线粒体PT孔与细胞凋亡

线粒体在细胞凋亡中有着重要作用,而线粒体PT孔开放是线粒体因素导致细胞凋亡的关键。促凋亡因素通过诱导PT孔的形成,导致线粒体膜电位丧失,使细胞色素C和凋亡诱导因子等释放进入细胞浆,启动细胞凋亡程序,诱导细胞凋亡。本文就目前线粒体PT孔的结构、可能的凋控机制及其在细胞凋亡中作用的研究进展进行综述。     

高糖通过线粒体途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡

线粒体途径是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一. 在特定的刺激下,例如高糖条件,可以通过caspase依赖性和非依赖性两种途径诱导多种细胞凋亡.但线粒体凋亡途径在高糖引起成骨细胞凋亡中所起的作用,目前尚不清楚.本研究证明,高糖可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡.Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测显示,高糖可诱导MC3T3-E1细胞凋亡.Western印迹检测发现,不同浓度D-葡萄糖（11,22,33 mmol/L）可以引起线粒体中Bax蛋白表达的增加,使Bax蛋白由细胞质中易位到线粒体,激活了线粒体凋亡途径.JC-1荧光探针检测证实,高糖处理成骨细胞后,线粒体膜电位明显降低,表明线粒体途径被激活.而细胞质中的细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）表达增加,细胞色素c和AIF从线粒体中释放到细胞质中,释放到细胞质中的细胞色素c使caspase-3、caspase-9剪切活化,从而激活了caspase依赖性凋亡途径.因此,线粒体凋亡途径可能是高糖诱导成骨细胞凋亡过程中一个重要的途径.     

青蒿素诱导人白血病细胞K562凋亡的线粒体机制

目的:探讨青蒿素诱导人白血病细胞K562凋亡的线粒体机制.方法:用青蒿素处理K562细胞.通过MTT比色法检别细胞增殖抑制的效果;荧光显微镜观察细胞的凋亡;流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)进行细胞周期分析;Western-blotting测定药物作用前后线粒体、细胞浆细胞色素C的表达.结果:青蒿素抑制K562细胞的增殖,IC5D为1.5× 10-5mol·L-1;Hoechst33342/PI双荧光染色可观察到明显的核浓缩、凝集等细胞凋亡表现;流式细胞仪检测G2期细胞比例增高,S期减少;Western-blotting检测药物处理细胞后线粒体细胞色素C表达水平下调,细胞浆出现明显细胞色素C蛋白条带.结论:青蒿素可能通过线粒体细胞色素C途径诱导K562细胞凋亡.     

羟基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后线粒体疏水蛋白质组的定量分析

抗癌剂羟基喜树碱可以通过线粒体途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡.应用定量蛋白质组学技术分析羟 基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体疏水蛋白质差异表达,探讨癌细胞凋亡机制及羟基 喜树碱的抗癌机理.分离提取羟基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体,并采用顺序抽提法提取疏水蛋白质;用含稳定同位素亲和标签的c-ICAT试剂标记蛋白,利用基于多维色谱线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱质谱联用技术的鸟枪(shotgun)法策略分析鉴定了在肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体中表达量差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)的疏水蛋白144种,其中, 12种蛋白的表达量在凋亡细胞中下调,而表达量在羟基喜树碱诱导细胞凋亡后上调10倍以上的蛋白43种.这些蛋白主要与细胞分裂增殖、分化凋亡、能量代谢、核酸代谢以及信号转导相关.该研究结果为在亚细胞定量蛋白质组水平上深入探讨羟基喜树碱的作用机理提供了新的实验依据,亦为研究肿瘤细胞凋亡机制提供了新的思路.     

氧化型胆固醇诱导血管细胞凋亡的机制

氧化型胆固醇（Ch—Ox）能诱导血管细胞凋亡,它是氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导细胞凋亡的主要活性成分之一,在动脉粥样硬化的形成过程中起重要作用。本文综合目前Ch—Ox的细胞毒性作用的研究进展,讨论了Ch-Ox诱导细胞凋亡的可能机制,并对凋亡的两种可能途径及信号转导进行分析,认为Ch-Ox通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡已得到大量研究结果的证明;而通过死亡受体途径的可能性仍有待于进一步研究;胞内钙离子浓度的升高是Ch—Ox诱导细胞凋亡的早期信号转导事件;活性氧在Ch-Ox诱导细胞凋亡过程中也可能作为第二信使发挥重要作用。     

细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶Roscovitine诱导非小细胞肺癌A549细胞凋亡及其机制的研究

目的：探讨细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶（CDK）抑制剂Roseovitine（Ros）诱导非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）A549细胞凋亡及其作用机制。方法：以不同浓度Ros（101．1M、20yM、40μM）处理细胞24h,采用AnnexinV-PI染色以流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Westernblot法检测胞浆中和线粒体促凋亡蛋白Bax和Bad的表达,流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位（脚）变化。结果：Ros以剂量依赖的方式诱导A549细胞凋亡,同时Bad和Bax在胞浆的含量随着Ros剂量的增加而减少,而在线粒体中却出现相反的结果,线粒体膜电位随Ros剂量的增大而降低。结论：Ros可通过促进Bax和Bad由胞浆向线粒体易位,诱导NSCLCA549细胞由线粒体途径发生凋亡。     

柯里拉京对人肺癌细胞A549的抑制作用及其机制研究

该研究旨在探讨柯里拉京对人肺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响及其潜在作用机制。采用CCK-8细胞活性检测试剂盒检测柯里拉京对A549细胞活性的影响;通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒检测线粒体膜电位;免疫印迹法检测凋亡相关蛋白(bax、bcl-2、cleaved-caspase-3、cleaved-PARP)的表达量;通过DCFH-DA探针标记检测细胞内ROS水平。研究结果显示,柯里拉京处理能够剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞的活性,并通过上调bax的表达、下调bcl-2的表达,破坏线粒体膜电位,促进有活性的cleaved-caspase-3以及cleaved-PARP的形成,诱导A549细胞凋亡。活性氧清除剂NAC能够明显逆转柯里拉京诱导的细胞凋亡。因此,柯里拉京可能通过调节胞内ROS水平诱导人肺癌细胞A549发生凋亡。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的变化与作用

要在各种凋亡信号的诱导下,线粒体会发生显著的结构与功能性的变化,包括各种促凋亡蛋白(如细胞色素c,凋亡诱导因子等）的释放,线粒体膜电位的丢失,电子传递链的变化,以及细胞内氧化还原状态的变化;核转录因子以线粒体为中介也参与了细胞凋亡的调控。线粒体在哺乳动物细胞凋亡中具有核心地位和作用,昆虫细胞凋亡的研究表明,线粒体与昆虫细胞凋亡也有密切的关系。线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用可能具有普遍意义。     

胞浆型磷脂酶A2介导弱氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡

探讨弱氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白(MM-LDL)能否诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)凋亡以及胞浆型磷脂酶A₂(cPLA₂)在此过程中的作用.MTT法测定细胞存活率;相差显微镜、荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡;³H-花生四烯酸(³H-AA)预标法测定PLA₂活性;蛋白质印迹检测cPLA₂磷酸化;激光共聚焦显微镜检测单个细胞内钙离子浓度的变化.结果表明,MM-LDL(100～300 mg/L)作用后的HUVECs呈现凋亡典型的形态特征,凋亡率随MM-LDL浓度的增加而上升.MM-LDL能引起胞内钙离子浓度增加,cPLA₂的活化及磷酸化.15 μmol/L AACOCF₃和5 mmol/L EGTA在抑制cPLA₂活性的同时,部分抑制MM-LDL诱导的HUVECs凋亡.加入外源性AA(50 μmol/L)能逆转AACOCF₃引起的凋亡抑制.结果提示,cPLA₂参与了MM-LDL诱导HUVECs凋亡的信号传递.     

细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶Roscovitine 诱导非小细胞肺癌A549 细胞凋亡及 其机制的研究

目的:探讨细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶(CDK)抑制剂Roscovitine(Ros)诱导非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)A549细胞凋亡及其作用机制。方法:以不同浓度Ros(10μM、20μM、40μM)处理细胞24h,采用Annexin V-PI染色以流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Westernblot法检测胞浆中和线粒体促凋亡蛋白Bax和Bad的表达,流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)变化。结果:Ros以剂量依赖的方式诱导A549细胞凋亡,同时Bad和Bax在胞浆的含量随着Ros剂量的增加而减少,而在线粒体中却出现相反的结果,线粒体膜电位随Ros剂量的增大而降低。结论:Ros可通过促进Bax和Bad由胞浆向线粒体易位,诱导NSCLC A549细胞由线粒体途径发生凋亡。     

Programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi induced by Bothrops jararaca venom

Cells die through a programmed process or accidental death, know as apoptosis or necrosis, respectively. Bothrops jararaca is a snake whose venom inhibits the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote forms causing mitochondrion swelling and cell death. The aim of the present work was to determine the type of death induced in epimastigotes of T. cruzi by this venom. Parasite growth was inhibited after venom treatment, and 50% growth inhibition was obtained with 10 microg/ml. Ultrastructural observations confirmed mitochondrion swelling and kinetoplast disorganization. Furthermore, cytoplasmic condensation, loss of mitochondrion membrane potential, time-dependent increase in phosphatidylserine exposure at the outer leaflet plasma membrane followed by permeabilization, activation of caspase like protein and DNA fragmentation were observed in epimastigotes throughout a 24 h period of venom treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that the stress induced in epimastigote by this venom, triggers a programmed cell death process, similar to metazoan apoptosis, which leads to parasite death.     

Mitochondrial physiology and pathology; concepts of programmed death of organelles, cells and organisms

The review summarizes the present state of our knowledge concerning alternative functions of mitochondria, namely energy conservation in forms of protonic potential and ATP, thermoregulatory energy dissipation as heat, production of useful substances, decomposition of harmful substances, control of cellular processes. The recent progress in understanding of some mitochondrion-linked pathologies is described. The role of reactive oxygen species in these processes is stressed. Possible mechanisms of programmed death of mitochondrion (mitoptosis), cell (apoptosis) and organism (phenoptosis) are considered. A concept is put forward assuming that mitoptosis is involved in some types of apoptosis whereas apoptosis can be a part of a phenoptotic cascade. It is hypothesized that septic shock, as well as the stress-induced brain and heart ischemic diseases and cancer, exemplify mechanisms of phenoptosis purifying population, community of organisms or kin from dangerous or useless individuals.     

蛋白激酶C-δ在细胞凋亡中的作用及其分子机制

蛋白激酶C-δ（protein kinase C-δ, PKC-δ）是细胞内重要的信号转导分子,在动物体内广泛表达,具有多种重要的细胞功能,如细胞增殖、死亡和免疫等,尤其在细胞凋亡中扮演重要的角色。在细胞凋亡过程中,PKC-δ可通过构象变化或天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）剪切等过程被激活。激活的PKC-δ由细胞质向线粒体或细胞核进行转位。被caspase-3切割的PKC-δ,产生具有激酶活性的催化片段（PKC-δ-catalytic fragment, PKC-δ-CF）,作用于下游底物蛋白质,活化促凋亡相关的调控因子,促进细胞凋亡;同时PKC-δ还具有抗凋亡的调控功能。本文对PKC-δ在细胞凋亡中的作用与分子机制及在肿瘤发生与治疗中的作用进行综述,以期为进一步明确PKC-δ在细胞凋亡中的作用机制提供资料。     

Mitochondrial mechanisms of neural cell apoptosis

The importance of calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, and free radical generation to neuropathological processes has been recognized for many years. Only more recently has evidence accumulated that the programmed cell death process of apoptosis plays an integral role not only in the development of the nervous system, but in the loss of cells following acute neurological insults and chronic disease. In 1996 came the landmark discovery that cytochrome c, an evolutionary old and essential component of the respiratory chain, has a second and deadly function when it escapes the mitochondrion: triggering the cell death cascade. A flurry of activity has since ensued in an effort to understand the mechanistic events associated with mitochondrial permeabilization during apoptosis and regulation by an enigmatic family of proteins characterized by homology to the proto-oncogene Bcl-2. This review discusses the evidence for various release mechanisms of apoptotic proteins (e.g. cytochrome c) from neural cell mitochondria, focusing particularly on roles for calcium, Bax, p53, and oxidative stress. The need for new drugs that act at the level of the mitochondrion to prevent apoptosis is also highlighted.     

Bcl-2蛋白的研究进展

Bcl-2基因属于Bcl-2基因家族,其表达的Bcl-2蛋白在细胞凋亡过程中通过抑制线粒体中细胞色素C的释放,可明显地抑制细胞凋亡。由于在大规模的细胞培养过程中,细胞的死亡以凋亡为主,所以可通过建立稳定过表达Bcl-2蛋白的重组细胞株,以抑制细胞的凋亡。同时,Bcl-2蛋白的变化不但可预见肿瘤的发生,而且通过药物降低Bcl-2的含量对于肿瘤的治疗也具有积极的意义。本文综述了Bcl-2蛋白的结构、功能、抗凋亡作用的机理,以及目前在生物制药和临床方面的应用和前景。     

Mitochondrial superoxide anion radicals mediate induction of apoptosis in cardiac myoblasts exposed to chronic hypoxia

Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP depletion may be significant in hypoxia-induced damage and death, either collectively or independently, with high energy requiring, metabolically active cells being the most susceptible to damage.We investigated the kinetics and effects of ROS production in cardiac myoblasts, H9C2 cells, under 2%, 10% and 21% O₂ in the presence or absence of apocynin, rotenone and carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone.H9C2 cells showed significant loss of viability within 30 min of culture at 2% oxygen which was not due to apoptosis, but was associated with an increase in protein oxidation. However, after 4 h, apoptosis induction was observed at 2% oxygen and also to a lesser extent at 10% oxygen; this was dependent on the levels of mitochondrial superoxide anion radicals determined using dihydroethidine. Hypoxia-induced ROS production and cell death could be rescued by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, despite further depletion of ATP.In conclusion, a change to superoxide anion radical steady state level was not detectable after 30 min but was evident after 4 h of mild or severe hypoxia. Superoxide anion radicals from the mitochondrion and not ATP depletion is the major cause of apoptotic cell death in cardiac myoblasts under chronic, severe hypoxia.     

The mitochondrial pathway in yeast apoptosis

Mitochondria are not only important for the energetic status of the cell, but are also the fatal organelles deciding about cellular life and death. Complex mitochondrial features decisive for cell death execution in mammals are present and functional in yeast: AIF and cytochrome c release to the cytosol, mitochondrial fragmentation as well as mitochondrial hyperpolarisation followed by an oxidative burst, and breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential. The easy accessibility of mitochondrial manipulations such as repression of respiration by growing yeast on glucose or deletion of mitochondrial DNA (rho⁰) on the one hand and the unique ability of yeast cells to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources by switching on mitochondrial respiration on the other hand have made yeast an excellent tool to delineate the necessity for mitochondria in cell death execution. Yeast research indicates that the connection between mitochondria and apoptosis is intricate, as abrogation of mitochondrial function can be either deleterious or beneficial for the cell depending on the specific context of the death scenario. Surprisingly, mitochondrion dependent yeast apoptosis currently helps to understand the aetiology (or the complex biology) of lethal cytoskeletal alterations, ageing and neurodegeneration. For example, mutation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase or CDC48/VCP mutations, both implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders, are associated with mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis in yeast.     

哺乳动物卵母细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是发育过程中的基本生命现象,除各种体细胞凋亡外,生殖细胞的发生过程中也发生细胞凋亡。就雌性生殖系而言,细胞凋亡是其发育过程中的一个重要组成部分。在哺乳动物中,超过99．9％的雌性生殖细胞都会在卵子发生的不同阶段发生凋亡。有三种学说解释这一现象：1)被忽视死亡;2)因缺陷死亡;3)自我牺牲死亡。本文主要综述了哺乳动物卵母细胞凋亡的现象、卵母细胞凋亡学说、线粒体遗传与卵母细胞凋亡的关系以及凋亡的分子机理,同时还探讨了卵母细胞凋亡的生物学意义。     

HIV-1 viral genes and mitochondrial apoptosis

The mitochondrion is an organelle that regulates various cellular functions including the production of energy and programmed cell death. Aberrant mitochondrial function is often concomitant with various cytopathies and medical disorders. The mitochondrial membrane plays a key role in the induction of cellular apoptosis, and its destabilization, as triggered by both intracellular and extracellular stimuli, results in the release of proapoptotic factors into the cytosol. Not surprisingly, proteins from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) have been implicated in exploiting this organelle to promote the targeted depletion of key immune cells, which assists in viral evasion of the immune system and contributes to the characteristic global immunodeficiency observed during progression of disease. Here we review the mechanisms by which HIV affects the mitochondrion, and suggest that various viral-associated genes may directly regulate apoptotic cell death.