蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（PTP1B）与2型糖尿病及肥胖的关系

蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（PTP1B）是一种在体内广泛表达的胞内蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶,在调节胰岛素敏感性和能量代谢的过程中起着重要作用。通过抑制PTP1B可增加胰岛素和瘦蛋白（leptin）的活性, 为寻找2型糖尿病、肥胖的治疗提供了光明前景。     

吡格列酮对db/db小鼠骨骼肌蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B表达的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对db/db小鼠骨骼肌蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B）表达水平的影响。方法将20只4周龄db/db小鼠随机分为两组（吡格列酮组和db/db对照组）,每组10只,分别给予吡格列酮10mg/kg.d和安慰剂灌胃。另设10只同周龄db/m小鼠,给予安慰剂灌胃作为非糖尿病对照（db/m对照组）。每周监测体重、血糖,4周后用蛋白印迹法检测各组小鼠骨骼肌组织中PTP1B蛋白含量。结果db/db组小鼠骨骼肌PTP1B表达显著高于db/m组,给予吡格列酮干预,血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数显著低于db/db组（P〈0.05）,骨骼肌PTP1B表达水平亦显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论吡格列酮改善胰岛素抵抗,可能与降低骨骼肌PTP1B蛋白表达有关。     

阿尔泰独尾草和异翅独尾草提取物PTP1B抑制作用及动力学研究

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)在胰岛素信号通路中起负调控作用,PTP1B过表达使胰岛素受体蛋白酪氨酸去磷酸化而导致机体对胰岛素不敏感,继而产生2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗。因此,PTP1B是筛选治疗糖尿病活性成分的重要靶点。本文通过体外人源PTP1B抑制剂筛选模型,以活性为导向对新疆两种特有独尾草进行抑制活性筛选。结果表明,两种独尾草属植物均具有良好的PTP1B抑制活性(IC_(50)分别为17.85和33.76μg/m L),在阿尔泰独尾草进一步分离得到化合物大黄酚-8-甲基乙酯,抑制活性为26.15±0.5μM,酶反应动力学研究表明其抑制类型为混合型抑制,抑制常数Ki值为39.12±8.56μM。本研究为异翅独尾草的进一步分离提供了理论依据。     

糖尿病中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶的研究进展

糖尿病是由于胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素抵抗引起的以血糖升高为特征的代谢性疾病。有研究发现一些蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(proteintyrosine phosphatases,PTP)在胰岛素受体信号途径、胰岛素分泌和胰腺β细胞受自身免疫细胞攻击等生理或病理过程中起重要作用。以PTP1B、TCPTP和LYP为代表的PTP通过将底物去磷酸化,拮抗激酶催化的磷酸化反应,在一些信号通路中起到负相调节的作用。在糖尿病患者中发现这些PTP的单核苷酸突变使蛋白表达增加或酶活力增强,因而施用这些潜在靶蛋白的小分子抑制剂成为治疗1型或2型糖尿病可能的新疗法。而PTPIA-2/IA-2β的胞内磷酸酶结构域被发现是大量1型糖尿病患者的自身免疫原,因此可针对PTPIA-2/IA-2β发展早期诊断并预防1型糖尿病的试剂盒。     

PI-3K/Akt通路的下游因子磷酸二酯酶3B及其临床研究

在胰岛素诱导的PI-3K/Akt通路中,磷酸二酯酶3B(phosphodiesterase type3B,PDE3B)作为Akt的下游因子,通过调控胞内cAMP浓度,来调节抗糖原水解、抗脂解以及葡萄糖转运等一系列生理过程。最近研究表明PDE3B的活性及表达的变化是产生胰岛素抵抗的关键因素之一。因此,PDE3B及影响PDE3B活性的一些物质将可能成为治疗2型糖尿病、肥胖症等以胰岛素抵抗为病理基础疾病的重要靶因子。     

基于天然产物的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B 抑制剂的虚拟筛选

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)是治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的靶点之一,筛选PTP1B抑制剂具有十分重要的意义.本文采用分子对接虚拟筛选方法,构建共含有42 296个小分子的天然产物库,分别与PTP1B靶点蛋白进行分子对接,以原配体的结合能量为阈值,经过三轮筛选选取打分值高于阈值的小分子进行药代动力学参数和毒性参数预测,最终筛选出3个PTP1B抑制剂,对苯醌类化合物7、异香豆素类衍生物10和Clavepictine类似物11.结合方式研究表明,3个候选抑制剂类药性良好,均具有较好的PTP1B抑制活性,其中化合物10和11的PTP1B抑制活性未见报道.对化合物10进行体外抑制活性检测,其IC50为(74.58±1.23)μmol/L,可作为潜在Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗药物.     

白桦树羽扇豆烷型三萜类化合物与抑制PTP1B活性研究

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酯酶1B(Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B;PTP1B)在胰岛素信号传递过程中起负调控作用,亦是研究治疗2型糖尿病的重要靶点。利用PTP1B生物活性导向分离方法,从白桦树皮的正己烷提取物中分离得到7个羽扇豆烷型三萜类化合物。经过光谱分析和文献比较,确定分离得到的7个化合物为:羽扇烯酮(1),羽扇豆醇(2),桦木酸(3),白桦脂醛(4),白桦脂酸(5),算盘子酮醇(6)和白桦脂醇(7)。其有效抑制PTP1B活性值(IC50)分别为:5.6±0.3μmol/L,4.1±0.2μmol/L,7.2±0.3μmol/L,12.6±0.4μmol/L,11.6±0.3μmol/L,9.6±0.4μmol/L和13.6±0.5μmol/L。     

以PTP1B为靶点的降血糖药用真菌的筛选

[目的]以胰岛素信号通路中负调节蛋白PTP1B为靶点,筛选降糖药用真菌。[方法]比较了蛹虫草、蝙蝠蛾拟青霉、桑黄、灰树花4种药用真菌粗提物对PTP1B的抑制活性,并通过糖尿病小鼠模型进行验证。[结果]蝙蝠蛾拟青霉对PTP1B的抑制率最高,达到(78±2.81)%,其抑制类型为竞争性抑制。体内实验显示,蝙蝠蛾拟青霉降血糖效果最佳,小鼠空腹血糖降低了71.2%,与模型组有显著差异(p0.01),和二甲双胍组相近。蛹虫草组、灰树花组和桑黄组血糖分别降低了62.7%、57.8%和48.3%。此外,各个实验组小鼠的甘油三酯、胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白和胰岛素水平与模型组也存在显著差异。[结论]PTP1B作为糖尿病的新靶标,在筛选降糖药用真菌的过程中也同样适用,而且蝙蝠蛾拟青霉显示了良好的降血糖活性。     

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶PTP1B催化活性区的原核表达及活性分析

从GenBank获得人PTP1B催化活性区(PTP1Bc)氨基酸序列(1~301aa), 通过重叠PCR获得PTP1Bc基因。构建 pET-22b(+)/PTP1Bc原核表达载体, 转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3), 阳性重组子IPTG诱导表达, Ni柱纯化蛋白。目的蛋白以包涵体的形式表达, 表达量占菌体总蛋白30%以上。纯化后, 蛋白纯度达95%以上。Western blotting结果表明所得的蛋白可与抗 PTP1B抗体发生特异性结合; 酶活实验证实复性的蛋白具有一定的磷酸酶活性。PTP1Bc基因的构建、表达纯化及活性分析, 为进一步的功能研究奠定了基础。     

Sirt1及其相关信号通路蛋白调节胰岛素敏感性的研究进展

Sirt1是哺乳动物长寿基因Sir2的同源蛋白,越来越多研究表明Sirt1在糖脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性调节中起重要作用。Sirt1具有NAD依赖的去乙酰化酶的作用,可通过一系列底物去乙酰化,参与调节胰岛素敏感性。它通过影响胰岛素敏感性密切相关的信号蛋白,包括PGC-1α、PPARγ、PTP1B、NFκB/JNK等,影响其下游信号分子的表达或活性,调节糖脂代谢,抑制脂肪组织低级炎症,进而对胰岛素敏感性起着重要的调节作用。Sirt1还通过NAD+水平与AMPK相互调节,维持细胞的能量平衡。Sirt1可能成为改善胰岛素抵抗潜在的药物作用靶点。     

Magmenthanes A-H: Eight new meroterpenoids from the bark of Magnolia officinalis var. Biloba

Eight new meroterpenoids with different types of monoterpene units, namely, magmenthanes A-H (1–8), were identified from the bark of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba. Magmenthane A (1) possesses a 1,3-dioxabicyclo [4.3.0^1,5] nonane skeleton, 1–5 possess five pairs of enantiomers and 6 possesses a 1,1′-diallyl-biphenyl fragment. The structures of 1–8 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 5 and 8 displayed significant PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of 4.38 and 3.88 μM, respectively.     

Cembrane diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller as a new class of PTP1B inhibitors

A detailed investigation of the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller yielded, along with six known terpenes (6?11), the new sarcophytonolides N?R (1?5), whose structures have been elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Sarcophytonolides N–R are mono- or bicyclic cembranoids characterized by the presence of three/four double bonds and oxidized methyl groups. Some of the isolated compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme, a key target for the treatment of type-II diabetes and obesity, and some preliminary structure–activity relationships have been drawn. This is the first report on the anti-PTP1B activity of cembrane diterpenoids.     

The insulin-mimetic effect of Morin: A promising molecule in diabetes treatment

Background

Type-2 diabetes is a worldwidely diffuse disease characterized by insulin resistance that arises from alterations of receptor and/or post-receptor events of insulin signalling. Studies performed with PTP1B-deficent mice demonstrated that PTP1B is the main negative regulator of insulin signalling. Inhibition or down regulation of this enzyme causes enhanced insulin sensitivity. Hence this enzyme represents the most attractive target for development of innovative anti-diabetic drugs.

Methods

Selection of new PTP1B inhibitors among an in house library of polyphenolic compounds was carried out screening their activity. The inhibition mechanism of Morin was determined by kinetic analyses. The cellular action of Morin was assayed on HepG2 cells. Analyses of the insulin signalling pathways was carried out by Western blot methods, glycogen synthesis was estimated by measuring the incorporation of [³H]-glucose, gluconeogenesis rate was assayed by measuring the glucose release in the cell medium. Cell growth was estimated by cell count. Docking analysis was conducted with SwissDock program.

Results

We demonstrated that Morin: i) is a non-competitive inhibitor of PTP1B displaying a K_i in the μM range; ii) increases the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt; iii) inhibits gluconeogenesis and enhances glycogen synthesis. Morin does not enhance cell growth.

Conclusions

We have identified Morin as a new small molecular non-competitive inhibitor of PTP1B, which behaves as an activator and sensitizer of the insulin receptor stimulating the metabolic pathways only.

General significance

Our study suggests that Morin is a useful lead for development of new low Mr compounds potentially active as antidiabetic drugs.     

Design,synthesis and biological evaluation of some tetrazole acetamide derivatives as novel non-carboxylic PTP1B inhibitors

A series of ten N-(3-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)phenyl)acetamide derivatives (NM-07 to NM-16) designed from a lead molecule identified previously in our laboratory were synthesized and evaluated for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized molecules, NM-14, a 5-Cl substituted benzothiazole analogue elicited significant PTP1B inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 1.88 µM against reference standard suramin (IC₅₀ ≥ 10 µM). Furthermore, this molecule also showed good in vivo antidiabetic activity which was comparable to that of standard antidiabetic drugs metformin and glimepiride. Overall, the results of the study clearly reveal that the reported tetrazole derivatives especially NM-14 are valuable prototypes for the development of novel non-carboxylic inhibitors of PTP1B with antidiabetic potential.     

Tanzawaic acid derivatives from a marine isolate of Penicillium sp. (SF-6013) with anti-inflammatory and PTP1B inhibitory activities

Chemical investigation of a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SF-6013 resulted in the discovery of a new tanzawaic acid derivative, 2E,4Z-tanzawaic acid D (1), together with four known analogues, tanzawaic acids A (2) and D (3), a salt form of tanzawaic acid E (4), and tanzawaic acid B (5). Their structures were mainly determined by analysis of NMR and MS data, along with chemical methods. Preliminary screening for anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial BV-2 cells showed that compounds 1, 2, and 5 inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) with IC₅₀ values of 37.8, 7.1, and 42.5 μM, respectively. Compound 2 also inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages with an IC₅₀ value of 27.0 μM. Moreover, these inhibitory effects correlated with the suppressive effect of compound 2 on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. In addition, compounds 2 and 5 significantly inhibited the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with the same IC₅₀ value (8.2 μM).     

PTP1B inhibitors from the seeds of Iris sanguinea and their insulin mimetic activities via AMPK and ACC phosphorylation

To find PTP1B inhibitors from natural products, two new compounds (1 and 2), along with nine known compounds (3–11), were isolated from a methanol-soluble extract of Iris sanguinea seeds. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis including UV, IR, NMR, and MS. The IC₅₀ value of compound 5 on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity is 7.30 ± 0.88 µM with a little activity compared to the IC₅₀ values of the tested positive compound. Compound 5 significantly enhanced glucose uptake and activation of pACC, pAMPK and partially Erk1/2 signaling. These results suggest that compound 5 from Iris sanguinea seeds are utilized as both PTP1B inhibitors and regulators of glucose uptake. These beneficial effects could be applied to treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.     

Sesquiterpenoids from the Chinese endangered plant Manglietia aromatica

One new bourbonane-type (1) and one new cadinane-type (2) sesquiterpenoids, along with one known aromodendrane-type (3) and five known megastigmane-type (4–8) compounds, were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Manglietia aromatica, a Chinese endangered plant that has not been previously phytochemically investigated. The structures and absolute configurations of the new isolates, (1R,4S,5S,6S,7S,10S)-4-hydroxy-bourbon-8-one (1) and (1R,6S,7S)-1-hydroxy- cadin-4,9-dien-8-one (2), were established by means of spectroscopic methods and a combination of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Among the isolates, compound 2 was found to show a moderate inhibitory effect against the human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B) enzyme, a target for the treatment of type-II diabetes and obesity, with an IC₅₀ value of 83.5 μM.     

Diterpenoids from the needles and twigs of the cultivated endangered pine Pinus kwangtungensis and their PTP1B inhibitory effects

Pinus kwangtungensis is an endangered pine species native to China. In the present study, 15 diterpenoids including three new labdane-type analogs were isolated and characterized during a pioneer phytochemical investigation on a mass-limited sample of the needles and twigs of this plant, which is growing in a Cantonese garden. The new structures, (4S,5R,9S,10R)-6-oxo-labd-7,13-dien-16,15- olid-19-oic acid (1), 15(S)-n-butoxypinusolidic acid (2), and β-d-glucopyranosyl- (4S,5R,9S,10R)-labda-8(17),13-dien-15,16-olid-19-oate (3), were established by extensive spectroscopic methods and some chemical transformations. Among the isolates, lambertianic acid (10) and cassipourol (15) showed inhibitory activities against human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), a target for the treatment of type-II diabetes and obesity, with IC₅₀ values of 25.5 and 11.2 μM, respectively.     

Pyranocoumarins: A new class of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic agents

A series of pyranocoumarin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vivo for their anti-hyperglycemic as well as anti-dyslipidemic activities. Compounds 7a, 7c, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8e and 8f have shown promising anti-hyperglycemic activities in sucrose loaded model (SLM) as well as sucrose challenged streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model (STZ). Compounds 8a and 8b were showing 38.0% and 42.0% blood glucose lowering activity in db/db mice model. In vitro anti-hyperglycemic activity evaluation exhibited that compounds 8a (IC₅₀ = 24.5 μM) and 8b (IC₅₀ = 36.2 μM) are potential PTP-1B inhibitors thereby revealing their possible mechanism of anti-diabetic action. Compounds 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 8d, 8e and 8f have shown significant anti-dyslipidemic activity in triton induced dyslipidemia in rats.     

Antidiabetic triterpenoids from the leaves of Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia delavayi

Three new nor-oleanane triterpenoids, paeonenoides I-K (1-3), together with 13 known triterpenoids including nor-oleanane, oleanane, ursane, and cycloartane types, were isolated from the leaves of Paeonia suffruticosa and P. delavayi. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated with the aid of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and [α]_D spectroscopic methods. Nine compounds (5-6, 8-11, 13-14 and 16) showed inhibition against PTP1B with IC₅₀ values ranging from 36.5 to 192.6 μM, six compounds (5-6, 8-10 and 14) exhibited inhibitory activity against GPa with IC₅₀ values ranging from 39.8 to 108.0 μM, and five compounds (1, 6, 10, 15 and 16) could significantly stimulate GLP-1 secretion by 100.2–313.4% (20 μM). Docking study demonstrated that compounds 5 and 6 strongly bonded with Gpa and PTP1B by salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, verifying the importance of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Especially, compounds 5 and 14 could simultaneously inhibit PTP1B and GPa with IC₅₀ values of 57.8, 47.9 μM and 39.8, 45.2 μM, and compounds 6 and 10 could stimulate GLP-1 secretion by 293.6% and 313.4% at 20 μM.