结核分枝杆菌感染诱导的人巨噬细胞细胞因子及其调控基因的差异表达谱

研究人巨噬细胞细胞因子在抗结核分枝杆菌感染免疫中的作用。利用表达谱芯片技术研究细菌感染后,宿主巨噬细胞基因表达情况,在全局表达谱分析基础上,重点分析细胞因子及相关基因的表达,并比较无毒株和临床分离有毒株在诱导细胞因子及其调控基因表达方面的差异。结果显示细菌感染影响较多细胞因子及其调控基因的表达,如IFN、TNF、TGF、IL系列及其受体、NFkappa B和TLR受体等;首次报道IL19参与了抗结核分枝杆菌感染免疫。被临床株感染影响的细胞因子较无毒株广泛和丰富。细胞因子及相关基因参与了宿主细胞对感染细菌的免疫应答,有关细胞因子及相关基因在抗结核免疫中的作用有待进一步研究。     

初探E2F1 对基因组内跨膜信号转导基因的调控作用

目的:从基因组全局性角度研究E2F1对包括离子通道和G蛋白偶联受体在内的重要的跨膜信号转导基因的调控作用。方法:对从TRED和IUPHAR获取的E2F1靶基因数据和基因组离子通道及G蛋白偶联受体基因数据进行数据联配,获取E2F1调控的离子通道基因(ICG)和G蛋白偶联受体基因,并对调控基因进行家族富集性分析和组织特异性分析。结果:发现E2F1对7个ICG具有调控作用,且具有钾离子通道富集性,调控的离子通道基因具有心脏、脑、消化系统组织表达特异性。获得的11个受E2F1调控的G蛋白偶联受体基因家族富集性不明显,组织特异性表达不一致。结论:E2F1可能通过对钾离子通道基因的表达调控,实现对相应组织的作用机理影响,相应调控作用的紊乱也将导致心脏、脑或消化系统疾病,但难以确定E2F1对GPCR的调控作用效果。     

寡核苷酸芯片研究结核分枝杆菌临床株和无毒株诱导的巨噬细胞U937凋亡相关基因的差异表达

结核病仍然是人类健康的主要威胁,结核分枝杆菌诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡是宿主防御反应之一,研究凋亡相关基因的差异表达有助于认识结核分枝杆菌致病机理和发现新的药物靶标。利用包括19200个基因或基因片段的DNA芯片研究巨噬细胞株U937对临床和实验室菌株感染的差异表达,Northem blotting和RT—PCR验证了芯片研究结果。Mtb H37Rv感染下调bcl—2,vitaminD受体、干扰素调控因子3、细胞色素氧化酶C表达,幅度分别为2-,3-,3-,2．5-倍,临床菌株感染上调SOD2、SOD3、丝氨酸蛋白酶、toll—like受体2、signal transducer and activator(STAT1)、hypoxia—inducible factor22等表达,幅度分别为2．9-,2．5-,2．5-,22-,2．4-,5．9-倍。结果提示,临床菌株感染更多促进凋亡,限制宿主的杀灭机理。该研究为进一步研究导致这些差异表达的结核分枝杆菌成分提供了基础。     

检测不同毒力结核分枝杆菌感染对巨噬细胞凋亡的影响及其Caspase-3和Bcl-2的表达

该文为探讨不同毒力的结核分枝杆菌感染对巨噬细胞凋亡的调控作用及其机制。实验用结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株和卡介苗BCG分别感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7株,同时设空白对照组,在感染后1,6,12,24 h,用流式细胞技术检测各组巨噬细胞的凋亡率,应用Western blot检测细胞Caspase-3和Bcl-2蛋白表达。结果发现,结核分枝杆菌感染组的凋亡率显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);BCG感染组凋亡率高于H37Rv感染组,在感染后1,12,24 h凋亡率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。巨噬细胞感染结核分枝杆菌后其Caspase-3蛋白表达增高,结核分枝杆菌感染组的Caspase-3蛋白表达高于对照组:对照组相似文献   

可稳定表达ZsGreen1基因的正常细胞来源单核细胞株的构建

为探索构建可表达外源基因的正常细胞来源单核细胞株的可行方案,该研究分别尝试以脂质体转染法、腺病毒载体感染法和含Tet-On调控元件的慢病毒载体感染法,构建可表达绿色荧光蛋白的SC细胞株。经慢病毒感染和靶向扩增获得稳定表达目的基因的SC细胞后,该研究进而验证了该细胞可否在PMA诱导下分化为典型的巨噬细胞。研究结果显示,脂质体转染法和腺病毒载体感染法未能有效导入外源基因至SC细胞;经慢病毒感染和靶向扩增,该研究成功构建了2株可稳定表达ZsGreen1基因的SC细胞株(SC-ZsGreen1),其ZsGreen1阳性表达率均高于95%; SCZsGreen1细胞与SC细胞经PMA处理后均具相似的巨噬细胞表型特征,包括CD11b和CD14表达升高、吞噬能力上调和趋化因子IL-8分泌水平上升。综上,该研究报道了一种构建可稳定表达外源基因的正常人外周血来源单核细胞株的可行方案。     

结核分枝杆菌入侵诱导的人巨噬细胞全局性基因表达变化

利用含有12800个基因全长或部分序列的基因芯片研究结核分枝杆菌无毒株入侵导致的人巨噬细胞U937全基因组在转录水平的表达谱变化. 结果表明其中473个基因(3.7%)差异表达, 表达上调的基因25个(5.3%), 上调超过3倍的包括丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白质激酶, 可溶性结合半乳糖苷的凝集素, 蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶delta, DDR受体酪氨酸激酶等的编码基因, 其余基因(94.7%)表达下调. 表达下调的基因中, 表达仅为原来1/3以下的25个, 其中syndecan 结合蛋白的表达下调12.5倍. 芯片研究结果与结核分枝杆菌一般抑制宿主细胞免疫应答的趋势相符. 这473个基因中的376个基因在GenBank中有记录, 另外97个是新基因. 生物信息学分析提示差异表达基因编码产物与细胞内信号传导、细胞因子反应、细胞骨架重建、细胞凋亡、铁代谢、电子传递、线粒体功能和离子通道等有关. 这些差异表达基因中, 有17个是文献报道过的, 而且都印证了本文的结果. RT-PCR和Northern杂交实验确证了表达谱芯片研究结果. 通过DNA芯片研究全局表达谱变化, 揭示了细菌入侵早期导致的巨噬细胞表达变化, 为深入研究结核分枝杆菌-宿主相互作用提供了基础数据和探索方向.     

牛痘病毒感染人巨噬细胞基因表达谱的RNA-Seq分析

[目的] 利用RNA-Seq,分析人巨噬细胞在牛痘病毒（VACV）感染前后基因表达的变化,探索牛痘病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的机制。[方法] 用牛痘病毒感染人巨噬细胞,采用RNA-Seq比较感染组和对照组的差异表达基因,并进行KEGG、GO以及STRING网络分析。[结果] 感染组与对照组相比,筛选出显著性差异表达基因4796个,其中上调表达2416个,下调表达2380个。KEGG富集分析表明差异基因主要参与新陈代谢、信号转导、免疫系统和感染疾病等通路。GO功能注释显示这些基因富集在细胞功能调控、物质代谢和免疫调控等生命过程。运用STRING在线蛋白互作数据库,对NOD样信号通路进行分析,鉴定出以JUN、CHUK、IL1B和PYCARD 为核心的调控基因。[结论] 牛痘病毒感染可以诱导人巨噬细胞基因差异性表达,涉及的生物学过程有很多,对免疫相关的信号通路进行深入的分析,发现C型凝集素受体信号通路（C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway）、Toll样受体信号通路以及NOD样通路等多条通路可能参与调控牛痘病毒感染引起的炎症反应,该研究为解析牛痘病毒的感染机制和免疫逃逸机制以及其在临床上治疗感染性疾病和癌症提供了新思路。     

猪链球菌2型强毒株05ZYH33转录调控因子Rgg基因敲除突变体与野生株的基因表达差异分析

目的:为了解猪链球菌2型强毒株05Z33转录调控因子Rgg的调控作用,用基因芯片方法分析野生株与rgg基因敲除突变体之间的差异表达基因。方法:用猪链球菌2型全基因组序列点样制备芯片,将芯片运用于rgg敲除株与野生株的基因表达差异研究,采用定量real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)验证表达谱结果。结果:在突变体中共发现45个基因表达量变化在2倍以上,其中19个基因表达上调,26个基因表达下调。这些基因在细菌毒力、免疫抗原、DNA合成和修复、基础代谢和ABC转运系统等方面起着重要作用。结论:转录调控因子Rgg是一个全局调控因子,但rgg敲除后并不影响猪链球菌的毒力。     

肽聚糖识别蛋白AaPGRP-LC参与埃及伊蚊的抗细菌免疫反应

【目的】阐明在响应细菌感染的过程中,埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti体内肽聚糖识别蛋白PGRPLC(Aa PGRP-LC)的功能。【方法】使用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术分析埃及伊蚊感染阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter cloacae后不同时间抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)基因的表达情况。结合RNA干扰技术和q PCR技术检测干扰Aa PGRP-LC后免疫相关基因转录模式的变化。使用原核表达系统表达Aa PGRP-LC,并通过Ni~(2+)-NTA柱纯化,通过免疫印迹分析检测所纯化蛋白的质量。【结果】阴沟肠杆菌感染埃及伊蚊6 h后埃及伊蚊体内抗菌肽基因的转录水平显著升高。干扰Aa PGRP-LC并用阴沟肠杆菌感染后,埃及伊蚊体内重要抗菌肽基因的转录水平显著降低,同时埃及伊蚊免疫缺陷(immune-deficiency,IMD)通路和Toll信号(Toll-like receptors)通路的免疫相关基因的表达量也显著降低。纯化得到条带单一的Aa PGRP-LC蛋白。【结论】Aa PGRP-LC参与调控埃及伊蚊重要抗菌肽基因的转录,在埃及伊蚊响应细菌感染的过程中起到了重要的调控作用。Aa PGRP-LC在参与调控IMD通路的同时,也可能参与了Toll信号通路的调控过程。从原核表达系统中获得的Aa PGRP-LC重组蛋白可用于下一步的功能研究。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Rv刺激巨噬细胞后差异表达lncRNA分析及鉴定

分析毒性结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)H37Rv刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞的表达谱芯片以及筛选和鉴定M.tb H37Rv感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7后差异表达的lncRNA。首先,分析热灭活的H37Rv刺激RAW264.7细胞24h后lncRNA表达谱芯片,并对差异表达的lncRNA和mRNA进行生物信息分析,然后采用实时定量聚合酶链反应对16条在芯片中差异表达的lncRNA进行细胞水平验证;进一步在H37Rv感染小鼠的脾脏和肺脏中检测差异表达的lncRNA。结果显示,表达谱芯片中4 730条lncRNA的表达水平上调,9 558条lncRNA的表达水平下调。生物信息分析筛选的16条lncRNA,其染色体定位于附近蛋白质编码基因的基因间区或者与外显子区域有重叠,mRNA功能注释显示差异表达的mRNA主要集中于转录调节、磷酸化、凋亡等生化过程以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等抗结核的信号通路中。在H37Rv作用下的细胞水平和动物感染模型的组织中RT-q PCR验证出与芯片结果相同的4条lncRNA,其中上调的有3条,下调的有1条。研究中异常表达的lncRNA可为巨噬细胞在结核分枝杆菌感染中的功能紊乱提供线索,为后续的研究奠定基础,进一步的研究将集中于发掘lncRNA在宿主调控中发挥的功能。     

'Feeling the pressure': structural insights into a gated mechanosensitive channel.

The structure determination of the large-conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscL) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has revealed the architecture of the first full-length, gated pentameric ion channel. This structure provides insights into the elements participating in the conductance and gating mechanisms of these channels.     

Protection against murine tuberculosis by an attenuated recombinant Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain that secretes the 30-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium bovis BCG

A recombinant (r-) Salmonella typhimurium aroA vaccine that secretes the naturally secreted protein of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, Ag85B, by means of the HlyB/HlyD/TolC export machinery (termed p30 in the following) was constructed. In contrast to r-S. typhimurium control, oral vaccination of mice with the r-S. typhimurium p30 construct induced partial protection against an intravenous challenge with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in similar vaccine efficacy comparable to that of the systemically administered attenuated M. bovis BCG strain. The immune response induced by r-S. typhimurium p30 was accompanied by augmented interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels produced by restimulated splenocytes. These data suggest that the HlyB/HlyD/TolC-based antigen delivery system with attenuated r-S. typhimurium as carrier is capable of inducing an immune response against mycobacterial antigens.     

Ins and outs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE family in pathogenesis and implications for novel measures against tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most successful pathogen with multiple mechanisms to subvert host immune response, resulting in insidious disease. A unique Mycobacterium antigen family termed PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) has long been widely speculated as "molecular mantra" to escape host immunity. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved N terminal and a variable C terminal. This family associated closely with ESAT-6(ESX) secretion system and largely located in cell wall or cell membrane. The expression of PPE protein is temporally regulated, and highly expressed during M. tuberculosis persistence. Importantly, the distribution of PPE family is so far limited to Mycobacterium genus, prevalent among pathogenic Mycobacterium species. It is tempting to explore this family due to its potential in the latency and reactivation of M. tuberculosis. The evolution, structure, and functions of most PPE proteins remain elusive. The understanding of these questions will deepen our appreciation of the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis and accelerate novel anti-TB measures discovery.     

Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis

The live tuberculosis vaccines Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) and Mycobacterium microti both lack the potent, secreted T-cell antigens ESAT-6 (6-kDa early secretory antigenic target) and CFP-10 (10-kDa culture filtrate protein). This is a result of independent deletions in the region of deletion-1 (RD1) locus, which is intact in virulent members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. To increase their immunogenicity and protective capacity, we complemented both vaccines with different constructs containing the esxA and esxB genes, which encode ESAT-6 and CFP-10 respectively, as well as a variable number of flanking genes. Only reintroduction of the complete locus, comprising at least 11 genes, led to full secretion of the antigens and resulted in specific ESAT-6-dependent immune responses; this suggests that the flanking genes encode a secretory apparatus. Mice and guinea pigs vaccinated with the recombinant strain BCG::RD1-2F9 were better protected against challenge with M. tuberculosis, showing less severe pathology and reduced dissemination of the pathogen, as compared with control animals immunized with BCG alone.     

T细胞免疫在抗结核杆菌感染中的研究进展

结核分枝杆菌是引起结核病的病原体,该细菌可侵犯全身各组织器官。结核病是一种慢性传染性疾病,具有持久性特点。该细菌为胞内寄生菌,特异性免疫以细胞免疫为主,主要包括CD4＋T细胞免疫和CD8＋T细胞免疫。结核分枝杆菌特异性免疫应答的特点之一是感染早期T细胞免疫应答延迟。其机制与结核杆菌抑制免疫细胞（CD4＋和CD8＋T细胞及DC）凋亡延迟应答,通过特异性Treg细胞抑制作用延迟应答以及结核杆菌慢性感染期间存在IFN-γ信号调节网络和ESAT-6抗原的慢性刺激作用有关,以此可调节和维持免疫应答。深入了解抗原特异性T细胞特异性免疫应答的机制,有益于抗结核疫苗的研制,为临床工作提供理论依据和科学方法。     

Th2-type immune response observed in healthy individuals to sonicate antigen prepared from the most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain with single copy of IS6110

Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains operate different immune evasion strategies for their survival in the host. This mainly depends on the virulence of the strain and the host immune responses. The most virulent strains are actively involved in the transmission, widely spread in the community and induce differential immune responses. We evaluated the immune response of a sonicate antigen prepared from one predominant strain (S7) from M. tuberculosis harbouring a single copy of IS6110. Significant lymphoproliferative response against purified protein derivative from tubercle bacillus (PPD) and H37Rv antigens was observed in PPD positive normal individuals and tuberculosis patients. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels against these antigens were significantly increased in normal individuals but not in tuberculosis patients. The antigen S7 showed marginal T-cell proliferation but did not induce IFN-gamma secretion in both groups. Conversely, it induced significantly high levels of cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) in normal individuals. The macrophage cytokines, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), did not show S7 antigen specific stimulation. The intracellular cytokine further confirmed an increase in IL-4(+)/CD4+ T-cells and a decrease in IFN-gamma(+)/CD4+ T-cells upon stimulation. The antibody response showed an increase in IgG and IgA levels against this antigen in normal individuals. These observations suggest that antigen S7 modulates the immune response towards T helper cell type 2 by suppressing T helper cell type 1 protective immune response in PPD positive normal individuals. We speculate that some components of this sonicate antigen are associated with immunosuppressive response.     

The immunity and protective effects of antigen 85A and heat-shock protein X against progressive tuberculosis

The anti-tuberculosis vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, has been used worldwide, but its protective efficacy is variable against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. In this study, immune responses of antigen 85A (Ag85A) and heat-shock protein X (HspX) antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were investigated during acute and stationary stage of infection in the murine aerosol TB challenge model and their protective effects were evaluated against progressive tuberculosis. A high level of Ag85A-specific IFN-γ production was induced from the early stage of the infection, whereas HspX-specific IFN-γ production was increased in the later stationary stage. As a subunit vaccine, Ag85A and HspX antigen vaccine induced high levels of IFN-γ, and a vaccine comprising both antigens induced the highest level of IFN-γ. At 30 days post-challenge, the Ag85A subunit vaccine was protective against M. tuberculosis challenge, but the HspX subunit vaccine was not. Interestingly, the HspX antigen vaccine induced significant protective efficacy at 90 days post-challenge. Moreover, the combined antigen vaccine induced the highest protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis challenge both at 30 days and 90 days post-challenge. These results suggest that the vaccine comprising Ag85A and HspX antigen which react in different stages of infection is highly protective against progressive tuberculosis.     

果蝇免疫研究进展及其感染分枝杆菌的免疫特征

耐药性、持续感染以及与HIV病毒的共感染等诸多因素导致一度得到控制的结核病死灰复燃, 有效控制日益严峻的结核病迫切需要深入认识其致病菌——结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis的基础生物学特性, 以及宿主相应的免疫控制机理。目前尚无一个动物模型能够同时回答这些关键问题, 而利用多种动物模型有望从不同角度回答上述问题, 普遍认为果蝇Drosophila 是比较理想的研究结核病天然免疫的简易模式动物之一。本文综述了果蝇免疫研究的最新进展, 包括免疫途径及其新成员与负调控子, 重点总结了用海分枝菌杆菌M. marinum、偶发分枝杆菌M. fortuitum和耻垢分枝杆菌M. smegmatis等分枝杆菌感染果蝇的新发现, 其中包括感染期间不诱导抗菌肽表达, 多个宿主因子(如CD36家族成员和ESCRT)参与了应答, 鉴定出具有杀灭分支杆菌作用的β-己糖酰胺酶, 感染期间能量代谢相关基因差异表达等。这些工作为利用果蝇模型快速筛选治疗结核病的新药物靶标和药物先导物提供了思路。