营养基因组学的研究进展

营养学是一门古老的学科, 为人们的健康保护和疾病预防提供了重要的理论指导。随着分子生物学技术的发展, 它已成为21世纪生命科学研究最为主要的技术之一。分子生物学与营养学的结合, 产生了分子营养学。而基因组学与营养学的结合, 则形成了营养基因组学。营养基因组学涵盖了一个广泛的领域, 它研究营养素和基因表达的相互影响, 预测其对营养素的反应。基因组学技术可以帮助确认一些与疾病发生有关的基因, 人们可以根据各自的基因图谱制定一份个性化的饮食方案, 以此防病治病, 使人们的健康状况通过调整饮食来达到最佳。文中重点介绍了营养基因组学的主要研究方法及其应用。     

营养素补充剂精准化应用技术展望

近年来,随着收入水平提升,居民保健意识逐渐增强,营养素补充剂受到更加广泛的关注。我国因维生素、矿物质等人体必需微量营养素缺乏造成的“隐性饥饿”问题凸显,营养素补充剂未来市场潜力巨大。本研究对营养素补充剂精准化应用技术进行了展望,重点介绍了现有膳食调查方法、人体健康监测技术研究进展,并在此基础上介绍了营养素补充剂精准、个性化使用的发展趋势。     

营养基本知识讲座（三）：人体需要的营养素（续）

营养基本知识讲座（三）──人体需要的营养素（续）刘绣云（北京医科大学营养教研组１０００８３）（续１９９５年第３０卷第４期第３０页）５矿物质人体需要的营养素除了蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物等有机化物外，还有无机的矿物质。随着人的体重增加体内矿物质含量不断增多...     

营养基本知识讲座（一）—人体需要的营养素

营养基本知识讲座（一）──人体需要的营养素刘绣云（北京医科大学营养教研组１０００８３）前言就目前所知，人体需要的营养素有４０余种，可分成６大类：蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物（包括膳食纤维）、无机盐（包括常量元素和微量元素）、维生素和水。世界上没有一种天然食...     

哺乳动物营养代谢的时间生物学研究进展

时间生物学主要是研究生物体内生理和行为的时间机制的学科,而这种机制主要是由生物钟调控的。研究表明,营养代谢的各个方面如葡萄糖转运、糖原异生、脂质合成及降解、氧化磷酸化等作用都受到生物钟核心转录机制的调控,并具有时间敏感性;相反,代谢信号也可以反馈调节生物钟系统,包括生物钟基因表达和行为活动。生物钟的紊乱会造成诸如心血管疾病、肥胖、糖尿病等多种疾病。本文从代谢与生物钟的相互关系、各类营养信号和营养素对生物钟的作用以及生物钟与营养代谢相关疾病的关系等多方面综述了哺乳动物营养代谢的时间生物学研究进展。     

哺乳动物胃肠道发育特征和早期营养调控研究进展

对哺乳动物胃肠道发育的研究已经超过三十年,但新生儿患胃肠道功能障碍以及由此引发的并发症的几率依然很高,如食物消化不良、生长缓慢、坏死性小肠结肠炎、吸收障碍综合症和腹泻等.此前的综述文章主要论述营养素以及调控因子对胃肠道形态与功能发育的影响,因此,本文在阐述胃肠道形态和功能发育特征的基础上,论述营养素对胃肠道发育的调控作用以及影响机制,揭示营养素和胃肠道发育的生理相关性以及潜在的早期营养调控措施.     

内耳发育研究的新进展——神经营养素及其受体的调控和

近年来,对神经营养因子尤其是神经营养素及其功能性受体－－酪氨酸激酶受体ＴｒｋＡ、ＴｒｋＢ、ＴｒｋＣ的研究进展迅速,这些因子能够促进神经元的存活、生长、分化以及损伤后的修复,应用免疫组化、原位杂交和基因敲除小鼠模型方法研究这些因子及其受体在内耳发育中的调控作用,可以在细胞、分子水平上提供有关内耳发育机制的新认识,外源性神经营养素可能在临床治疗失聪上具有潜在的应用价值。     

内耳发育研究的新进展——神经营养素及其受体的调控作用

近年来,对神经营养因子(neurotrophic factors)尤其是神经营养素(neurotrophins, NTs)及其功能性受体——酪氨酸激酶受体TrkA、TrkB、TrkC的研究进展迅速.这些因子能够促进神经元的存活、生长、分化以及损伤后的修复.应用免疫组化、原位杂交和基因敲除小鼠模型等方法研究这些因子及其受体在内耳发育中的调控作用, 可以在细胞、分子水平上提供有关内耳发育机制的新认识.外源性神经营养素可能在临床治疗失聪上具有潜在的应用价值.     

与医学相关的营养与代谢方面的新概念

近年来,与医学相关的营养与代谢的研究出现不少新的认识与新发现。本文总结了以下5个方面的新概念：供能的营养物质不仅是供能,还需注意他们对健康的影响;以构成蔗糖分子一半的果糖为例,它竟然是促成代谢综合征、心脑血管病等疾病的因素;食物纤维是极其重要不可或缺的营养素;应高度重视维护正常肠道菌群,因为它与人体的健康与多种疾病密切相关;全食物营养不仅能维持生命,还能增强体质、避免和减少疾病;植物营养素具有抗氧化、抗炎症及抗癌等作用,是全食物营养不可或缺的组成部分。人体营养与物质代谢研究的终极目标是：增强体质,预防和减少疾病,健康长寿。希望本文能够带给读者一些启发。     

血插管技术在动物机体营养代谢研究中的应用

动物机体的营养代谢是一个不断变化的动态过程.血插管技术在研究营养代谢的动态过程中具有独特优势.血插管技术可用于研究不同来源或不同水平的营养素、生物活性物质、营养调控剂或药物对门静脉氨基酸、葡萄糖流量以及对机体内分泌因子、血清生化指标的动态影响效应;研究不同生理或病理条件下动物机体自身营养调控过程的机制;研究某个器官或组织对养分的吸收和代谢特点,等等.本文简要介绍了血插管技术的类型和在动物营养研究中的应用,以期为充分利用此技术加深对动物营养代谢过程及其调控机理的研究提供参考.     

The human gutome: nutrigenomics of the host-microbiome interactions

Demonstrating the importance of the gut microbiota in human health and well-being represents a major transformational task in both medical and nutritional research. Owing to the high-throughput -omics methodologies, the complexity, evolution with age, and individual nature of the gut microflora have been more thoroughly investigated. The balance between this complex community of gut bacteria, food nutrients, and intestinal genomic and physiological milieu is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to human health and disease. This article discusses the "gutome," that is, nutritional systems biology of gut microbiome and host-microbiome interactions. We examine the novel ways in which the study of the human gutome, and nutrigenomics more generally, can have translational and transformational impacts in 21st century practice of biomedicine. We describe the clinical context in which experimental methodologies, as well as data-driven and process-driven approaches are being utilized in nutrigenomics and microbiome research. We underscore the pivotal importance of the gutome as a common platform for sharing data in the emerging field of the integrated metagenomics of gut pathophysiology. This vision needs to be articulated in a manner that recognizes both the omics biotechnology nuances and the ways in which nutrigenomics science can effectively inform population health and public policy, and vice versa.     

Integrating anticipated nutrigenomics bioscience applications with ethical aspects

Nutrigenomics is a subspecialty of nutrition science which aims to understand how gene-diet interactions influence individuals' response to food, disease susceptibility, and population health. Yet ethical enquiry into this field is being outpaced by nutrigenomics bioscience. The ethical issues surrounding nutrigenomics face the challenges of a rapidly evolving field which bring forward the additional dimension of crossdisciplinary integrative research between social and biomedical sciences. This article outlines the emerging nutrigenomics definitions and concepts and analyzes the existing ethics literature concerning personalized nutrition and presents "points to consider" over ethical issues regarding future nutrigenomics applications. The interest in nutrigenomics coincides with a shift in emphasis in medicine and biosciences toward prevention of future disease susceptibilities rather than treatment of already established disease. Hence, unique ethical issues emerge concerning the extent to which nutrigenomics can alter our relation to food, boundaries between health and disease, and the folklore of medical practice. Nutrigenomics can result in new social values, norms, and responsibilities for both individuals and societies. Nutrigenomics is not only another new application of "-omics" technologies in the context of gene-diet interactions. Nutrigenomics may fundamentally change the way we perceive human illness while shifting the focus and broadening the scope of health interventions from patients to healthy individuals. In resource- and time-limited healthcare settings, this creates unique ethical dilemmas and distributive justice issues. Ethical aspects of nutrigenomics applications should be addressed proactively, as this new science develops and increasingly coalesces with other applications of genomics in medicine and public health.     

Nutrients: the environmental regulation of cardiovascular gene expression

The complexity of nutrient-gene interactions has led to the development of a new branch in the nutrition sciences, the nutrigenomics. The individual susceptibility to nutrients based on environment --> genotype --> phenotype interplay makes this new research field extremely promising although complex. In this review, we highlight and examine recent findings and the most relevant hypotheses on the role of the diet in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The effect of unbalanced diets on the cardiovascular system is considered one of the most important risk factors both for ischemic and degenerative myocardial pathologies. The concept that nutrigenomics could help in improving public and personal health is becoming tangible indicating future directions for basic and applied research in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.     

The challenges for molecular nutrition research 3: comparative nutrigenomics research as a basis for entering the systems level

Human nutrition and metabolism may serve as the paradigm for the complex interplay of the genome with its environment. The concept of nutrigenomics now enables science with new tools and comprehensive analytical techniques to investigate this interaction at all levels of the complexity of the organism. Moreover, nutrigenomics seeks to better define the homeostatic control mechanisms, identify the de-regulation in the early phases of diet-related diseases, and attempts to assess to what extent an individual's sensitizing genotype contributes to the overall health or disease state. In a comparative approach nutrigenomics uses biological systems of increasing complexity from yeast to mammalian models to define the general rules of metabolic and genetic mechanisms in adaptations to the nutritional environment. Powerful information technology, bioinformatics and knowledge management tools as well as new mathematical and computational approaches now make it possible to study these molecular mechanisms at the cellular, organ and whole organism level and take it on to modeling the processes in a "systems biology" approach. This review summarizes some of the concepts of a comparative approach to nutrigenomics research, identifies current lacks and proposes a concerted scientific effort to create the basis for nutritional systems biology.     

Ethical, legal and social issues in nutrigenomics: the challenges of regulating service delivery and building health professional capacity

Nutrigenomics, the conjunction of molecular nutrition with human genomics, is among the first publicly available applications of the human genome project. Nutrigenomics raises ethical, legal and social issues particularly with respect to how the public may access nutrigenetic tests and associated nutritional and lifestyle advice. Current regulatory controversy focuses on potential harms associated with direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing of nutrigenetic tests and especially the need to protect consumers from unreliable tests, false claims and unproven dietary supplements. Nutrigenomics does, however, offer the potential of important health benefits for some individuals. The regulation of nutrigenomic services is slowly evolving, but there is little indication of increased professional capacity to support service delivery. Primary care physicians have minimal training in nutrition and genetics, and medical geneticists are in high demand and short supply. Dietetic practitioners are experts in nutrition science and interest in nutrigenomics is growing among members of this professional group. However, as with physicians, dietetics practitioners would require considerable training to bring nutrigenomics into their practice capacity. A downside of regulatory restrictions on direct consumer access to nutrigenomics companies is that responsible businesses may be hindered in meeting emergent public demand while health care professional groups have not yet developed capacity to provide nutrigenomics services.     

Wie sich Mensch und Nahrung beeinflussen

How humans and their food affect each other There are numerous interactions and dependencies between humans and their food. They are reflected especially in changes in the genetic compositions and in modifications of gene regulations. Four pathways of interaction have been identified so far: The individual gene repertoire of man determines the reactions of his body to the consumed food (nutrigenetics); nutrients are influencing the regulation of a variety of our genes (nutrigenomics); traditional dietary habits can lead to reciprocal genetic changes in humans and their food organisms (coevolutional processes); humans are changing the gene repertorie of almost all of their food organisms by positive selection of desired properties and by negative selections of unwanted properties (breeding and cultivation).