暖温带山地森林的小气候研究

本文探讨了暖温带山地落叶阔叶混交林和油松林不同梯度的气温、湿度、土壤温度的日变化特征,不同季节的分析结果表明：１．落叶阔叶林夜间始终存在气温随高度增加而增加（第１梯度＞第２梯度＞第３梯度＞第４梯度）的辐射逆温现象。油松林夜间林内气温观测值始终低于林冠以上值。２．在生长季的不同时期,人工油松林的林内气温（林地以上２ｍ和４ｍ）的日间波动程度和振幅都高于林冠以上（林冠顶以上０．５ｍ和２．５ｍ）。而在生长季中期,充分发育的落叶阔叶林林冠能够明显地缓减林内气温波动和振幅。３．两类林分各梯度的气温一般均在正午后２～３小时内达到高峰,而早晚较低,具有明显的日变化特征。４．落叶阔叶林林冠以上２．５ｍ处的水汽压及相对湿度始终低于林地以上４ｍ（林下灌木层以上２．５ｍ）处的同期值,具有比油松林更强的增湿效应。     

华北落叶松人工林蒸散及产流对叶面积指数变化的响应

定量评价林地蒸散和产流等水文过程对冠层叶面积指数(LAI)的响应,对于深入认识森林植被的生态水文过程及其发生机制,实现半干旱区林水综合管理和区域可持续发展是非常必要的。应用集总式生态水文模型BROOK90,模拟分析了不同降水年型(丰水年、平水年、枯水年)下,位于半干旱区的宁夏六盘山叠叠沟小流域内华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林的水文过程对冠层LAI变化的响应关系。结果发现:林分总蒸散量、冠层截留量、蒸腾量与LAI都呈显著的正相关关系(R~20.99,P0.01),而土壤蒸发量、产流量则与LAI均呈显著的负相关关系(R~20.99,P0.01);在不同的降水年型下,各水文过程变量与LAI的关系都可以很好地用指数函数来表达,且都存在着一个LAI阈值。当LAI低于阈值时,各水文过程变量随LAI的变化幅度较大;但高于阈值时,各变量的变化十分缓慢并趋于稳定。在不同降水年型下,各变量LAI阈值之间存在着一定的差异。一般地,丰水年各变量的LAI阈值要大于枯水年,尤其是冠层截留和土壤蒸发。在丰水年,各水文过程变量随LAI增加而变化的速率要比在平水年、枯水年更快,说明在水分充足年份中各变量的波动更多取决于LAI变化,而在水分亏缺的年份中则可能更多地受到水分条件的限制。模拟结果表明,通过减少冠层LAI(如间伐)导致的林分的降低蒸散耗水和增加产流的作用是有限的,这是由于林分蒸散降低的幅度要比LAI降低的幅度小。例如,在平水年,当LAI从4.2变为2.0(减少幅度52.4%)时,林分年蒸散仅从357.2 mm减少至333.9 mm(减少幅度6.5%)。     

西双版纳热带雨林干季林冠层雾露形成的小气候特征研究

对西双版纳热带雨林干季林冠层雾露形成的小气候特征进行了观测研究。结果表明,雾露首先形成于最上林冠层,林下露水的形成迟于林上3～4h,林下雾是由上层雾变浓、下沉而来。夜间,雾形成前,气温高于叶表温;雾形成后,气温则低于叶表温,且气温及叶表温均有回升。雾露的形成不仅凝结了水汽进入森林,同时也对森林起到了一定的保温作用,这对热带雨林的生存和发展具有致关重要的作用。     

荔枝林小气候特征及其与大气候的关系

利用2002—2003年间荔枝林小气候梯度观测资料,分析荔枝林小气候特征及其与背景大气候之间的关系。受“山谷风”下沉气流影响,荔枝林冠层气温与背景大气候相比,夜间气温明显偏低,其日变化幅度偏高,年平均偏低0．35—0．75℃,冬春季和夜间更加明显。因此在冬季冷空气过程中,荔枝林将承受较长的低温时间。不同梯度气温相比,冠层气温比冠层上偏高0．2—0．4℃,夏秋季和白天更加明显。荔枝林具有显著而稳定的增湿效应,全年月平均相对湿度均高于背景大气候7％左右。荔枝林气温、相对湿度等小气候因素与背景大气候相比,具有相同的时间变化趋势,并存在显著的线性关系。此研究结果可为应用常规气象站监测、预测气象资料推算荔枝林小气候状况,开展农用天气服务和防灾减灾工作提供依据和参考。     

西双版纳热带次生林林窗小气候要素的时空分布特征

利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候垂直观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域树表温、气温、水汽压及相对湿度的时空分布和变化规律,指出在林窗区域,林窗边缘不仅具有显著的热力效应,同样具有明显的水汽效应。并由此构成了林窗区域立体空间的环境异质性,其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量、水汽传输,小气候的形成机制,生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候垂直观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域树表温、气温、水汽压及相对湿度的时空分布和变化规律,指出在林窗区域,林窗边缘不仅具有显著的热力效应,同样具有明显的水汽效应。并由此构成了林窗区域立体空间的环境异质性,其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量、水汽传输,小气候的形成机制,生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。     

黄土高原半干旱区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)树干液流动态及其影响因子

应用热脉冲技术在黄土高原神木县六道沟小流域于2006年6月13至25日测定了两种不同密度柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落的树干液流动态.同时测量了土壤水分、太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、风速、水汽压亏缺和作物参考蒸散等环境因子,并根据植物蒸腾的P-M公式,反推计算冠层导度.结果表明,除风速外,柠条树木液流与太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、水汽压亏缺、作物参考蒸散均显著相关,且可用太阳辐射的线性表达式来估测.不同密度群落的日蒸腾量随叶面积指数增大而增加,叶面积指数为2.3的群落平均日蒸腾为3.83mm d-1m-2,而叶面积指数为1.1的林分平均日蒸腾1.64mm d-1m-2.冠层导度与气象因子关系复杂,当土壤水分不存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子显著相关,与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子无相关性;当土壤水分存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子无相关关系,而与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子显著相关.     

中性大气稳定度条件下林冠湍流特征模拟

基于欧拉二阶闭合模型,利用2003年长白山阔叶红松林微气象资料,计算并分析了长白山阔叶红松林林冠内/上的湍流特征.结果表明:模拟得到的平均风速廓线与实测值吻合;雷诺应力在林内衰减较大,而近地面处几乎没有动量传输贡献;湍流强度、速度方差和速度偏度在林冠与大气交界面处达到最大,同时剪切也达到最强;速度偏度越大,则湍流间歇性越强,并且向下的湍涡越难穿透林冠内部;林内深处的大部分湍流能量不是由局地产生,而来自于林上.     

西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候特征研究

 对西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候要素的季节变化、水平差异进行了观测研究,并对比分析了两个大小不同林窗内温度垂直分布状况、相对湿度差别。结果表明：大林窗内温度、湿度、光照的日变化均比林内大;大林窗中央光照强度为林内的10倍以上,太阳总辐射量、净辐射量为林内的5倍以上,大林窗中央的蒸发耗热量大于林内,且均占各自净辐射的较大比例(70％～80％),干季大林窗内温度、湿度日变化比雨季剧烈,大林窗内具有两个加热层(幼苗冠层、地表),小林窗仅有一个加热层(幼树冠层),且前者的加热强度大于后者,相对湿度日变化则是大林窗内较剧烈。     

华北低丘山区栓皮栎人工林冠层CO2浓度和δ13C变化及其影响因素

采用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术测定华北低丘山区栓皮栎人工林冠层上缘(11 m)和下部(6 m)大气CO₂浓度和δ¹³C值,在小时尺度上分析冠层CO₂浓度和δ¹³C变化及其影响因素.结果表明： 冠层CO₂浓度呈先高后低再升高的日变化趋势,而δ¹³C值没有明显一致的日变化规律.白天大气不稳定状态出现的频率为70.2%,在光合作用和林内湍流的共同作用下,栓皮栎冠层下部CO₂浓度高于冠层上缘约1.70 μmol·mol^-1,而δ¹³C值低于冠层上缘约0.81‰.晚上大气稳定状态出现的频率为76.2%,湍流弱,冠层叶片呼出的CO₂不易流动,导致冠层下部CO₂浓度高于上缘约1.24 μmol·mol^-1,δ¹³C值低于冠层上缘约0.58‰.白天和晚上冠层上下缘的CO₂浓度差值与δ¹³C差值均呈显著的相关关系.逐步回归分析表明,白天太阳辐射和相对湿度是影响冠层CO₂浓度和δ¹³C值差异的主要环境因子,晚上温度显著影响冠层下部与上缘δ¹³C值的变化,这些环境因子通过增强或减弱光合和呼吸作用来影响冠层大气中CO₂浓度和δ¹³C值的变化.     

樟子松固沙林动力效应的研究

在人工林生态系统中,植被与大气之间以湍流的形式不断地进行动量、热量和水分交换,交换过程与下垫面的某些空气动力特征有关。为确定植被与大气之间能量和物质的交换强     

华北平原冬小麦农田蒸散量

以华北平原冬小麦农田为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术和热红外遥感技术,研究了不同环境条件下土壤含水量与农田蒸散量及作物冠层温度的关系.结果表明,冬小麦在农田郁闭(LAI≥3)、晴天和土壤相对含水量低于田间持水量65%的情况下,蒸发比值日变化正午前后出现相对较低且平稳的变化趋势.在晴天情况下,农田潜热通量与作物冠层温度日变化和季节变化均呈极显著的非线性相关关系,而冠气温差、农田相对蒸散量则与0～100 cm土层的土壤相对含水量密切相关.以13:30～14:00的平均冠层温度值T_c、日最高气温T_{a max}和日净辐射总量Rn_d为统计数据,确立了冬小麦农田日蒸散量ET_d （mm）估算简化模式参数.     

Stand microclimate and physiological activity of tree leaves in an oak-hornbeam forest

Summary In an uneven-aged, multi-species oak-hornbeam forest at Báb, SW Slovakia (former IBP Forest Research Site), a series of micrometeorological and ecophysiological measurements started in 1985. The aims of the work are to improve understanding of physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration) of adult trees and stand microclimate, to collect data for simulation of the canopy (stand) photosynthesis and for ecological synthesis of the functioning of the forest ecosystem. In this paper, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) in and above the forest are characterized for the fully leaved season, using diurnal courses, vertical profiles and isodiagrams (isopleths). Approximately 50% of incident PAR was absorbed by the upper 4–5 m layer of leaves and only approximately 5% or less penetrated to the forest floor. Vertical gradients of AT and RH were generally low, but large differences in diurnal ranges of AT and RH were observed between vertical levels. The upper leaf canopy greatly reduced WS, and at a height of about 14 m above the ground it was close to zero. The highest diurnal [CO₂] maximum and variations occurred at 1 m above the ground, and the lowest above the forest. In good light conditions in the forest, the entire leaf canopy (overstorey and understorey canopy) is a large sink of CO₂. At night the forest stand is a source of CO₂, the largest internal source being the soil and forest floor.     

Patterns of macromycete community assemblage along an elevation gradient: options for fungal gradient and metacommunity analyse

Gradient analysis is rarely used in studies of fungal communities. Data on macromycetes from eight sites along an elevation gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico, were used to demonstrate methods for gradient analysis that can be applied to studies of communities of fungi. Selected sites from 100 to 3,500?m altitude represent tropical dry forest, tropical montane cloud forest, conifer forest, and their ecotones. From May to October 2010, macromycetes were collected monthly within ten 10?×?10?m permanent plots per site. In total, 672 individuals of 213 species of macromycetes were recorded. Models for richness and diversity for all macromycete and ectomycorrhizal communities displayed peaks in the mid-part of the gradient, and a tendency to increase with elevation, whereas xylophagous fungi displayed a peak in the mid-lower part but tended to decrease with elevation. Cluster and Maximum Likelihood analyses distinguished four communities for both macromycetes and trees, but plant and fungal communities were only partly concordant. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that macromycete distribution along the gradient is related to slope, relative humidity, soil temperature, soil water content, canopy openness, and litter depth. Spearman’s correlation and regression trees suggested that air and soil temperature, relative humidity, soil water content, canopy openness, vegetation structure and tree species richness were most strongly related to macrofungal functional groups, but these environmental variables were often correlated to the forest type and may not be causal. Variation in the environment along the elevation gradient differentially affected macromycete functional groups. Results from the different methods used in this work were concordant and showed significant patterns.     

红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙小气候特征

利用HOBO自动气象站对小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙、郁闭林分和空旷地的小气候因子进行了为期一个生长季的测定.结果表明：红松阔叶混交林林隙与对照样地的光照、地面温度和气温的日变化及其在生长季的变化趋势均呈单峰型曲线.林隙和对照样地空气相对湿度的日变化均为早晨和傍晚较高,正午较低,呈高-低-高的变化趋势;生长季内呈单峰型曲线,其中郁闭林分相对湿度最大,其次为小、中、大3个林隙,空旷地最小.林隙和对照样地降水量及降雨次数随林冠层郁闭程度的增加呈递减趋势,大林隙降雨量约为小林隙的1.4倍.在生长季内,空旷地、大、中和小林隙以及郁闭林分最大风速分别为3.34、2.97、2.87、2.41和1.84 m·s^-1.     

deltaO of water vapour, evapotranspiration and the sites of leaf water evaporation in a soybean canopy

Stable isotopes in water have the potential to diagnose changes in the earth's hydrological budget in response to climate change and land use change. However, there have been few measurements in the vapour phase. Here, we present high-frequency measurements of oxygen isotopic compositions of water vapour ( δ _v) and evapotranspiration ( δ _ET) above a soybean canopy using the tunable diode laser (TDL) technique for the entire 2006 growing season in Minnesota, USA. We observed a large variability in surface δ _v from the daily to the seasonal timescales, largely explained by Rayleigh processes, but also influenced by vertical atmospheric mixing, local evapotranspiration (ET) and dew formation. We used δ _ET measurements to calculate the isotopic composition at the sites of evaporative enrichment in leaves ( δ _L,e) and compared that with the commonly used steady-state prediction ( δ _L,s). There was generally a good agreement averaged over the season, but larger differences on individual days. We also found that vertical variability in relative humidity and temperature associated with canopy structure must be addressed in canopy-scale leaf water models. Finally, we explored this data set for direct evidence of the Péclet effect.     

用光合-蒸散耦合模型模拟冬小麦CO2通量的日变化

根据SPAC理论建立了一个冬小麦光合和蒸散的耦合模型.冬小麦CO2通量包括冠层光合、呼吸和土壤呼吸.冠层光合采用了Farquhar光合作用生化模型,并通过冠层阻力的参数化将光合作用与蒸腾作用耦合起来.用涡度相关方法观测了CO2通量,对模型进行了验证,结果显示模型可以较好地模拟CO2通量日变化过程.对模型的敏感性分析发现日间CO2通量最敏感的参数是初始量子效率.其次,CO2通量对光响应曲线凸度、CO2补偿点、凋萎点和叶面积指数的变化也有着较强的敏感性;夜间CO2通量敏感的参数是最适温度下Rubisco催化能力和暗呼吸参数.     

Predicted versus measured photosynthetic water-use efficiency of crop stands under dynamically changing field environments

Water-use efficiency (WUE) is critical in determining the adaptation and productivity of plants in water-limited areas, either under the present climate or future global change. Data on WUE are often highly variable and a unifying and quantitative approach is needed to analyse and predict WUE for different environments. Hsiao has already proposed a set of paradigm equations based on leaf gas exchange for this purpose, calculating WUE (ratio of assimilation to transpiration) relative to the WUE for a chosen reference situation. This study tests the validity and applicability of these equations to cotton and sweet corn stands with full canopies in the open field. Measured were evapotranspiration and downward flux of atmospheric CO2 into the canopy, soil CO2 efflux, canopy temperature, and CO2 and vapour pressure of the air surrounding the canopy. With the measured mean WUE and conditions at midday serving as the reference, WUE for other times was predicted from the air CO2 and water vapour data, intercellular water vapour pressure calculated from canopy temperature, and an assumed ratio of Ci/Ca based on leaf gas-exchange data. Provided that the stomatal response to humidity as it affected the Ci/Ca ratio was accounted for, the equations predicted the moment-by-moment changes in canopy WUE of cotton over daily cycles reasonably well, and also the variation in midday WUE from day-to-day over a 47 d period. The prediction for sweet corn was fairly good for most parts of the day except the early morning. Measurement uncertainties and possible causes of the differences between predicted and measured WUE are discussed. Overall, the results indicate that the equations may be suitable to simulate changes in WUE without upscaling, and also demonstrate clearly the importance of stomatal response to humidity in determining stand WUE in the field.     

马占相思林冠层气孔导度对环境驱动因子的响应

利用Granier热消散探针在2003年10月测定了广东鹤山丘陵地马占相思林14株样树的树干液流,同时监测林冠上方的光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温,结合树木的形态和林分的结构特征,计算马占相思的整树蒸腾(E)、林分总蒸腾(E_t)以及冠层平均气孔导度(g_c),分析树形特征与整树水分利用的关系、冠层气孔导度对光合有效辐射(PAR)和空气水汽压亏缺(D)的响应.结果表明,整树蒸腾与胸径(P＜0.0001)、边材面积(P＜0.0001)和冠幅(P=0.0007)以自然对数的形式、与树高(P=0.014)以幂函数的形式呈现显著正相关.冠层气孔导度最大值(g_cmax)随D的上升呈对数函数下降(P＜0.0001),对光合有效辐射的响应则呈双曲线函数增加(P＜0.0001).液流测定系统能提供连续和准确的整树和林分蒸腾速率值,经严格数学推导公式计算,最终可求出冠层气孔导度,是研究森林水分利用与环境因子相互关系的有效方法.     

红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,通过对林隙内光量子通量密度(PPFD)、气温和空气相对湿度进行连续观测,比较其间的时空分布格局.结果表明：晴天和阴天阔叶红松林林隙的PPFD日最大值均出现在11:00—13:00,晴天林隙内各个时段最大值出现位置不同,日最大值出现在林隙北侧林冠边缘处;而阴天各个时段最大值均处于林隙的中心.林隙内月平均PPFD 为6月最高、9月最低,极差7月最大.林隙内晴天气温的峰值出现在9:00—15:00,而阴天气温峰值在15：00—19：00,均位于林隙中心南8 m.5:00—9:00林隙各点阴天的气温都高于晴天,9:00—19:00则相反.月平均气温为6月最高、9月最低.晴天和阴天空气相对湿度的峰值均出现在5:00—9:00,日最大值在林隙西侧林冠边缘处,且阴天的相对湿度始终大于晴天.月平均相对湿度为7月最高、6月最低.晴天PPFD的异质性大于阴天,而气温和相对湿度的异质性则不明显.生长季内不同月份PPFD、气温和空气相对湿度的最大值所处位置不同.PPFD和气温的月均值在林隙中心及附近变化梯度较大,而相对湿度的月均值则在林隙边缘变化梯度较大.     

森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模拟

基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理,建立了一个森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模式．应用该模式模拟了森林生态系统的热量平衡、植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征,及森林生态系统下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和廓线的日变化特征．该模式还可应用于不同下垫面,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其区域气候效应的研究,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础．