测定蒸腾系数的简便方法

蒸腾系数可以反映植物对水分的利用效率。它是研究植物与水分关系的重要生理指标之一。农林生产上常以植物在某-生育期干重增长量、大体推算其需水总量来计算蒸腾系数,不仅费时费力,且精度较低。利用红外线CO_2分析仪定温,定湿同时测得光合     

我国以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布

以我国最新出版的《中国植被图集》为基础,应用地理信息系统GIS软件ARC/ INFO(NT版)和数字化仪,提取以梭梭属植物为优势的现存荒漠植被地理分布信息,制作地理分布专题图;在生态信息系统(GREEN)软件支持下,定义地理气候适应参数区间,生成以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布图;将现存和潜在的分布图叠加并对照比较,揭示以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布特征,预测适宜以梭梭属植物为优势的荒漠植被发展的地理空间。结果表明:以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域包括新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区、甘肃省、青海省等省(区) ,以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域仅限于新疆维吾尔自治区;以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布与现存的以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的行政区域一致,分布的地貌也基本相同,但两者之间在地理分布边界和面积上存在较大差异。以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以梭梭柴为优势的荒漠植被的分布北界约0 .9个纬度,南界超出约0 .4个纬度;东界超出约5 .9个经度,西界超出约3.5个经度;以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的北界约1个纬度;南界超出约0 .9个纬度;东界超     

荒漠植物叶片或同化枝δ13C值及水分利用效率研究

温带荒漠植物长期生长在夏季炎热高温、冬季寒冷低温、长年干旱缺水的极端环境中,以其特有的形态学特征和生理功能来减少水分损失.为了探讨荒漠植物水分利用效率(WUE),为荒漠生态系统保育和退化植被恢复重建提供理论依据,运用稳定碳同位素技术和光合仪测定对比的方法,对河西走廊中段临泽绿洲北部荒漠中5种植物进行了全年生长期研究.结果表明荒漠植物月水分利用效率与年生长期平均水分利用效率的相关性在8月份最高,其方程式为WUEgpa= -1.8 + 1.98 WUEAug(P = 0.011,r =0.96);月稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C 或13 C/12C) (‰)与生长期平均WUE的相关性在8月和9月最大,可靠性最高,其方程式为WUE gpa= 4.7 + 0.0813 C/12Cmon(P=0.057,r=0.87).研究得出用稳定碳同位素比率指示温带荒漠植物的短期水分利用效率,随着叶片或同化枝成熟,越往生长后期,正相关性越高,直至霜降;用稳定碳同位素比率指示植物的长期水分利用效率,以8月下旬至9月下旬采样最好.梭梭和沙拐枣的水分利用效率显著高于其它荒漠植物,5种荒漠植物长期水分利用效率的排列顺序为梭梭＞沙拐枣＞柠条＞花棒≈泡泡刺.     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林3种植物光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应

利用Li-6400光合作用系统在沙漠腹地测定分析塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应,探讨了水分亏缺对防护林植物光合积累的影响作用。结果显示:沙拐枣的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、光能利用效率及潜在光合作用能力对水分亏缺最敏感,而柽柳则最不敏感;不同处理下3种植物光合特性变化的差异表明,不同植物对水分亏缺有着不同的响应变化和适应方式;此外,干旱胁迫未提高3种植物的水分利用效率,反而降低了其光能利用效率;C3植物多枝柽柳在干旱高温条件下保持着比C4植物梭梭和沙拐枣更为稳定的光合积累和水分利用效率,说明部分C3植物具备不弱于C4荒漠植物的干旱耐受适应能力;虽然水分亏缺对3种植物的光合作用能力均存在不同程度抑制作用,但未对其光合积累造成不可逆转的影响。可见3种植物都有很强的干旱适应与耐受能力,这种能力表明沙漠公路防护林的灌溉管理还有进一步的节水空间。     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生理与个体用水策略对降水改变的响应

随着全球变化的加剧,降水改变正导致荒漠生态系统中植物用水策略的适应性变化;对降水变化响应的种间差异性影响着荒漠植物群落组成。研究将生理生态与个体形态尺度相结合,调查中亚荒漠关键种梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron对降水变化导致的自然生境中水分条件改变的响应与适应。实验于2005年生长期开展,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐生旱生荒漠中设置3个降水梯度（自然、双倍和无降水）;观测并比较不同降水条件下光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势、水分利用效率、地上生物量累积和根系分布的变化。结果表明,梭梭主要利用降水形成的浅层土壤水维持生存;有效的形态调节和较强的气孔控制是其维持光合能力以及适应降水变化的主要机制;降水增多对其产生正效应,预示着梭梭可能在未来种间竞争和群落演替中占有优势。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带植物白刺和梭梭光合特性

研究了民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带两种优势植物白刺(Nitrariatangutorum)和梭梭(Haloxylonammodendron)气体交换特征参数和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化,结果表明:梭梭同化枝日均净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、水分利用效率(WUE)和早晨PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)明显低于白刺叶片;同时它们在中午都呈现明显的光合“午休”现象。通过气孔限制值(Ls)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)变化趋势分析表明:梭梭同化枝净光合速率的下降在9:00~12:00主要是由于气孔关闭引起的,而在12:00~15:00主要是非气孔因素光抑制的影响;而白刺叶片光合速率的下降主要是气孔关闭引起的。同时,梭梭在一天中其同化枝的温度(Tleaf)高于大气温度尤其在中午差值更大,而白刺叶片的温度却低于大气温度,因此说明梭梭同化枝在中午不仅遭受着干旱和强光的胁迫而且面临严酷的高温胁迫。总之,在绿洲荒漠过渡带生境中白刺比梭梭具有更好的适应性,这可能是民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭林衰退的重要原因之一。     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生理与个体用水策略对降水改变的响应

随着全球变化的加剧,降水改变正导致荒漠生态系统中植物用水策略的适应性变化;对降水变化响应的种间差异性影响着荒漠植物群落组成。研究将生理生态与个体形态尺度相结合,调查中亚荒漠关键种梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron对降水变化导致的自然生境中水分条件改变的响应与适应。实验于2005年生长期开展,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐生旱生荒漠中设置3个降水梯度（自然、双倍和无降水）;观测并比较不同降水条件下光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势、水分利用效率、地上生物量累积和根系分布的变化。结果表明,梭梭主要利用降水形成的浅层土壤水维持生存;有效的形态调节和较强的气孔控制是其维持光合能力以及适应降水变化的主要机制;降水增多对其产生正效应,预示着梭梭可能在未来种间竞争和群落演替中占有优势。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区五种植物的生理生态特征比较

通过测定陕北黄土丘陵区5种植物在旱季的光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶水势日变化,将植物划分为不同的水分生态适应类型.结果表明:柳枝稷的光合生理特征属于高光合、低蒸腾和高水分利用效率类型,其抗旱适应性特征属于高水势延迟脱水类型;苜蓿属于高光合高蒸腾低水分利用效率类型,耐旱性为高水势延迟脱水型;达乌里胡枝子属于低光合、低蒸腾、低水分利用效率类型,耐旱性为高水势延迟脱水型;白羊草属于高光合、蒸腾较高的水分利用效率中等型,耐旱性属于能忍耐脱水造成的低水势的一类.沙打旺属于高光合中等蒸腾速率中等水分利用效率类型,耐旱性为低水势延迟脱水型.     

粤北石灰岩山地主要造林树种的生理生态学特性

本文是在调查粤北石灰岩山地植被的基础上,选出8种植物进行光能利用效率和蒸腾系数等生理生态学特性研究,并与非石灰岩山地较速生的荷木、藜蒴作比较,以筛选出适合石灰岩山地造林绿化的树种。结果表明,任豆、香椿与荷木、藜蒴的平均净光合速率(gCO2·m-2·d-1)分别为19.92,13.10,9.04和8.11;对光合有效辐射的利用效率(%)分别为4.21,4.59,2.71和2.52;蒸腾速率(gH2O·m-2·d-1)分别为2191,1266,1499和1133;蒸腾系数(gH2O·gDM-1)分别为164,144,244和209．说明任豆、香椿比荷木、藜蒴速生,光能利用效率、水分利用效率高,生态适应性强。光皮树、阴香的生长速度与荷木、藜蒴相似。菜豆树、桂花、铁榄、板栗的生长速度比荷木、藜蒴慢,但除板栗外都比较耐荫,对石灰岩山地环境也有较强的生态适应性。     

Heterozygosity patterning and its relation to fitness components in experimental populations of Liomys pictus from tropical forests in western Mexico

We investigated the relationship between individual heterozygosity and the utilization of food and water in experimental populations of Liomys pictus from the markedly seasonal tropical dry deciduous and semideciduous forests of Chamela, Jalisco, in western Mexico. Thirty presumptive gene loci were analysed using starch-gel electrophoresis to estimate levels of heterozygosity. Mean body weight was used as a direct measure of the performance of individuals under food and water stressful conditions. L. pictus individuals subjected to a sequentially decreasing food treatment showed high feeding efficiency, with a ratio of food absorbed/food consumed of almost one. The association between food utilization and heterozygosity was not statistically significant, despite the pattern observed that the more heterozygous individuals maintained their weight better during the food treatment. Water utilization was positively associated with heterozygosity. When deprived of water, the more heterozygous individuals lost less weight than the less heterozygous ones. The ability of the more heterozygous individuals to better conserve water and energy may contribute to their adaptation to the extreme seasonality of the Chamela forests.     

Water relations, gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, and peroxidative stress of four plant species in the Heihe drainage basin of northern China

Haloxylon ammodendron, Calligonum mongolicum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, and Populus hosiensis had different adaptations to limited water availability, high temperature, and high irradiance. C. mongolicum used water more efficiently than did the other species. Because of low transpiration rate (E) and low water potential, H. ammodendron had low water loss suitable for desert conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) was high in E. angustifolia, but high E and larger leaf area made this species more suitable for mesic habitats; consequently, this species is important in tree shelterbelts. P. hosiensis had low WUE, E, and photosynthesis rates, and therefore, does not prosper in arid areas without irrigation. High irradiances caused photoinhibition of the four plants. The decrease of photochemical efficiency was a possible non-stomata factor for the midday depression of C. mongolicum. However, the species exhibited different protective mechanisms against high irradiance under drought stress. H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum possessed a more effective antioxidant defence system than E. angustifolia. These three species showed different means of coping with oxidative stress. Hence an enzymatic balance is maintained in these plants under adverse stress conditions, and the concerted action of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms is vital to survive adverse conditions.     

科尔沁沙地主要植物种的生理生态学特性

对科尔沁沙地主要植物种小叶锦鸡儿、差不嘎蒿、冷蒿和杂交杨进行了光合和水分生理生态学特性的研究,结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿,差不嘎蒿和杂交杨的光合速率在６：００最高,至８：００剧降,在８：００－１６：００内处于低水平,１６：００以后有回升现象;冷蒿由于６：００光合速率低,下降幅度较小,一日内光合速率降低冷蒿在６：００－８：００、小叶锦鸡儿在８：００－１０：００、杂交杨和差不嘎蒿在６：００－１０：００以气孔     

Comparative Studies on Relation of Photosynthesis to Water Status of Two Species of Haloxylon Under Controlled Environments

The net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and water content of assimilating shoots of Haloscyion ammodendron and H. persicum were measured under different radiation intensities, temperatures changes and different water status. Their water potential under different water status was also measured. The experimental results showed. (1) The dependence of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate on radiation intensit in the two species of Haloscylon. The increase of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of H. arnrnodendron depending on radiation intensity was lower than that of H. persicurn. Two species of Haloxylon also maintained high transpiration rate under dark. (2) The average transpiration rate of H. persicurn was lower than H. arnrnodendron,showing that H. persicurn utilized water more efficiently than H. arnrnodendron. (3)The optimal temperature of photosynthesis of H. arnrnodendron was 24–32℃ and the optimal temperature of water utilization of H. arnrnodendron was 23. 5–25℃. (4) The water potential of H. amrnodendron was lower than –3.5 MPa whereas that of H. persicum was lower than –2.8MPa indicating that the two species of Haloscylon were under severe water stress ,and would lead to permanent wilting of their assimilating shoots.     

Nutrient requirements and stress response of Populus simonii and Paulownia tomentosa

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the optimum nutrient requirements and responses to low relative nutrient addition rates of seedlings of two important broadleaf tree species in China, Populus simonii Carr. and Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. In preliminary experiments the optimum nutrient proportions were estimated under high concentration conditions. The nutrients consumed were replaced by means of daily additions determined by pH and conductivity titrations without changing the nutrient solutions. A relatively high K level was needed in relation to nitrogen; higher than in birch or grey alder seedlings. To obtain a high relative growth rate, suitable proportions by weight were 100 N:70 K:14 P:7 Ca:7 Mg for the Populus seedlings and 100 N:75 K:20 P:8 Ca:9 Mg for the Paulownia seedlings.
In studies of nutrient stress responses the relative nutrient addition rate was used as the treatment variable under low conductivity conditions. The responses and relationships were similar to those described for birch, grey alder and Salix . The relative addition rate, and there was also a strong linear regression between relative growth rate and nitrogen status. Relative growth rates were high and the maximum weight increase was about 19% day⁻¹ in Populus and over 25% day⁻¹ in Paulownia . The nitrogen productivity of Paulownia was very high, 0.26 g dry weight (g N)⁻¹ h⁻¹, and for Populus it was 0.16 g dry weight (g N)⁻¹ h⁻¹.     

Key characteristics for facilitating Leucaena leucocephala to successfully invade pioneer communities of tropical rain forests

Aims Due to fast-growing and high drought stress tolerance, Leucaena leucocephala has been widely used for afforestation in degraded tropical forests worldwide, but it is also a global invasive exotic species. Studies have shown that fast-growing can help L. leucocephala successfully invade subtropical forests. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fast-growing and high drought stress tolerance can help L. leucocephala invade tropical rain forests.Methods The pioneer community of tropical rain forest which had been invaded by L. leucocephala in the Baopoling Mountain, Sanya, China was the research object. Through the t-test, we compared the differences in key functional traits that were related to growth rate (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and drought stress tolerance (leaf turgor loss point) in both wet and dry seasons between L. leucocephala and eight dominant native species of pioneer community of tropical rain forest. And the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate whether these functional traits can best discriminate between Leucaena leucocephala and the eight dominant native species.Important findings Leucaena leucocephala could be invariably growing fast (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate much higher than native species) from wet to dry seasons and had higher drought stress tolerance (leaf turgor loss point much lower than native species) in the dry season. The results of PCA showed that these functional traits could significantly discriminate between L. leucocephala and the eight dominant native species. Therefore, invariable fast-growing from wet to dry season and high drought stress tolerance in the dry season make L. leucocephala successfully invade pioneer communities of tropical rain forests. In the future, these functional traits can be used to select many native species to perform biological control of L. leucocephala in other tropical forests.     

Diversity of Tropical Tree Seedling Responses to Drought

Drought is an important seedling mortality agent in dry and moist tropical forests, and more severe and frequent droughts are predicted in the future. The effect of drought on leaf gas exchange and seedling survival was tested in a dry-down experiment with four tree species from dry and moist forests in Bolivia. Seedlings were droughted and wilting stage and gas exchange were monitored. Drought led to a gradual reduction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance over time, whereas respiration and photosynthetic water-use efficiency initially increased with drought and then declined. Seedlings gradually went through the different wilting stages, until they eventually died, but the trajectory differed for the four species. The strong relationship between wilting stage and photosynthesis means that simple field observations can provide valuable information on plant physiological performance. Three different drought strategies were identified. Dry forest species Ceiba samauma shed its leaves and survived. The moist forest species Cariniana ianeirensis postponed drought stress by having low rates of transpiration and high water-use efficiency. Dry forest Astronium urundeuva and moist forest Triplaris americana followed an opportunistic strategy; they are early successional species that can quickly grow to maturity but periodic drought can be lethal. Strikingly, dry and moist forest species did not differ clearly in their drought tolerance strategies.     

Leaf age effects on photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and nitrogen content in a tropical dry forest

This study examines the effect of leaf age on photosynthesis, transpiration and nitrogen concentration in four deciduous (DC) and two evergreen (EG) species coexisting in a tropical dry forest of Venezuela. Leaf age was characterized on the basis of leaf chorophyll, nitrogen content, and construction and maintenance costs. The mean leaf area-based nitrogen concentration (N) in EG was about twice that in DC species. A leaf age effect was observed in both DC and EG species, with largest N concentration in mature leaves. Fractional leaf N allocation to chlorophyll was higher in the DC than in the EG species. Differences in the construction costs of leaf mass between the youngest and the oldest leaves averaged from 2.14 to 1.55 g glucose g⁻¹ dry weight. Although variation in area-based leaf maintenance and construction costs between DC and EG species existed, they were, nevertheless, positively correlated. Individual data sets, for each species, indicated that leaf N and maximum rate of photosynthesis (A_max) were linearly related. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) tended to be higher in mature leaves than in expanding and old leaves. Moreover, DC species always had higher NUE than EG species. Intercellular to ambient pressures of CO₂ (P_i/P_a) were related to WUE in a negative manner. Higher P_i/P_a values were observed in expanding and old leaves. Leaf age effect on photosynthesis was, therefore, due to greater decline of carbon fixation capacity by mesophyll tissue relative to the decline in stomatal conductance in youngest and oldest leaves.     

新疆叶尔羌河流域胡杨林时空格局特征

叶尔羌河流域胡杨林对保障我国新疆南疆地区生态安全有着重要的功能,到目前对该区胡杨林时空格局特征规律的研究极少。基于1995—2015年Landsat TM/OLI长时间序列遥感监测数据,通过土地利用程度变化指数、转移矩阵以及景观指数对叶尔羌河流域胡杨林时空格局变化进行动态监测与分析。结果表明:(1)胡杨林面积从1995年的1916.15 km~2减少到2015年的1652.25 km~2,面积减少了263.90 km~2。永安坝至夏河林场段,耕地向河道扩张,胡杨林转为耕地;而夏河林场至三河口段,水资源匮乏,胡杨林被迫向河道收缩,转为未利用地。(2)胡杨林动态度和空间动态度降低,而胡杨林变化状态指数、斑块密度、最大斑块指数和散布与并列指数增加,斑块结合度指数高,胡杨林空间分布逐渐集中、破碎度降低、连通性增加。流域景观要素连接性逐渐减弱,破碎化程度较高,优势度斑块类型比例逐渐下降,景观类型向复杂化方向发展。(3)1995—2005年胡杨林受气候变化和人类活动的干扰,胡杨林面积减少较快,景观格局变化剧烈,而2005—2015年胡杨林保护措施的实施、区域产业结构的调整以及生态安全输水区域的扩大等,胡杨林面积减少速度减缓,但形势仍较为严峻。在叶尔羌河流域合理利用水资源,统筹协调生活、生产和生态用水、强化水资源管理力度,以及调整产业结构、控制人口增长速度等是该区胡杨林生态系统恢复的有效手段和途径。研究可以为叶尔羌河流域生态系统恢复以及胡杨林保护提供参考。     

库姆塔格沙漠南缘荒漠植物群落多样性分析

 根据20个样地的调查资料,应用重要值计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数 、优势度指数,对库姆塔格沙漠南缘荒漠植物群落物种多样性进行分析。结果表明: 1）荒漠植物群落分布随其生境地貌不同而不同,山前戈壁上分布有合头草(Sympegma regelii)群落,冲积河道低地分布有荒漠林胡杨(Populus euphratica)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）群落,戈壁沙漠过渡带为梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落,低海拔的沙山上分布有沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)群落、膜果麻黄(Ephedra rzewalskii)群落和梭梭群落。2）荒漠植物群落物种多样性水平较低,群落结构简单,物种组成单一。群落Shannon_Wiener物种多样性水平表现为合头草群落最高（1.706）,具有草原化荒漠植被类型的成分;梭梭群落、膜果麻黄群落居中（0.875～0.890）,荒漠植被类型特征明显;沙拐枣群落、胡杨群落、多枝 柽柳群落、胀果甘草群落较低（0.079～0.495）,荒漠林、盐地沙生灌丛及盐化草甸植被均有零星分布。3）荒漠植物群落结构层次中,灌木层占居主导地位,群落灌木层物种多样性水平（0.769～1.451）远远大于草本层（0.193～0.254）,且草本层物种多样性受灌木层影响较大。4）荒漠植物群落物种多样性分布格局表现为经向、纬向和海拔梯度的变化,经向、纬向变化为物种多样性水平较高的草原化植物合头草群落（1.706）向物种多样性水平较低的荒漠植物梭梭群落（1.379）和盐化植物多枝柽柳群落（0.376）的过渡,海拔梯度则 呈现低水平的沙拐枣群落（0.819）到高水平的膜果麻黄群落（0.890）向低水平的梭梭群落 （0.645）变化。荒漠植物群落过渡地带一般具有较高的物种多样性和较低的生态优势度。