前胡族花粉外壁超微结构及其系统学意义

报道了前胡族(Peucedaneae Drude)当归亚族(Angelicinae Drude)、阿魏亚族(Ferulinae Drude)和环翅芹亚族(TordyliinaeDrude)等3亚族18属18种植物的花粉外壁表面和内部的超微结构.根据花粉外壁超微结构资料,论述了18种及其所在属的系统位置.对现时尚存疑的问题,诸如当归亚族中的山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)等7属(种),经分析认为统归于当归属(Angelica L.)不恰当;阿魏亚族中的球根阿魏(Schumannia turcomanica Kuntze)、伊犁芹(Talassiatransiliensis(Herd.)Korov.)、胀果芹(Phlojodicarpus villosus(Turcz.ex Fisch.et Mey.)Turcz.ex Ledeb.)等属的代表种显示其外壁演化程度相差甚大,应以与阿魏属(Ferula L.)分别独立为宜;环翅芹亚族(Tordyliinae Drude)中大瓣芹属(Semenovia Regel et Herd.)与独活属(Heracleum L.)的代表种其外壁演化程度相距甚远,也以分立为宜.     

高分辨裂解—气相色谱在前胡族系统分类中的应用

采用高分辨裂解－气相色谱法对前胡族（Peucedaneae Drude)20属35种植物的叶片成分进行分析,经过聚类分析得出以下结果：35种植物基本可分为3大类,对应于3个亚族。阿魏亚族（Ferulinae Drude)的球根阿魏属（Schumannia Kuntze)、伊犁芹属（Talassia Korov.)和簇花芹属（Soranthus Ledeb.)均应为独立属。环翅芹亚族（Tordyliinae Drude)的四带芹属[Tetrataenium(DC.)Manden.]和大瓣芹属（Semenovia Regel et Herd.)二者也作为独立属处理为宜,其中有争议的锐尖叶独活[Heracleum longilobum(Norman)Sheh et T.S.Wang]不应作为大瓣芹属成员,仍应保留于独活属。当归亚族（Angelicinae Drude)的山芎[Conioselinum chinense(L.)Britton]和东当归[Angelica acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitagawa]曾被作为阿米芹族（Ammineae Koch)的蛇床属（Cnidium Cuss.)或藁本属（Ligusticum L.)的成员,聚类图显示其属于前胡族的当归亚族是合适的。     

中国伞形科前胡族阿魏亚族血清分类及亲缘关系的研究

运用双向免疫扩散方法分析了中国伞形科Umbelliferae阿魏亚族Ferulinae 8属33种2变种的种子贮藏蛋白免疫沉淀反应的特征,并根据沉淀线的相似性,结合其他学科资料,讨论了该亚族属间的亲缘关系。认为球根阿魏属Schumannia、簇花芹属Sorartthus和伊犁芹属Talassia 3属的关系最为密切,并且均与阿魏属Fenda近缘,其中球根阿魏属应并入簇花芹属中。弓翅芹属Arcuatopterus在所分析的8个属中,与阿魏属有一定的近缘关系。胀果芹属Phlojodicarpus与前胡属Peucedanum关系较近。而川明参属Chuanminshen却与上述各属的关系均较远。此外,对阿魏属和前胡属2个大属的种间关系也进行了血清分类分析,其中所研究的9种阿魏被分成2类,16种前胡被分成3类,并结合其他学科证据分别讨论了种间的亲缘关系。     

姜科植物的FTIR鉴别分类研究

红外光谱图峰形峰位大体一致,所含化学成分基本相同,是由碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类等生物大分子振动谱带构成。该研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析,对姜科植物姜亚科2族6属29种植物进行光谱测试,分析比较姜科同族不同属和同属不同种植物在红外谱图上表现出的差异。将1800~1000 cm-1进行二阶导数处理,并对差异较大的1750~1400、1200~1000 cm-1两个波段分别进行比较分析,用吸光度比值A1516/A3424、A1449/A3424来反映二苯基庚烷和姜辣素的相对含量,再将二阶导数据进行系统聚类。结果表明：姜科植物的主要化学成分姜辣素与二苯基庚烷类化合物的相对含量在族属间和属种间有差异,两种化合物的相对含量在同族不同属植物中差别很大,在同属不同种植物中大体一致;姜科植物的糖类化学成分以单糖和多糖为主;在族属级的水平分类中,2族6属姜科植物的分类与传统分类结果基本吻合,并从光谱角度建议心叶凹唇姜的族级分类应该深入研究。通过研究可知,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析法可以应用于姜科植物的分类。该研究结果为姜科植物的分类系统学提供了参考。     

山东菊科莴苣亚族植物花粉形态研究

应用光镜和扫描电镜对山东菊科莴苣亚族11属18种、1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察研究。结果表明:莴苣亚族植物的花粉呈球形,具3~4沟孔,花粉表面具有网状纹饰,粗网眼15~21个,网脊上具1行刺,属于蒲公英(Taraxacum)型,与已报道的莴苣亚族其它属种的花粉形态相一致。通过莴苣亚族属间花粉形态的比较,认为花粉形态在属间分类上意义不大。     

大戟科植物分类的数值分析

根据大戟科216个分类性状的分布,采用欧氏距离系数一类平均法对Webster(1994)广义大戟科49个族或亚族进行聚类分析。结果表明,现行的大戟科分类系统中,大多数族和亚族水平的分类基本合理,而Galearieae族的系统位置和五月茶族Antidesmeae等亚族的划分出现较大矛盾。该系统中未包含的方鼎木属Archileptopus,应与叶下珠族的Pseudolachnostylidillae亚族接近。     

獐牙菜亚族植物的系统发育分析

獐牙菜亚族(subtribe Swertiinae)是龙胆科(Gentianaceae)中分类处理较困难的一个亚族。为探讨该亚族各属之间和属内的系统关系,选取了该亚族86种及变种,采用ML和BI方法对样本的叶绿体基因mat K和rbc L片段进行分析,构建了该亚族的系统发育树,用马尔科夫蒙特卡洛算法(MCMC)的分子序列贝叶斯分析推算了该亚族的关键演化时间点。结果显示:①龙胆亚族和獐牙菜亚族各自为单系,且互为姐妹类群;②獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、肋柱花属和喉毛花属均不是单系群,各属的种在系统发育树上互有交叉,特别是獐牙菜属的多个种分别聚到不同的支上,与其它属是并系关系;③獐牙菜亚族49个种在约4 Ma开始形成;④分子数据支持何廷农分类系统对于獐牙菜亚属和多枝亚属的属间划分,部分支持多枝亚属下多枝组和宽丝组的划分;⑤异型花属、獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、喉毛花和肋柱花属的属间分类以及獐牙菜属肉根亚属密花组的系统位置仍需进一步讨论。     

基于ITS和matK序列的兰科沼兰族分子系统研究及二新种（英文）

沼兰族是兰科植物的大族之一,约2 000种,除了极地和沙漠地区,全球均有分布。该族植物主要分布在热带地区,尤其在东南亚、热带美洲、非洲以及澳大利亚等地区种类非常丰富。目前,已有关于该族植物形态和分子系统的研究,但有关该族亚族和属间的系统关系尚不清楚,属的界定争议也较大。该文基于核基因片段ITS和叶绿体基因片段matK序列,采用最大简约法、最大似然法贝叶斯推理分析法,对现有沼兰族主要属的123种植物和10个外类群植物进行了分子系统学研究。结果表明:沼兰族主要分为3个亚族分支,包括附生的鸢尾兰亚族(Oberoniinae)、地生的羊耳蒜亚族(Liparidinae)和沼兰亚族分支(Crepidiumclade)。鸢尾兰亚族包括6个属、羊耳蒜亚族分支包括5个属、沼兰亚族分支包括4个属;丫瓣兰亚族(Ypsilorchidinae)应归并为鸢尾兰亚族;Disticholiparis属与Stichorkis属的模式标本相同,应并入Stichorkis属;沼兰属(Crepidium)和无耳沼兰属(Dienia)的唇瓣结构差异较大,但二者均为单系类群。此外,在收集野外实验材料过程中,发现了2种产自中国西南部和越南北部的沼兰族新种,分别命名为麻栗坡羊耳蒜(Platystyliparis malipoensis G.D.Tang,X.Y.ZhuangZ.J.Liu)和秉滔羊耳蒜(Cestichis pingtaoi G.D.Tang,X.Y.ZhuangZ.J.Liu)。     

基于近红外光谱技术鉴别植食性金龟子的初步研究

【目的】植食性金龟子是我国的重要农林害虫,探索一种快速而准确地鉴别植食性金龟子的新方法,为将此法推及至其他鞘翅目昆虫的识别来建立研究基础。【方法】利用近红外光谱法对金龟子进行鉴别,提出了用支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)算法对15种植食性金龟子近红外光谱图(数据)进行分析,经过噪声波段去除后,用平滑求导与标准化法对的光谱进行预处理,选取金龟子标本150个,针对不同分类阶元和分类单元将66%样本谱图作为校正集,用SVM建立鉴别模型并对模型进行自身检验,用剩余样本图谱作为预测集对这些模型进行验证。【结果】模型的自身检验显示在金龟科4个亚科的鉴别模型中,鳃金龟亚科正确识别率为86%,其他样本的识别准确率均大于95%,在亚科不同属和属下不同种的鉴别模型中,除疏纹星花金Protaetia cathaica(Bates)外,其他样本的识别准确率均为100%;模型的预测集验证结果显示,在不同分类阶元和分类单元的鉴别模型中,由于云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla laticollis Lewis样本较少未能正确识别,其他样本的识别准确率均为100%。整体试验结果较为理想,说明模型性能较好。【结论】基于已定金龟子建立的模型能够很好地鉴别大部分样本,采用近红外光谱扫描技术结合支持向量机得到的植食性金龟子鉴别模型具有很强的推广能力。     

甘蔗亚族的地理分布

对甘蔗亚族植物在世界的分布状况和在中国的分布特点进行了讨论,通过分析甘蔗亚族各属种的分布区类型,认为亚洲东南部为甘蔗亚族的分布中心和多样性中心,同时对甘蔗亚族起源作了推测。     

Identification of seed sources and parents of Pinus sylvestris L. using visible–near infrared reflectance spectra and multivariate analysis

The potential of visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for identifying seed sources and parents of Pinus sylvestris L. was studied. Seeds of a single family (clones AC1005 × BD1178) collected from three localities in Sweden—Sävar (north), Röskär (central) and Degeberga (south)—and seeds from four maternal (clone no. BD1032, AC1014, BD1178 and AC1005) and four paternal (Y3020, BD1178, AC1014 and BD1032) parents were used to evaluate the method. VIS and NIR reflectance spectra were recorded on individual seeds using a NIRSystems Model 6500 spectrometer from 400 to 2,498 nm with a resolution of 2 nm. The VIS + NIR spectroscopic data were pre-treated with multiplicative signal correction, and analysed by soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The computed models were later applied to classify samples in the external test sets. The results show that seed sources were identified with 100% classification accuracy using PLS-DA models in the VIS + NIR, VIS and NIR regions. The average classification accuracy for maternal parents ranged from 92% to 96%, while paternal parents were identified with 91.2–96% accuracies. The classification accuracy using the SIMCA approach was relatively low for seed sources as well as maternal and paternal parents. It can be concluded that VIS + NIR spectroscopy could be employed as a rapid and non-destructive method for monitoring putative seed sources. The result underscores the prospect of the technique for characterizing seeds based on genotype, thereby serving as a tool in tree improvement and breeding.     

Classification of rhizosphere components using visible–near infrared spectral images

To establish new techniques for automatic classification of rhizosphere components, we investigated the utility of visible (VIS) and near–infrared (NIR) spectral images of the rhizosphere under two soil moisture conditions (mean volumetric water content: 0.39 and 0.16 cm³ cm^?3). Spectral reflectance images of the belowground parts of hybrid poplar cuttings (Populus deltoides × P. euramericana, I45/51) grown in a rhizobox were recorded at 120 spectral bands ranging from 480 to 972 nm. We examined which wavelengths were suitable and the number of spectral bands needed to accurately classify live roots of four age classes, dead roots, leaf mold, and soil. VIS reflectance (<700 nm) of live roots first increased and then decreased with age, whereas NIR reflectance (≥700 nm) was stable in mature roots. The reflectance of dead roots was lower than that of mature roots in both the VIS and NIR spectral regions. VIS reflectance did not differ among dead roots, leaf mold, and soil, but the NIR reflectance was clearly lower in soil than in the other materials. The reflectance of leaf mold and soil increased mainly in the NIR spectral region with reducing soil moisture, but this increase did not affect the order of reflectance intensity among the rhizosphere components in general. Although the most suitable spectral bands statistically selected for classifying rhizosphere components differed somewhat between moist and dry conditions, the spectral bands 580–679 nm (VIS) and 848–894 nm (NIR) provided high reliability under both conditions. Classification accuracy was higher when using two to five VIS–NIR images (overall accuracy ≥87.8%) than three VIS images (red, green, and blue; accuracy <67.1%). The high accuracy with VIS–NIR was mainly due to successful separation of leaf mold and soil. Irrespective of soil moisture condition, the overall accuracy tended to be stable at 92–94% with use of four VIS–NIR images. The spectral bands effective in wet soil conditions could also be used for classification in dry conditions, with overall accuracies >86.9%. These results suggest that automatic image analysis using VIS–NIR images at four spectral bands, including red and NIR, allows for accurate classification of the growth stage or live/dead status of roots and distinguishes between leaf mold and soil.     

Rapid near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn bran after various pretreatments

Efficient generation of a fermentable hydrolysate is a primary requirement in the utilization of fibrous plant biomass as feedstocks in bioethanol processes. The first biomass conversion step usually involves a hydrothermal pretreatment before enzymatic hydrolysis. The purpose of the pretreatment step is to increase the responsivity of the substrate to enzymatic attack and the type of pretreatment affects the enzymatic conversion efficiency. Destarched corn bran is a fibrous, heteroxylan-rich side-stream from the starch industry which may be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production or as a source of xylose for other purposes. In the present study we demonstrate the use of diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) as a rapid and non-destructive analytical tool for evaluation of pretreatment effects on destarched corn bran. NIR was used to achieve classification between 43 differently pretreated corn bran samples using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal clustering algorithms. Quantification of the enzymatically released monosaccharides by HPLC was used to design multivariate calibration models (biPLS) on the NIR spectra. The models could predict the enzymatic release of different levels of arabinose, xylose and glucose from all the differently pretreated destarched corn bran samples. The present study also demonstrates a generic, non-destructive solution to determine the enzymatic monosaccharide release from polymers in biomass side-streams, thereby potentially replacing the cumbersome HPLC analysis.     

Near-infrared autofluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo identification of hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps in the colon

This study reports the implementation of an endoscope-based near-infrared (NIR) autofluorescence (AF) spectroscopy technique for in vivo differentiation of normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous colonic polyps during clinical colonoscopic examination. A total of 198 in vivo NIR AF spectra in the range of 810–1050 nm were acquired from colonic tissues (normal (n = 116); hyperplastic (n = 48); and adenomatous polyps (n = 34)) of 96 patients undergoing colonoscopic screening. Significant differences (p < 0.001, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) in in vivo NIR AF intensity among normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous polyps are observed. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) together with the leave-one tissue site-out, cross-validation, were used to develop diagnostic algorithms for distinguishing adenomatous polyps from normal and hyperplastic colonic polyps based on NIR AF spectral features. The PCA–LDA modeling on in vivo colonic NIR AF dataset yields diagnostic sensitivities of 83.6%, 77.1%, and 88.2%; and specificities of 96.3%, 88.0%, and 92.1%, respectively, for classification of normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous colonic polyps. This work suggests that NIR AF spectroscopy associated with PCA–LDA algorithms has potential for in vivo diagnosis and detection of colonic precancer at colonoscopy.     

Factors involved in the coordinate appearance of nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase in the mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedling

The extent to which the appearances of nitrite reductase (NIR; EC 1.7.7.1) and glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) are coordinated was studied in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. It was established by immunotitration that the increased activities of NIR and GS in the presence of light and nitrate can be attributed to the de-novo synthesis of enzyme protein. The bulk of the NIR and GS was found in the developing cotyledons. In the absence of nitrate in the growth medium there was no coordinate appearance of NIR and GS. While light strongly stimulated the appearance of GS, the level of NIR was hardly affected and remained low. On the other hand, in the presence of nitrate in the medium the appearances of NIR and GS were strictly coordinated, the GS level being considerably above that of NIR. It is argued that phytochrome-controlled synthesis of GS in the absence of nitrate is part of the mechanism to reassimilate ammonium liberated during proteolysis of storage protein and metabolism of the resulting amino acids, whereas the strictly coordinated synthesis in the presence of light and nitrate indicates the dominance of nitrate assimilation under these circumstances. The fact that the level of GS was always considerably above that of NIR appears to be a safety measure to prevent ammonium accumulation.Abbreviations FR standardized far-red light (3.5 W·m^–2), to drive the high-irradiance reaction of phytochrome - GS glutamine synthetase, EC 6.3.1.2 - NIR nitrite reductase, EC 1.7.7.1 This work was supported by Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Forschungsstelle Nitratassimilation).     

Chemometrical classification of pumpkin seed oils using UV-Vis, NIR and FTIR spectra

The main outcome of this work is elaboration of classification models for edible oil samples representing the most widespread brands of Austrian pumpkin seed oil. A complete spectral characterisation of the pumpkin seed oil samples by UV-Vis, NIR and FTIR spectra was obtained together with their basic sensorial classification. Chemometrical processing of the measured data enabled the detection of the most important spectral features, which are crucial for categorising the oils into two or three classes according to their sensory quality evaluated by a panel of experts. The elaborated models thus make it possible to predict the category into which a hitherto unclassified oil sample belongs--considering classification into either two categories, containing oils with overall acceptable scores or oils that were not accepted, or three categories, involving oils fulfilling all quality criteria, oils with good scores and not accepted oils. This will perspectively facilitate the determination of chemical substances responsible for bad taste, odour and colour of the respective oil brands, as well as finding substances contributing to the excellent sensorial perception of some tested products.     

Short Communication: The potential of portable near infrared spectroscopy for assuring quality and authenticity in the food chain,using Iberian hams as an example

This communication assesses the use of a portable near infrared (NIR) instrument to measure quantitative (fatty acid profile) properties and qualitative (‘Premium’ and ‘Non-premium’) categories of individual Iberian pork carcasses at the slaughterhouse. Acorn-fed Iberian pigs have more unsaturated fats than pigs fed conventional compound feed. Recent advances in miniaturisation have led to a number of handheld NIR devices being developed, allowing processing decisions to be made earlier, significantly reducing time and costs. The most common methods used for assessing quality and authenticity of Iberian hams are analysis of the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat using gas chromatography and DNA analysis. In this study, NIR calibrations for fatty acids and classification as premium or non-premium ham, based on carcass fat measured in situ, were developed using a portable NIR spectrometer. The accuracy of the quantitative equations was evaluated through the standard error of cross validation or standard error of prediction of 0.84 for palmitic acid (C16:0), 0.94 for stearic acid (C18:0), 1.47 for oleic acid (C18:1) and 0.58 for linoleic acid (C18:2). Qualitative calibrations provided acceptable results, with up to 98% of samples (n = 234) correctly classified with probabilities ⩾0.9. Results indicated a portable NIR instrument has the potential to be used to measure quality and authenticity of Iberian pork carcasses.     

Near‐infrared spectroscopic evaluation of lyophilized viral vaccine formulations

This article examines the applicability of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to evaluate the virus state in a freeze‐dried live, attenuated vaccine formulation. Therefore, this formulation was freeze‐dried using different virus volumes and after applying different pre‐freeze‐drying virus treatments (resulting in different virus states): (i) as used in the commercial formulation; (ii) without antigen (placebo); (iii) concentrated via a centrifugal filter device; and (iv) stressed by 96 h exposure to room temperature. Each freeze‐dried product was measured directly after freeze‐drying with NIR spectroscopy and the spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Herewith, two NIR spectral regions were evaluated: (i) the 7300–4000 cm^?1 region containing the amide A/II band which might reflect information on the coated proteins of freeze‐dried live, attenuated viruses; and (ii) the C–H vibration overtone regions (10,000–7500 and 6340–5500 cm^?1) which might supply information on the lipid layer surrounding the freeze‐dried live, attenuated viruses. The different pre‐freeze‐drying treated live, attenuated virus formulations (different virus states and virus volumes) resulted in different clusters in the scores plots resulting from the PCA of the collected NIR spectra. Secondly, partial least squares discriminant analysis models (PLS‐DA) were developed and evaluated, allowing classification of the freeze‐dried formulations according to virus pretreatment. The results of this study suggest the applicability of NIR spectroscopy for evaluating live, attenuated vaccine formulations with respect to their virus pretreatment and virus volume. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1573–1586, 2013