虫草多型现象的5.8S rDNA 和ITS2 序列测定研究

新定名的甘肃虫草Cordycepsgansuensi与冬虫夏草Cordycepssinensi形态相似。蛹虫草Cordycepsmilitaris具有拟青霉型（Paecilomyces-type）和轮枝孢型（Verticillium-type）两类无性型。此研究对5.8SrRNA基因及ITS2间区DNA序列的分析结果表明,甘肃虫草和冬虫夏草的DNA序列相同,属于同一种;蛹虫草的两类无性型具有分子水平上的遗传趋异性。     

虫草多型现象的5.8SrDNA和ITS2序列测定研究

新定名的甘肃虫草Cordyceps gansuensi与冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensi形态相似。 蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris具有拟青霉型（Paecilomyces-type）和轮枝孢型（Verticillium-type）两类无性型。此研究对5.8S rRNA基因 及ITS2间区DNA序列的分析结果表明,甘肃虫草和冬虫夏草的DNA序列相同,属于同一种;蛹虫草的两类无性型具有分子水平上的遗传趋异性。     

冬虫夏草

什么叫冬虫夏草,它又是怎样形成的呢? 冬虫夏草又叫虫草、冬虫草等,为子囊菌纲、麦角目、虫草属真菌,学名Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.。它是蝙蝠蛾科幼虫与真菌的结合体。全草分幼虫寄主和子实体两大部分。幼虫体长为3—6厘米,径粗0.3—0.7厘米,形如     

冬虫夏草

冬虫夏草□蒋冬花（浙江师范大学生物系,３２１００４）冬虫夏草又名虫草、冬虫草、夏草冬虫等,属球壳目（Ｓｐｈａｅｒｉａｌｅｓ）、麦角菌科（Ｃｌａｖｉｃｉｐｉｔａｃｅａｅ）、虫草属（Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ）。是虫草菌菌丝体侵入昆虫体内后形成的真菌与虫尸共存的...     

冬虫夏草及其相关类群的分子系统学分析

为了探明冬虫夏草及其相关类群的亲缘关系,以冬虫夏草、中国被毛孢及中华束丝孢(=冬虫夏草头孢=蝙蝠蛾多毛孢)共6株菌种作为内群和一株蛹草拟青霉作为外群进行了DNA随机多态型(RAPD)分析。此外,基于上述供试材料又在内群中增加了一株蝙蝠蛾拟青霉,并对内群和外群样品的nrDNA间隔区(ITS)碱基序列进行了测定;对于测定的8条序列连同来自GenBank中的4条相关序列进行了分子系统学分析。结果表明:中华束丝孢和中国被毛孢均系冬虫夏草菌的无性型。按照国际植物命名法规,中国被毛孢应为冬虫夏草菌无性型的正确名称。而蝙蝠蛾拟青霉为不同于冬虫夏草菌的另一种真菌;该名称由于不合格发表而不被国际植物命名法规所承认。     

丝虫草及其无性型关系的分子确证

目的对丝虫草（Ophiocordyceps filiform is）及从子囊孢子分离所得的无性型进行测序和比较分析,确证二者之间的对应关系。方法采用PCR技术,以rDNA-ITS区为分子指标。结果系统进化树显示丝虫草的无性型归为被毛孢属较为合理,同时通过形态特征比较的结果表明,其无性型为荔波被毛孢（Hirsutella liboensis）。结论本研究首次确立了丝虫草的有性型与无性型的对应关系,并且成功培育出了与天然丝虫草相同的虫草子实体。     

菌寄生属研究进展

菌寄生属通常寄生于其他真菌子实体上,是子囊菌的重要类群之一,在生物医药和工农业等方面具有经济重要性。简述了菌寄生属在资源与分类、系统发育和寄主专化性等方面的研究现状及进展。已有的分子系统学研究表明,菌寄生属是多谱系类群,形成多个分支,各分支与其无性型特征和寄主种类有关。今后需进一步澄清属种概念,建立稳定的有性阶段-无性阶段对应关系,在全面了解其物种多样性和地理分布特点基础上,深入探讨种间系统发育关系。     

古尼虫草与亚香棒虫草亲缘关系初探

目的:用分子生物学方法,对古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草进行研究,对其寄主昆虫CO(Icytochrome oxidase subunit I,细胞色素氧化酶亚基I)和真菌ITS(Internal Transcribed Sequence,内转录间隔区)区的基因序列进行比较,以确定两者亲缘关系。方法:在古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草性状研究的基础上,对两者来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,对序列进行比对分析,并与GenBank核酸序列数据库中的序列进行BLAST检索比对。结果:发现古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草的来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因序列均有较高相似度。结论:古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草有较近的亲缘关系。     

冬虫夏草人工培养研究概述

冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)是虫草真菌的子座及其寄主蝙蝠蛾(Hepialus armoricanus)幼虫尸体的复合物。本菌属子囊菌纲、麦角科、虫草属,此属的种类很多。据日本学者小林义雄等记载的共有260种,在我国,据梁佩琼等报道,已知的有58种,常见的七种虫草为冬虫夏草、蛹虫草、亚香棒虫草,蛾蛹虫草、大蝉虫草、小蝉虫草、泰山虫草,其     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部2005年度资助自由申请科学基金项目一览表

项目名称申请者姓名依托单位1微生物学学科(99项)我国云南热带、亚热带地区含羞草、羊蹄甲和决明根瘤菌的刘晓云西南林学院遗传多样性、系统发育研究我国酸性土壤分离的诺卡氏菌型放线菌的DNA指纹图谱鉴定张建丽北京理工大学和分类研究中国外瓶霉分子系统学分析李东明北京大学核型分析和实时观察确定虫草有性型和无性型关系的研究李春如安徽农业大学我国中西部地区自然生态系统土壤中暗色丝孢菌的分类研究张天宇山东农业大学匍柄霉属、细基格孢属及链格孢小孢子种的分子系统学研究张修国山东农业大学中国毛壳属的系统学及其物种蛋白表达谱…     

Molecular phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps (Ascomycota:Clavicipitaceae) and its evolutionary implications

Cordyceps is an endoparasite ascomycetous genus containing approximately 450 species with a diversity of insect hosts,traditionally included in the family Clavicipitaceae of Ascomycota.Establishing the relationships among species with a varied range of morphologies and hosts is of importance to our understanding of the phylogeny and co-evolution of parasites and hosts in entomopathogenic ascomycetes.To this end,we used a combination of molecular index and morphological characters from 40 representative species to carry out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses.Based on the phylogenetic tree,we used the program DISCRETE for inferring the rates of evolution and finding ancestral states of morphological character.The phylogenetic analyses revealed two important points.(i) Types of perithecia attached to stroma reflected an evolutionary trend in Cordyceps.The vertically immersed perithecia form was the ancestral state,superficial and obliquely immersed perithecia were derived characters,obliquely immersed was irreversible.Species with obliquely immersed perithecia were in a closely related group and were the derived group.(ii) A strong correlation between fungal relatedness and the microhabitat supported the hypothesis that the host jumps through commingling in soil microhabitats.Based on the results of these analyses,host switching explains the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps.     

Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China

Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the Orient. It is naturally distributed in the eastern extension area of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, at an altitude over 4000 m high. In order to investigate genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of C. sinensis from different geographical regions, 17 isolates of C. sinensis were collected from different provinces and the complete sequences of rDNA ITS were determined. On the basis of 5.8S rDNA and ITS region analysis, it was clearly shown that the ITS sequences within C. sinensis are highly homologous regardless of geographical origin. The distance values between the sequences in this study were lower than 0.03. This implied that C. sinensis from different geographic regions are the same species; they are not different species or a species complex. The results also showed that distance values between C. sinensis and Hirsutella sinensis are of the same order as those within C. sinensis from different geographic regions. This confirmed our previous results that C. sinensis should only have H. sinensis as its asexual stage whatever the geographic region from which the samples were collected. An rDNA ITS clone library was established to obtain further evidence for the interpretation of the fungal community structure from C. sinensis and to confirm the accuracy of the taxonomic identities produced by directly sequencing the rDNA ITS region. The discrimination between intraspecies of C. sinensis might provide additional data for the authentication of medicinal material at the species or intraspecies level.     

粉被虫草无性型的确证与鉴定

用从粉被虫草(Cordyceps pruinosa Petch)新鲜标本分离得到的假定无性型CGAC2281菌株,于室内人工重新养培出了粉被虫草的子实体。经观察表明,人工培养的子实体、子囊壳和次生子囊孢子的形态学特征与野外采集的标本基本相同,从而确证了CGAC 2281菌株是粉被虫草的真正无性型。本文报道了这种真菌的形态学特征,并鉴定它为马利亚霉属一新种,粉被马利亚霉新种(Mariannaea pruinosa Liang sp.nov.)。     

西藏冬虫夏草无性型的分子生物学研究

从西藏采集的冬虫夏草子实体中分离出 3个菌株C3、C4、C5,通过培养特征的研究以及采用分子生物学方法 ,以rDNAITS区为分子指标 ,与冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis(Berk .)Sacc.) ]的有性世代及中国被毛孢 (HirsutellasinensisLiu ,Guo,Yu&Zeng)进行比较分析 ,发现C4的培养特征与C3、C5 完全不同 ,其序列与冬虫夏草的相似率为 93 %,与中国被毛孢的相似率为 94%,而C3、C5 与冬虫夏草的相似率很低 (分别为 5 5 %和 6 9%) ,从而证明C4是西藏冬虫夏草的无性型 ,为中国被毛孢。     

Phylogenetic and structural analyses of the mating-type loci in Clavicipitaceae

Entomopathogens and other econutritional fungi belonging to Clavicipitaceae were phylogenetically analyzed on the basis of the 18S rRNA gene and mating-type genes (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1). The phylogenies of the mating-type genes yielded better resolutions than that of 18S rRNA gene. Entomopathogens (Cordyceps bassiana, Cordyceps brongniartii, Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinclairii, Cordyceps takaomontana, Isaria cateniannulata, Isaria farinosa, Isaria fumosorosea, Isaria javanica, Lecanicillium muscarium and Torrubiella flava) were considered as a phylogenetically defined group, and were closely related to mycopathogens (Lecanicillium psalliotae and Verticillium fungicola). They located at more descendant positions in the mating-type trees than other fungi, and lacked the mating-type gene MAT1-1-3. The deletion of MAT1-1-3 was supposed to have occurred once in Clavicipitaceae, and a good indication for the evolution of Clavicipitaceae. Other entomopathogens (Cordyceps cylindrica, Cordyceps subsessilis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Nomuraea rileyi) and pathogens of plants, nematodes and slime molds, were relatively related to each other, and possessed MAT1-1-3, but were supposed to be heterogeneous. Root-associated fungi did not form any clade with other species.     

滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究*

应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的6个冬虫夏草Cordycepssinensis（Berk．）Sacc．,来自德钦地区三个地方的8个阔孢虫草C.crassisporaZang,YangetLi以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草C.militaris（Vuill）Fr．进行分析。18个随机引物获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏草／阔孢虫草与蛹虫草之间存在显著的遗传差异。冬虫夏草与阔孢虫草之间的遗传差异较为明显。在同种虫草个体中,来自同一地方的样本间遗传差异较小,不同地方的样本间遗传差异较大。说明云南虫草的不同地理群体间存在遗传分化。应用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树将来自不同地方的冬虫夏草及阔孢虫草分别聚在一起,提示RAPD标记在虫草群体中有显著的地区特异性。RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可在分子水平上研究虫草属的遗传分化、起源和系统演化等。     

滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究

应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的6个冬虫夏草Cordycepssinensis（Berk．）Sacc．,来自德钦地区三个地方的8个阔孢虫草C.crassisporaZang,YangetLi以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草C.militaris（Vuill）Fr．进行分析。18个随机引物获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏草／阔孢虫草与蛹虫草之间存在显著的遗传差异。冬虫夏草与阔孢虫草之间的遗传差异较为明显。在同种虫草个体中,来自同一地方的样本间遗传差异较小,不同地方的样本间遗传差异较大。说明云南虫草的不同地理群体间存在遗传分化。应用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树将来自不同地方的冬虫夏草及阔孢虫草分别聚在一起,提示RAPD标记在虫草群体中有显著的地区特异性。RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可在分子水平上研究虫草属的遗传分化、起源和系统演化等。     

冬虫夏草无性型研究概况*

文献调查结果表明与冬虫夏草有关的无性型菌种已报道有22个学名,涉及13个属。针对这些名称上存在的命名问题本文展开了讨论,并评述了不同名称与冬虫夏草的关系及其有关菌种的研究进展。在已报道的分离菌种中,作为新种正式描述的名称有8个,其中6个为合格发表,其余2个未能满足名称合格发表的条件;还有4个名称在文献中作为新种提到,但没有合格发表的出处,也有一例只提到名称而无其他要素;另有5个名称则只有属名,尚未鉴定到种的水平。中国被毛孢为多个独立的研究证明为冬虫夏草的无性型,还有3个无性型名称已被证明不可能是冬虫夏草的无性型。其他无性型名称与冬虫夏草的关系有待进一步验证。文中对与冬虫夏草有关的菌种定名、无性型分离和验证方法、复无性型现象,以及有关学名问题作了讨论。