, albeit in lower numbers than were captured on traps containing M. phrynosoma. However, in a second experiment the following year, M. bisaccata spiderlings attracted Psychoda satchelli, a species that had not been caught on any traps the previous year. As suggested by a systematist four decades ago, the taxon currently called M. bisaccata may consist of two or more sibling species, which could account for the contrasting results obtained from our two experiments involving M. bisaccata. This is the first reported evidence that, during early developmental stadia before these spiders attract moths, juvenile bolas spiders attract their prey.     

Effects of phenylacetaldehyde and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate on male response to synthetic sex pheromone in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract  The influence of two synthetic plant volatiles on the number of male Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caught in sex pheromone-baited traps was studied in field plots in Australia. Phenylacetaldehyde and ( Z )-3-hexenyl acetate were combined with synthetic sex pheromone in traps. Generally, most males were captured in traps baited with pheromone alone and more males were captured by the mixture containing ( Z )-3 hexenyl acetate than that containing phenylacetaldehyde. At the three concentrations studied, neither volatile synergised the activity of the pheromone. Traps baited with the plant volatiles alone caught very few moths of either sex.     

Chemical and behavioral analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons from Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the vector of the phloem‐inhabiting bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is presumed to cause HLB in Florida citrus. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to examine the behavioral responses of male and female D. citri to their cuticular extracts. In olfactometer assays, more male D. citri were attracted to one, five, or 10 female cuticular extract equivalent units than blank controls. The results were confirmed in field studies in which clear or yellow traps baited with 10 female cuticular extract equivalent units attracted proportionately more males than clear traps baited with male cuticular extract or unbaited traps. Analyses of cuticular constituents of male and female D. citri revealed differences between the sexes in chemical composition of their cuticular extracts. Laboratory bioassays with synthetic chemicals identified from cuticular extracts indicated that dodecanoic acid attracted more males than clean air. Traps baited with dodecanoic acid did not increase total catch of D. citri as compared with blank traps at the dosages tested; however, the sex ratio of psyllid catch was male biased on traps baited with the highest lure loading dosage tested (10.0 mg).     

Behavioral responses of leafroller larvae to apple leaves and fruit

Larvae of Epiphyas postvittana and Planotortrix octo were released onto branches cut from apple trees, and allowed to colonize a range of types of artificial nests. Both species exhibited similar strong preferences for nests comprising leaf-leaf or leaf-fruitlet combinations, followed by nests comprising leaf-plastic leaf, leaf-plastic fruitlet or plastic leaf-fruitlet combinations. Nests involving fresh plant material alone (shoot, fruitlet or leaf alone) were also colonized to a lesser extent, but no larvae were found on nests consisting of plastic leaves or fruitlets alone or in combinations of the two. In another experiment, more E. postvittana larvae colonized nests with leaf and fruitlet combinations, compared to leaf and glass ball, or leaf and treated wax ball combinations, where the wax had been in contact with fresh apples or fruitlets. Choice tests, conducted using larval traps, showed that larvae were caught in traps baited with odors collected and released by wax which had been in contact with mature apples and leaves. Chloroform extracts from apple skin also caught larvae in choice tests. These results suggest that both physical and chemical cues are important to leafroller larval establishment.     

Monitoring oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with the Ajar bait trap in orchards under mating disruption

Studies in Oregon, California, Pennsylvania and Italy evaluated the relative performance of the Ajar trap compared with several other traps for the capture of Grapholita molesta (Busck), in pome and stone fruit orchards treated with sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption. The Ajar is a delta‐shaped trap with a screened jar filled with an aqueous terpinyl acetate plus brown sugar bait solution (TAS) that opens inside the trap and is surrounded by a sticky liner. The TAS‐baited Ajar trap was evaluated with and without the addition of a sex pheromone lure and compared with a delta trap baited with a sex pheromone lure and a bucket trap filled with the TAS bait. Although the Ajar trap had a 90% lower evaporation of the TAS bait than the bucket trap, both of them caught similar numbers in the majority of the field tests of both sexes of G. molesta. The addition of the sex pheromone lure did not increase moth catches by the TAS‐baited Ajar trap. The TAS‐baited Ajar trap caught significantly greater numbers of moths than the sex pheromone‐baited delta trap in 18 of the 20 orchards. Few hymenopterans were caught in orange TAS‐baited Ajar traps, but the catch of flies and other moths relative to the target pest remained high. Flight tunnel and field tests evaluated the effect of several screen designs on the catches of G. molesta and non‐target species. All exclusion devices significantly reduced the catch of larger moths. However, designs that did not reduce the catch of male G. molesta did not reduce the catch of muscid flies. Exclusion devices with openings <7.0 mm significantly reduced the catch of female G. molesta. The addition of (E)‐β‐farnesene, (E)‐β‐ocimene or butyl hexanoate septa lures to TAS‐baited Ajar traps significantly increased total moth catch. The addition of (E)‐β‐ocimene also significantly increased female moth catch.     

Comparison of the efficacy of CO2‐baited and unbaited light traps,gravid traps,backpack aspirators,and sweep net collections for sampling mosquitoes infected with Japanese encephalitis virus

Two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of mosquito collection methods for species composition, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates in Taiwan. Traps evaluated included John W. Hock (JH) model UD black light traps, JH model 1012 new standard miniature CDC light traps, JH model 1712 CDC gravid traps, and Taiwan‐made Pest‐O‐Lite light traps. Backpack aspirators and sweep nets were also used to collect the resting population. Culex tritaeniorhynchus in all studies and Mansonia uniformis in the Taipei areas were the two most abundance species collected. Dry ice‐baited UD black light traps were effective in regard to species diversity, species abundance, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection rates. The unbaited Pest‐O‐Lite light traps collected significantly more female mosquitoes than the UD black light traps but performed similarly with regard to species diversity and male mosquito collection. Most mosquitoes collected by Pest‐O‐Lite light traps were dried and not suitable for virus detection. Dry ice‐baited CDC light traps collected significantly fewer mosquitoes than other light traps. Although CO₂‐baited UD black light traps with octenol attracted more mosquitoes, no statistical significance was found compared to CO₂‐baited UD black light traps without octenol. Japanese encephalitis viruses were isolated from half of the positive pools in UD black light traps and CDC light traps.     

Responses of the ambrosia beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylosandrus compactus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidea: Scolytinae) to volatile constituents of its symbiotic fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium solani</Emphasis> (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae)

Xylosandrus compactus is a polyphagus pest that cultivates a symbiotic fungus Fusarium solani in tunnels of host plants for food and is a major threat to coffee production in East Africa. We hypothesized that the female X. compactus, which is the only sex capable of flying to attack its hosts, is attracted to volatiles from F. solani. We investigated responses of females to volatiles released by fungal cultures and bioactive components identified in the fungal volatiles. In Y-tube olfactometer assays, ~68% of females were attracted to volatiles emitted from F. solani over clean air. Bioactive compounds were identified in the fungal volatiles by coupled gas chromatography (GC)/electroantennographic detection (EAD) and GC/mass spectrometric analyses as methyl isovalerate and 2,3-butanediol. We also identified ethanol, a known attractant of X. compactus, using solid phase microextraction captured fungal volatiles analyzed by GC/MS. In field trapping trials, we compared captures of females in plastic bottle traps baited with a range of doses of methyl isovalerate, 2,3-butanediol, and blends of the two compounds, with similar traps baited with solvent only and ethanol. Females were caught by all the baited traps at all the concentrations tested except traps baited with solvent only. Trap captures were however 14–37-fold lower in traps baited with single components and the blends than those baited with ethanol. The possible use of these components as a tool for kairomonal monitoring of populations of X. compactus is discussed.     

Improved monitoring of female codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester plus acetic acid in sex pheromone-treated orchards

The performance of clear delta traps baited with 3.0 mg of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, and 5.0 ml of acetic acid in separate lures was compared with orange delta traps baited with a single lure containing 3.0 mg of both pear ester and the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Residual analyses and field tests demonstrated that both the pear ester and acetic acid lures were effective for at least 8 wk. The two trap-lure combinations caught a similar number of total moths in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers during short-term trials in 2008. However, the mean catch of female moths was significantly higher and male moths significantly lower in clear traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid versus orange traps baited with pear ester and codlemone. Season-long studies were conducted with these two trap-lure combinations in orchards treated with (n = 6) and without (n = 7) sex pheromone dispensers during 2009. The two trap-lure combinations caught similar numbers of moths in dispenser-treated orchards. In contrast, total catch was significantly higher (>2-fold) in the orange compared with the clear traps in untreated orchards. The clear caught >6-fold more females than the orange trap in both types of orchards. These studies suggest that deploying clear delta traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid can be an effective monitoring tool for female codling moth and an alternative to codlemone-baited traps in sex pheromone-treated orchards.     

Spotted cutworm,Xestia c‐nigrum (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responses to sex pheromone and blacklight

Traps baited with the sex pheromone blend of (Z7)‐ and (Z5)‐tetradecenyl acetate captured significant numbers of male spotted cutworm moths, Xestia c‐nigrum (L.) compared to unbaited traps. Nearly no males were captured in traps baited with (Z7)‐tetradecenyl acetate, the major pheromone component. Antennae of spotted cutworm males responded to (Z7)‐, (E7)‐, (Z5)‐ and (E5)‐tetradecenyl acetate in the laboratory; however there was no response by moths in the field to the E isomers when presented in traps as major and minor components respectively of a binary blend or to the (E7) isomer as a single component. These findings clarify the makeup of a sex attractant that can be used for monitoring X. c‐nigrum on agricultural crops in Washington. However, multi‐year season‐long monitoring of spotted cutworm moths in Yakima Valley apple orchards revealed differential responses to pheromone and blacklight traps. A spring flight period showed a strong moth response to the pheromone compared to blacklight, while a later summer flight period showed a weak moth response to the pheromone relative to blacklight. At this time, we do not know which trap type might best indicate spotted cutworm abundance and risk to crops.     

The development of an improved model trap for monitoring Ephestia cautella

Delta, Covered funnel and Uni-traps containing pheromone used for monitoring male Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) moths were compared in a wind tunnel in moving and still air. The shape and design of the traps and the form of pheromone plume emitted from them determined the moth's latency time, numbers orientating, alighting on the traps and captured. To improve trap design, the visual responses of the moths to rectangles of different colours and sizes and to brown and white stripes, showed that more moths were attracted to darker coloured 6×50 cm vertical rectangles on a white background and to 7.5 mm brown and white stripes. A cylindrical trap containing pheromone incorporating these features captured 90% and 80% of the moths released in the wind tunnel in moving and still air respectively, compared with 70% and 35% for the best commercial traps.