微生物学设计性实验教学的探索

微生物学实验教学改革中,针对以往存在的问题,提出了以培养学生的实践应用能力为实验教学活动的指导思想,在实验课程中开展设计性实验。实践证明,设计性实验教学形式灵活、内容丰富,充分发挥了学生的自学能力和创新意识,在学生科研思维的培养和操作技能的训练方面优势明显。     

改革微生物学实验教学,激发学生创新潜力

培养创新型人才是"双一流"的重要建设任务,微生物学实验作为生物学科的重要基础课程,对学生实践能力和综合素质的提高,培养学生的创新意识和科研精神起着至关重要的作用。通过理清微生物学实验项目间内在联系,优化实验方案,构建细菌分离鉴定综合实验,改革微生物学实验教学体系;同时,引入新媒体教学,改革考评方式,以注重培养学生的学习兴趣、自主学习能力、创新思维和综合能力。     

细菌革兰氏染色探究式实验教学的设计和 实施效果分析

细菌革兰氏染色效果受多种因素的影响,基于探究式教学法的理论原则,本文将固定方式和脱色时间两个关键因素设计成梯度对比实验,通过结果的直观差异性使教学效果显著提高.更为重要的是,学生在分组和组内实验探索过程中,通过内在好奇心和外在具体任务的双重驱动,主体的创新精神得到激发,情感价值体验得到满足,创新意识、动手能力、思维品质和协作精神都得到了明显的提升.实践证明,针对特定问题巧妙设计探索引导实验,不仅可以增强学生的实践动手能力,提升教学效果,而且可以充分调动学生的主体积极性,激发创新意识和培养严谨的科研思维品质.     

民办高校科研导师制的探索、实践与成效

大学生创新能力的培养是高等教育的重要内容之一。我院开展了基于大学生科技创新项目的科研导师制,以培养学生的创新实践能力和科研的"工匠精神",并帮助学生进行学业规划。科研导师还将项目成果转化为教学案例引入课堂,扩大受益面。科研导师制的实施得到了学生的普遍认可,人才培养质量明显提高。本文还探讨了科研导师制实施中需要关注的问题及解决办法。     

创建多层次微生物学实验教学体系培养科研创新型人才

"微生物学"课程是高等教育生命科学教学中一门重要的基础课程。微生物学实验作为独立于微生物学理论课的基础实验课,对学生基本实验技能的培养和综合素质的提高,培养学生探索精神、创新意识和创新能力方面起着至关重要的作用。南开大学微生物学教学实验室依托"微生物学"国家重点学科、"教育部分子微生物学重点实验室"和"国家级生物实验教学示范中心",建立了多级别分层次的微生物学实验教学体系;确立了由基础性实验、综合性实验、创新性实验相结合的实验内容;同时充分利用本校教学科研资源优势,为学生搭建了多级别的科研创新训练实践平台,着重培养学生的科研素质、创新意识和创新能力,在微生物学科研创新型人才的培养中发挥了重要的作用。     

开设“细胞学遗传学实验技术”校本选修课的实践与思考

开设校本生物学选修课＂细胞学遗传学实验技术＂有助于拓展学生的生物科技视野,进一步激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的实验和科学研究能力、创新意识和实践能力,培养学生的科学态度和科学精神,促进学生发展。介绍了课程开设的背景、目标、实施过程。     

微生物学实验四阶段递进教学实践与探讨

针对微生物学实验教学中存在的一些问题,采用"兴趣培养—参与研究—主持项目—能力形成"递进式教学模式,在基础性实验、综合性实验、大学生创新实验和毕业论文实验4个阶段进行了初步教学改革探索。在开设微生物基础性实验之后,采用"双导师制",以教师的科研项目为依托和纽带,将微生物综合性研究型实验、大学生创新实验项目和毕业论文实验等循序渐进地结合起来,取得了良好的教学效果。实践证明微生物学实验分阶段递进教学,既提高了学生独立思考、解决实际科研问题的能力,也培养了学生综合创新的能力。     

探索性试验在畜牧微生物学实验教学中的实践与思考

畜牧微生物学是一门应用性极强的课程,教师演示、学生重现的传统微生物学实验无法满足培养畜牧创新人才的需求。为提高学生在畜牧生产中灵活运用微生物学知识分析和解决实际问题的能力,经5年的摸索,针对畜牧微生物学实验,我们逐渐完善了一套理论课程铺垫、基础操作技能传授与探索性试验提升相结合的教学模式。该模式激发了学生的创新动力,提高了学生的科研能力。     

基于网络教学资源建设的微生物学课程内容设计与教学效果评价

利用网络教学开放平台,通过建设和丰富网络教学资源,建立了基于任务和目标导向的微生物学理论和实验课程教学模式,以及形成性学习评价及考核机制。通过理论和实验教学内容的有效融合,不仅节省了教学学时,而且可更好地培养学生独立思考和自主学习能力以及科研创新思维能力。微生物学课程改革问卷调查结果表明,学生对课堂满意度、实验课程满意度均达到90%以上;学生的学习效果、学习兴趣、分析问题与解决问题能力等方面均有明显提高。     

生物化学检验实验多元立体化教学模式的实践

立体化实验教学是以能力培养为核心,以教学资源为平台,动用所有教学要素,形成全方位、多层次和网络化的教学模式。为适应临床实践的需要,生物化学检验实验课在基础验证性实验前提下,开设综合性实验、设计性实验和开放性实验,培养学生的动手能力,知识综合运用能力和创新能力。并且,立体化实验采用立体化考核方法,有利于培养学生团队意识,提高学生学习热情和科研能力。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.