利用基因组编辑技术创制水稻白叶枯病抗性材料

水稻白叶枯病是最重要的水稻细菌性病害,严重威胁水稻生产和粮食安全。培育和种植抗白叶枯病水稻新品种是控制该病害最经济、有效、环保的技术手段。W6023是本课题组早期通过普通野生稻与IR24杂交创制的抗病基因导入系,前期转录组测序结果显示,Pong2-1(Os02g20780)和Pong11-1(Os11g14160)在感病亲本IR24中激活表达,在抗病导入系W6023中不表达。Pong2-1和Pong11-1是水稻中Pong类转座子最相似的两成员,DNA同源性超过90%,但转录本却存在明显差异。为研究Pong2-1和Pong11-1是否与IR24的感病性相关,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定点突变IR24的Pong2-1和Pong11-1位点,获得了多个突变株系,毒力测试结果显示Pong2-1和Pong11-1突变后IR24的抗性得到一定提高,创制出6个抗白叶枯病水稻材料。     

烟草脉斑驳病毒侵染本氏烟的转录组研究

为了研究烟草脉斑驳病毒（TVMV）侵染本氏烟的抗病分子机制,本文建立了TVMV转录组数据库,挖掘抗病相关基因以及代谢和信号通路,采用Illumina Novaseq 6000高通量测序平台对侵染TVMV的本氏烟进行转录组测序,并进行生物信息学分析;利用R package:edge R等软件分析了有关抗病的差异表达基因,对差异表达基因进行基因本体论（GO）及京都基因和基因组百科全书（KEGG）基于途径的通路富集分析。基于TVMV侵染本氏烟转录组的测序结果中共获得4 593个差异表达基因,其中3 564个基因上调表达,1 029个基因下调表达。共筛选出10个抗病相关的差异表达显著基因,6个上调,4个下调。GO数据库中注释到生物学过程、细胞组分及分子功能等三大类共50个功能组。其中,在第三大类分子功能中,蛋白质结合功能以及ATP结合功能所涉及的差异表达基因最显著,分别为501个和453个差异基因。KEGG共富集20条通路,注释到核糖体途径的差异基因富集程度最高,基因最显著,差异表达基因数为307个。蛋白质结合、ATP结合、核糖体、真核生物核糖体的生物反应、DNA复制（DNA replicat...     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

吸水和干燥条件下发菜核糖体代谢差异表达基因分析

为解析发菜吸水和干燥条件下的基因差异表达规律以及发菜适应“干 湿”水分节律调控机制,该研究以充分吸水发菜藻体为对照组,干燥状态下的发菜藻体为处理组,采用高通量Illumina HiSeq PE150测序平台结合生物信息学分析方法对发菜吸水和干燥条件下的差异表达基因进行分析。结果显示：(1)发菜吸水和干燥条件下共鉴定到差异表达基因3 383个,其中显著上调和显著下调表达的基因数分别为1 767个和1 616个。(2)GO功能富集分析发现,在吸水和干燥条件下发菜差异表达基因主要富集在蛋白质合成与代谢等相关途径中;KEGG显著性富集分析发现,吸水和干燥条件下发菜有46个差异表达基因被显著富集到核糖体代谢途径,且均为显著上调表达,这些基因可能参与发菜对干旱胁迫的响应。(3)随机挑选6个被显著富集到核糖体代谢途径的基因进行qRT PCR分析发现,其基因相对表达量与转录组测序结果一致。研究表明,发菜在干燥条件下可能通过激活核糖体代谢特定基因表达帮助抗旱相关的蛋白质的合成和正确折叠、并参与渗透调节等重要生理活动进而调控其适应干燥环境条件。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21的分子生物学研究进展

由黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)引起的白叶枯病是水稻重要细菌性病害之一。迄今,已有7个水稻白叶枯病抗性基因被克隆。Xa21是第一个被克隆的白叶枯病抗性基因,因具有广谱抗性而受到广泛的关注。对Xa21的发现、定位及克隆、表达特征、编码产物XA21的生化特性、作用与调控以及XA21介导的免疫反应模式等方面的研究结果进行综述,并对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

镧对铜胁迫下水稻转录组模式的调控分析

探究稀土镧对铜胁迫下水稻转录组的影响,鉴定镧在调控水稻铜胁迫应答中的关键基因和功能。利用抗氧化酶活性筛选最适铜胁迫及镧处理浓度,进行转录组测序和差异表达分析,并用qRT-PCR验证差异表达水平。对测序数据进行差异表达分析发现3 222个基因显著上调,3 798个显著下调,qRT-PCR验证了4个细胞壁防御相关基因CHIT13、Laccase、Expansin和GH3.4。功能和通路分析获得95组GO条目和112条KEGG通路,富集于激酶和氧分子结合等分子功能、细胞壁及质膜等细胞组分、次级代谢和脂质代谢等生物学过程以及苯丙烷生物合成和植物激素信号转导通路。镧通过调节细胞壁形成和组分提高水稻铜胁迫耐受性。     

金针菇单、双核菌丝差异表达基因分析

对金针菇Flammulina velutipes单核菌丝W23的菌丝体以及与L11质配后的双核菌丝H1123菌丝体进行了转录组测序,以本实验室已获得的W23基因组为参考基因组研究两样本间差异基因,并对这些差异基因进行了GO功能和Pathway显著性富集分析。差异基因分析显示,两个样本中共有显著性差异表达的基因3 504个,其中在双核菌丝中上调、下调的基因数分别为2 151和1 353个。研究发现差异表达基因含有很多的转录因子基因、蛋白激酶以及WD40 repeat-like蛋白。Gene Ontology（GO）功能分析结果表明,extracellular region和membrane-enclosed lumen条目下的差异基因全部为上调表达,而envelope下的差异基因全部为下调表达,以利于双核菌丝分裂时锁状联合的形成而便于核的迁移。Pathway 功能富集分析结果表明,脂肪酸、氨基酸以及大部分糖类合成相关基因具有比较活跃的上调表达。说明双核菌丝主要进行营养物质的富集,为下一步在合适条件下分化成原基,进入生殖生长阶段储备物质基础。     

苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的基因差异表达分析

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)是水稻的重要害虫之一,主要刺吸水稻韧皮部汁液为害,对水稻生产造成严重的产量和经济损失。为研究水稻响应褐飞虱取食的分子机制,对褐飞虱取食6 h后的苗期水稻进行转录组测序及基因差异表达分析。【方法】采用illumina二代测序技术获得褐飞虱取食前后水稻组织的转录组数据,利用RSEM软件进行基因表达定量和DEseq2进行差异表达分析;从差异表达基因中随机选取20个基因采用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证;采用GeneMerge软件对差异表达基因进行KEGG和GO富集分析。【结果】褐飞虱取食后,水稻转录组中的1 104个基因出现了差异表达,其中435个基因表达上调,669个基因表达下调。荧光定量PCR结果显示,20个差异表达基因中18个基因的表达变化趋势和测序结果一致,证明了转录组分析结果可靠。GO和KEGG富集分析表明,表达上调基因主要与水稻氧化应激、海藻糖合成及次生化合物代谢有关,显著富集在14个KEGG通路和30个GO功能分类中;而表达下调基因主要参与水稻纤维素、蛋白质及脂肪酸合成过程,显著富集在29个KEGG通路和26个GO功能分类。在差异表达基因中,分别有61个转录因子和13个水杨酸和茉莉酸信号通路相关基因。【结论】褐飞虱取食激发了水稻的应激反应和保护机制,同时还降低了营养合成的过程,是飞虱为害造成水稻减产的原因之一。本研究初步揭示了苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的差异表达基因,为研究水稻-褐飞虱互作机制以及褐飞虱抗性水稻品种培育提供了参考和依据。     

刺芹侧耳不同发育时期的转录组差异分析

为了探讨刺芹侧耳子实体生长发育时期的基因表达变化,本文利用高通量测序技术对刺芹侧耳不同发育时期（菌丝期、原基期、子实体时期）进行RNA-Seq分析,在转录水平上解析差异表达基因在刺芹侧耳生长发育过程中的作用和功能。KEGG功能富集显示,菌丝期差异表达基因主要富集在碳代谢和氨基酸代谢中,其中三羧酸循环中编码柠檬酸合酶、乌头酸水合酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、琥珀酰辅酶A合成酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶的基因表达量均上调,说明碳代谢和氨基酸代谢是菌丝时期的主要能量来源;原基期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在脂肪酸代谢,其中RT-PCR定量结果显示原基期编码脂肪酸合酶的基因和编码脂酰辅酶A合成酶的基因下调,编码超氧化物酶的基因和编码过氧化氢酶的基因上调,表明脂肪酸代谢和抗氧化酶对刺芹侧耳原基期维持机体的稳定和生物应激方面起着重要作用。子实体时期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在剪接体、类固醇的生物合成以及AMPK信号通路中,说明环境因子对子实体时期有一定的影响。     

Constitutive heterologous expression of avrXa27 in rice containing the R gene Xa27 confers enhanced resistance to compatible Xanthomonas oryzae strains

The vascular pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) and nonvascular pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ) cause bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) diseases of rice, respectively. We have previously identified the avirulence gene avrXa27 from Xoo PXO99^A, which specifically induces the expression of the rice resistance gene Xa27 , ultimately leading to resistance against BB disease in rice. In this study, we have generated a transgenic rice line (L24) that expresses avrXa27 constitutively under the control of the PR1 promoter, and have examined its role in the host–pathogen interaction. L24 is not more susceptible to BB, indicating that avrXa27 does not contribute to virulence. AvrXa27 retains avirulence activity in L24 and, after crossing with a line containing Xa27 , progeny display phenotypic changes including inhibition of tillering, delay in flowering, stiff leaves, early leaf senescence and activation of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes. On challenge with a variety of compatible strains of Xoo and Xoc strain L8, lines with both avrXa27 and Xa27 also show enhanced resistance to bacterial infection. The induction of Xa27 and subsequent inhibition of Xoc growth in Xa27 plants are observed on inoculation with Xoc L8 harbouring avrXa27 . Our results indicate that the heterologous expression of avrXa27 in rice containing Xa27 triggers R gene-specific resistance and, at the same time, confers enhanced resistance to compatible strains of Xoo and Xoc . The expression of AvrXa27 and related proteins in plants has the potential to generate broad resistance in plants.     

Analysis of Pathotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in China

Virulence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to evaluated the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo ) from the main rice-growing region in China. The pathotype of Xoo was determined for 103 strains by inoculating 13 near-isogenic rice lines using IR24 as the recurrent parent. Sixty-one pathotypes was shared by these strains, on the basis of the consensus of three clustering statistics, and four clusters for pathotype were formed. Cluster 2 consists of strains with high molecular polymorphorism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to a majority of the 13 major resistance ( R ) genes or avirulent only to Xa21 , and is geographically dispersed. The resistance gene Xa21 has broader resistance than others to the strains tested. A probe from a member of the avrBs3/pthA type III effector family, 1376 bp Sph I-digested fragment, was used to screen the genomes of 52 strains tested. Four common bands were found in the DNA fingerprint pattern of Xoo , suggesting basic patterns of evolutionary relationship for members of avrBs3/pthA family and/or the pathogen. Each distinct RFLP banding pattern of each strain was considered as a haplotype; 42 haplotypes were revealed by the probe and divided into four lineages by the same statistics method. It was observed that some isolates with different pathotypes shared the same haplotype and others with different haplotypes harboured identical pathotype. There was a weak correlation between virulent pathotypes and molecular haplotypes.     

Isolation and characterization of disease resistance gene homologues from rice cultivar IR64

We initiated a search for disease resistance (R) gene homologues in rice cultivar IR64, one of the most agronomically important rice varieties in the world, with the assumption that some of these homologues would correspond to previously identified disease resistance loci. A family of rice R gene homologues was identified using the Arabidopsis NBS-LRR disease resistance gene RPS2 as a hybridization probe. Because member genes of this rice R gene family exhibit features characteristic of the NBS-LRR class of resistance genes, the family was given the name NRH (for NBS-LRR resistance gene homologues). Three members of the NRH family, NRH1, NRH2, and NRH3, were cloned and studied in detail. In IR64, NRH1 and NRH2 appear to encode full-length polypeptides, whereas NRH3 is prematurely truncated with a stop codon generated by a frameshift. NRH1 maps on chromosome 5, and NRH2 and NRH3 are less than 48kb apart on chromosome 11. Although NRH1, NRH2, and NRH3 map to regions of the rice genome where disease resistance loci to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) have been identified, susceptible rice varieties transformed with either NRH1 or NRH2 failed to exhibit increased resistance to a set of well-characterized Xoo strains.     

OsSERK1 regulates rice development but not immunity to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae or Magnaporthe oryzae

Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (SERK) proteins play pivotal roles in regulation of plant development and immunity. The rice genome contains two SERK genes, OsSerk1 and OsSerk2. We previously demonstrated that OsSerk2 is required for rice Xa21-mediated resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and for normal development. Here we report the molecular characterization of OsSerk1. Overexpression of OsSerk1 results in a semi-dwarf phenotype whereas silencing of OsSerk1 results in a reduced angle of the lamina joint. OsSerk1 is not required for rice resistance to Xoo or Magnaporthe oryzae. Overexpression of OsSerk1 in OsSerk2-silenced lines complements phenotypes associated with brassinosteroid (BR) signaling defects, but not the disease resistance phenotype mediated by Xa21. In yeast, OsSERK1 interacts with itself forming homodimers, and also interacts with the kinase domains of OsSERK2 and BRI1, respectively. OsSERK1 is a functional protein kinase capable of auto-phosphorylation in vitro. We conclude that, whereas OsSERK2 regulates both rice development and immunity, OsSERK1 functions in rice development but not immunity to Xoo and M. oryzae.     

Mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae deficient in general secretory pathway are virulence deficient and unable to secrete xylanase

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight, a serious disease of rice. A virulence- and xylanase-deficient mutant of Xoo was isolated following ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. A cosmid clone that restored virulence and xylanase secretion was obtained from a genomic library by functional complementation. Transposon mutagenesis and marker exchange studies revealed genes on the cloned DNA that were required for xylanase production and virulence. Sequence analysis with transposon-specific primers revealed that these genes were homologues of xps F and xps D, which encode components of a protein secretion system in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Enzyme assays showed xylanase accumulation in the periplasmic space and cytoplasm of the xps F mutant and the complementing clone restored transport to the extracellular space.     

Xa26, a gene conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice, encodes an LRR receptor kinase-like protein

Rice bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most serious rice diseases worldwide. A rice gene, Xa26, conferring resistance against Xoo at both seedling and adult stages was isolated by map-based cloning strategies from the rice cultivar Minghui 63. Xa26 belongs to a multigene family consisting of four members. It encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase-like protein and is constitutively expressed. Sequence analysis revealed that IRBB3 and Zhachanglong lines that are resistant to a broad range of Xoo strains, also carry Xa26. However, significant difference in lesion length was observed among these lines after inoculation with a set of Xoo strains. Moreover, transgenic plants carrying Xa26 showed enhanced resistance compared with the donor line of the gene in both seedling and adult stages. These results suggest that the resistance conferred by Xa26 is influenced by the genetic background.