城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用

为了客观反映城市森林冠层的温湿效应,发挥城市森林冠层调节小气候的作用,使用Decagon微气象监测系统对南京城市森林冠层光照、温度、相对湿度等微气候因子进行长期监测,以林外的实验观测作为对照,分析了城市森林冠层内部小气候特征和对小气候的调节作用。结果表明:生长期冠层内部太阳辐射呈双峰或多峰曲线变化,林外与冠层内部太阳辐射差由大到小为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季;冠层内部与林外的气温和相对湿度日变化规律均呈抛物线变化,夏、秋季冠层降温作用高于春、冬季,春、夏、秋季白天冠层与林外温差大,夜间温差小,春、夏、秋季冠层相对湿度在任意时段均高于林外,冬季午后冠层相对湿度低于林外,城市森林冠层在夏、秋季的保湿效果优于春、冬季,城市森林冠层气温日最高值出现时刻比林外约晚30 min;除冠层内部太阳辐射与林外气温相关性不显著外,其他气象因子之间均呈极显著的相关性(P0.01)。城市森林冠层在削减太阳辐射、降温增湿、缓和冠层内部温湿度变化和对高温的滞后效果等调节小气候和改善气候舒适度方面具有显著的作用。     

广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征

选择广西不同气候带下具有典型性和代表性的岩溶区作为研究区域,调查和监测了岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子的日变化特征。结果表明,在石荒漠阶段和草丛阶段,群落光照强、土温和气温高、空气相对湿度低,时间波动比较明显:灌丛阶段群落冠层以下的照度、气温均较低,随时间变化的幅度不大,而冠层以上的光照强度和气温均出现了大幅上升,而且随时间变化的幅度较大;落叶阔叶林阶段和常绿落叶阔叶混交林阶段群落内部的照度、气温及土壤温度均大幅降低,空气相对湿度保持在较大水平,主要小气候因子的时空变化比较平缓。主要小气候因子的时空动态与群落结构和群落种类组成特征密切相关。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林小气候调节效应

森林小气候监测对于评价森林对全球气候变化的响应与反馈有重要意义。选取2010年鼎湖山针阔叶混交林通量塔林内气象资料及其附近气象站空旷地同时段内气象资料,对两站点的气温、湿度、地温等小气候因子的日变化及月变化进行分析和对比。结果表明:(1)混交林年均气温、大气相对湿度和地表温度分别为19.8℃、86.5%、20℃,空旷地分别为22.1℃、79.1%、24℃。混交林内年均气温与地温分别比空旷地低2.3℃、4℃,年均相对湿度比空旷地高7.4%,土壤各层湿度明显高于空旷地,表现出良好的降温、增湿、涵养水源的小气候效应。(2)二者气温、大气湿度、土壤温度的差值均为白天大于晚上,在10:00—17:00差异明显,表明针阔叶混交林的降温和增湿作用白天大于夜晚。气温和土壤温度差值在湿季大于干季,而相对湿度差值在干季大于湿季,表明针阔叶混交林的降温作用湿季大于干季,增湿作用干季大于湿季。这种小气候调节作用是由南亚热带特殊的气候条件及植被类型决定的。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠层温度与大气温度特征

根据2005年西双版纳热带季节雨林群落冠层植物表面温度以及林冠上、林冠下的气温资料,对热带季节雨林冠层温度和冠层气温及其之间的温度差异在不同季节的变化进行了分析。结果表明：热带季节雨林冠层温度除雾凉季夜间稍低于同层大气温度外,其他时间林冠温度皆高于同层大气温度,在雾凉季和干热季,热带季节雨林林冠上气温在大多数时刻高于林冠下气温;在中午前后林冠上气温低于林冠下气温。在平均温度较高的雨季,林冠上气温一直高于林冠下大气的温度;林冠上、林冠下气温之间的差异,显示西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠的生态效应对森林小气候的反馈作用;在雾凉季夜晚,热带季节雨林林冠温度与冠层气温与其他时间不同,雾凉季夜间低温是热带季节雨林能否存在的关键性限制因子。     

1975—2018年奥奈达(Oneida)湖夏季不同深度水温变化特征及其对气温变化的响应

利用奥奈达湖夏季气温和0、2、4、6和8 m处水温资料,分析了1975—2018年该湖不同深度水温变化特征及其对气温变化的响应。结果表明:(1)夏季气温与0、2、4、6和8 m处水温均呈极显著升温趋势,气温的气候倾向率为0.35℃·10a^-1,各层水温倾向率均大于气温为0.38—0.40℃·10a^-1;(2)气温与2 m处水温突变均发生于1994年,且水温突变发生的年份随深度的增加而推迟;夏季气温和0、2、4 m处水温的异常偏高年均为2005年,各层水温异常偏低和偏高年各出现在1992和2005年;(3)夏季0、2、4、6和8 m处水温与气温的温差均呈升高趋势,分别增加了0.25、0.27、0.14、0.11、0.05℃,水气温差的气候倾向率变化范围为0.02—0.05℃·10a^-1,且随着深度的增加,水气温差的增加幅度变小;(4)夏季平均气温每升高1℃,相当于奥奈达湖0、2、4、6和8 m处夏季均温升高(1.06±0.02)℃、(1.06±0.02)℃、(1.04±0.02)℃、(1.03±0.03)℃和(1.01±0...     

暖温带山地森林的小气候研究

本文探讨了暖温带山地落叶阔叶混交林和油松林不同梯度的气温、湿度、土壤温度的日变化特征,不同季节的分析结果表明：１．落叶阔叶林夜间始终存在气温随高度增加而增加（第１梯度＞第２梯度＞第３梯度＞第４梯度）的辐射逆温现象。油松林夜间林内气温观测值始终低于林冠以上值。２．在生长季的不同时期,人工油松林的林内气温（林地以上２ｍ和４ｍ）的日间波动程度和振幅都高于林冠以上（林冠顶以上０．５ｍ和２．５ｍ）。而在生长季中期,充分发育的落叶阔叶林林冠能够明显地缓减林内气温波动和振幅。３．两类林分各梯度的气温一般均在正午后２～３小时内达到高峰,而早晚较低,具有明显的日变化特征。４．落叶阔叶林林冠以上２．５ｍ处的水汽压及相对湿度始终低于林地以上４ｍ（林下灌木层以上２．５ｍ）处的同期值,具有比油松林更强的增湿效应。     

黄土高原苹果园不同生长阶段的小气候特征

在黄土高原苹果园内,使用小气候梯度自动测定系统于2011年1月—2013年12月定位观测果园6、3、1.5 m高度的光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温、树体温度、相对湿度以及冠层顶的总辐射和土壤10~60 cm深度的温湿度,分析了苹果园不同生长阶段的小气候特征。结果表明:总辐射、PAR、空气温度和树体温度日变化均呈单峰曲线,总辐射和PAR在12:50、空气温度和树体温度在16:00左右达到最大值;总辐射和PAR在生长盛期最强,生长始期次之;空气温度、树体温度和土壤温度在盛期随辐射变化最大,在始期次之;生长始期温度日较差最大;冠层下部PAR在生长盛期和休眠期小于冠层顶,休眠期空气温度垂直变化最大,盛期次之,除土壤表层外,其余各层土壤温度均随深度增加而升高且日变化较小;空气湿度生长盛期最大,休眠期次之,日变化呈现高-低-高趋势,冠层下部的湿度在夜间高于冠层顶部且盛期相差最为明显,生长始期其日较差最大,盛期次之;生长始期土壤含水量最高,盛期次之,表层和深层含水量较小,20 cm含水量高,但其变化幅度较大。     

森林与空旷地空气温湿度及土壤温度的长期对比研究

森林对温湿度的影响是其生态功能的基础,为了探讨森林的这种小气候效应,本文采用小气候对比观测的方法,根据2005 -2007年观测资料,对长白山阔叶红松林与附近空旷地温度、湿度等小气候要素进行了差异性研究.结果表明,林内近地表层空气温度白天低于林外空旷地,晚间高于林外空旷地,因而具有较低的日较差.非生长季二者的月平均值差异不显著,但生长季差异明显,月平均气温最高差值出现季节与森林叶面积指数最大值出现时间一致.气温年较差的平均值林内小于空旷地,差值可达6.3℃.年均森林与空旷地土壤温度全年均表现出明显差异,以0℃为界,0℃以上,林内土壤温度低于空旷地,0℃以下高于空旷地,其中2005年1月5 cm深处土壤温度差值达到了5.3℃.空气相对湿度生长季差异较大,其中以7、8月份差异最为明显,2006年7月差值最大,达7.0％.     

1961—2007年海口市气候环境变化及其对城市发展的响应

基于海口市1961—2007年的气象资料以及1989—2007年的城市化水平,对海口市气候环境变化及其与城市化水平的关系进行了分析.结果表明:与1961—1990年相比,海口市1995—2007年气温呈明显的增高态势,年均增温0.93℃;而相对湿度则明显降低,年均湿度降低了3%;海口市年均气温、年均相对湿度与城市化水平分别呈显著和极显著相关,说明城市化较好地解释了近20年来海口市气候要素的变化.海口城市的发展,不仅改变了气候环境要素,而且影响了大气环境质量,使酸雨次数增加、年均酸雨pH值降低.     

施硅对夜间增温下南方水稻生长、产量和品质的影响

气温增幅夜间大于白天是全球气候变暖的显著特征之一。夜间增温引起南方单季稻减产,而施硅可提高水稻产量。本研究通过田间模拟试验,分析了施硅对夜间增温下水稻主要生育期植株分蘖数、生物量等生长指标以及产量和品质的影响。增温设2水平：常温对照(CK)和夜间增温(NW),采用被动式夜间增温方法,即夜间(19:00—6:00)用铝箔膜覆盖植株冠层以模拟夜间增温;硅肥(钢渣)用量设2水平：不施硅(Si₀)和施硅(Si₁,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)。结果表明：与常温对照比,夜间增温使水稻生长期冠层和5 cm土层夜间平均温度分别升高0.51～0.58℃和0.28～0.41℃。夜间增温使分蘖数和叶绿素含量分别较CK降低2.5%～15.9%和0.2%～7.7%;而施硅使分蘖数和叶绿素含量较不施硅分别提高1.7%～16.2%和1.6%～16.6%。与CK相比,夜间增温下施硅显著提高了灌浆-成熟期地上部干重、全株干重和产量,增幅分别为64.1%、55.3%和7.1%;显著增加了精米率、整精米率和淀粉含量,增幅分别为2....     

长白山阔叶红松林二氧化碳浓度特征

采用红外气体分析仪对长白山阔叶红松林2003年度CO₂浓度特征进行了分层连续监测,并结合同步气象资料进行了分析.结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林CO₂浓度存在明显的日变化、季变化与垂直变化,这些变化与植被生理活动、土壤呼吸及林内湍流交换强度有关.生长季林内全天CO₂浓度最高值出现在凌晨5:00左右的近地面层,最低值出现在午后15:00左右的冠层部位;日出前后,随着逆温层的打破,林下CO₂有一明显的释放过程.观测期间林内O₂平均浓度为377 μmol·mol^-1,月平均最高值出现在1月,为388 μmol·mol^-1,最低值出现在8月,为352 μmol·mol^-1.生长季夜间森林表现为CO₂的排放,日间表现为CO₂的吸收汇;非生长季日间与夜间森林都主要表现为CO₂的排放源,但在午间冠层部位仍有数小时表现为CO₂的吸收过程.     

红松阔叶混交林林隙土壤水分分布格局的地统计学分析

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,采用网格法布点,通过对生长季内林隙各样点土壤含水量的连续观测,利用基本统计学和地统计学的方法分析并揭示了林隙土壤含水量的时空分布格局,旨在为红松阔叶混交林的可持续经营提供基础数据和理论参考。结果表明:林隙土壤含水量不仅存在明显的空间异质性,而且空间异质性的强度、尺度和空间结构组成随时间而改变。浅层土壤水分空间异质性大于深层,林隙0—7.6 cm、0—12 cm和0—20 cm土壤含水量大小顺序均为9月>7月>8月>6月。林隙、郁闭林分和空旷地土壤含水量大小顺序均为0—7.6 cm>0—12 cm>0—20 cm。生长季内6月土壤含水量不同空间样点极差最大,各月变异都属于中等变异程度;基台值和变程大小顺序同样为0—7.6 cm>0—12 cm>0—20 cm;林隙月平均土壤含水量斑块连接度高,形状复杂,0—7.6 cm、0—12 cm和0—20 cm平均土壤含水量最大值均分布在林隙中心及其附近,最小值分布位置不固定;生长季内土壤含水量及其变化程度均为空旷地最大,林隙次之,郁闭林分最小。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为研究对象,通过对林隙内光量子通量密度(PPFD)、气温和空气相对湿度进行连续观测,比较其间的时空分布格局.结果表明：晴天和阴天阔叶红松林林隙的PPFD日最大值均出现在11:00—13:00,晴天林隙内各个时段最大值出现位置不同,日最大值出现在林隙北侧林冠边缘处;而阴天各个时段最大值均处于林隙的中心.林隙内月平均PPFD 为6月最高、9月最低,极差7月最大.林隙内晴天气温的峰值出现在9:00—15:00,而阴天气温峰值在15：00—19：00,均位于林隙中心南8 m.5:00—9:00林隙各点阴天的气温都高于晴天,9:00—19:00则相反.月平均气温为6月最高、9月最低.晴天和阴天空气相对湿度的峰值均出现在5:00—9:00,日最大值在林隙西侧林冠边缘处,且阴天的相对湿度始终大于晴天.月平均相对湿度为7月最高、6月最低.晴天PPFD的异质性大于阴天,而气温和相对湿度的异质性则不明显.生长季内不同月份PPFD、气温和空气相对湿度的最大值所处位置不同.PPFD和气温的月均值在林隙中心及附近变化梯度较大,而相对湿度的月均值则在林隙边缘变化梯度较大.     

Estimating below‐canopy light regimes using airborne laser scanning: An application to plant community analysis

Light is a key driver of forest biodiversity and functioning. Light regimes beneath tree canopies are mainly driven by the solar angle, topography, and vegetation structure, whose three‐dimensional complexity creates heterogeneous light conditions that are challenging to quantify, especially across large areas. Remotely sensed canopy structure data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) provide outstanding opportunities for advancement in this respect. We used ALS point clouds and a digital terrain model to produce hemispherical photographs from which we derived indices of nondirectional diffuse skylight and direct sunlight reaching the understory. We validated our approach by comparing the performance of these indices, as well as canopy closure (CCl) and canopy cover (CCo), for explaining the light conditions experienced by forest plant communities, as indicated by the Landolt indicator values for light (L_light) from 43 vegetation surveys along an elevational gradient. We applied variation partitioning to analyze how the independent and joint statistical effects of light, macroclimate, and soil on the spatial variation in plant species composition (i.e., turnover, Simpson dissimilarity, β_SIM) depend on light approximation methodology. Diffuse light explained L_light best, followed by direct light, CCl and CCo (R² = .31, .23, .22, and .22, respectively). The combination of diffuse and direct light improved the model performance for β_SIM compared with CCl and CCo (R² = .30, .27 and .24, respectively). The independent effect of macroclimate on β_SIM dropped from an R² of .15 to .10 when diffuse light and direct light were included. The ALS methods presented here outperform conventional approximations of below‐canopy light conditions, which can now efficiently be quantified along entire horizontal and vertical forest gradients, even in topographically complex environments such as mountains. The effect of macroclimate on forest plant communities is prone to be overestimated if local light regimes and associated microclimates are not accurately accounted for.     

Beneath the veil: plant growth form influences the strength of species richness–productivity relationships in forests

Aim Species richness has been observed to increase with productivity at large spatial scales, though the strength of this relationship varies among functional groups. In forests, canopy trees shade understorey plants, and for this reason we hypothesize that species richness of canopy trees will depend on macroclimate, while species richness of shorter growth forms will additionally be affected by shading from the canopy. In this study we test for differences in species richness–productivity relationships (SRPRs) among growth forms (canopy trees, shrubs, herbaceous species) in small forest plots. Location We analysed 231 plots ranging from 34.0° to 48.3° N latitude and from 75.0° to 124.2° W longitude in the United States. Methods We analysed data collected by the USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis program for plant species richness partitioned into different growth forms, in small plots. We used actual evapotranspiration as a macroclimatic estimate of regional productivity and calculated the area of light‐blocking tissue in the immediate area surrounding plots for an estimate of the intensity of local shading. We estimated and compared SRPRs for different partitions of the species richness dataset using generalized linear models and we incorporated the possible indirect effects of shading using a structural equation model. Results Canopy tree species richness increased strongly with regional productivity, while local shading primarily explained the variation in herbaceous plant richness. Shrub species richness was related to both regional productivity and local shading. Main conclusions The relationship between total forest plant species richness and productivity at large scales belies strong effects of local interactions. Counter to the pattern for overall richness, we found that understorey herbaceous plant species richness does not respond to regional productivity gradients, and instead is strongly influenced by canopy density, while shrub species richness is under multivariate control.     

海南省万宁市野生荔枝资源种群特征研究

野生荔枝是荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)进行品种改良与创新的重要基因库,该研究通过对海南万宁自然保护区内、外野生荔枝资源进行实地调查,并用空间分布格局、种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线等方法进行比较分析,以揭示野生荔枝种群在保护区内、外的分布规律及其种群动态趋势,为野生荔枝资源的保护提供依据。结果表明:(1)海南万宁自然保护区内、外野生荔枝种群均为聚集分布,且非自然保护区聚集程度比自然保护区的聚集程度更为明显。(2)径级结构分析发现,自然保护区内野生荔枝种群结构为增长型,种群生命期望值整体上基本随径级增加呈递减趋势,存活曲线呈近直线型,说明自然保护区内的野生荔枝种群处于相对稳定的状态;而自然保护区外的野生荔枝种群为衰退型。(3)群动态预测结果也显示,自然保护区内外的野生荔枝种群的动态变化指数(Vpi′)以及随机干扰风险极大值均趋于零,但自然保护区外的值均大于区内,说明保护区外受到的敏感性比自然保护区内更强,即保护区外野生荔枝种群的生存环境已受到严重的人为干扰威胁。研究认为,在自然保护区外,野生荔枝种群幼树的严重缺失不仅与野生荔枝种群自身的更新机制有关,更重要的是生存环境的破坏和人为砍伐导致野生荔枝种群结构发生变化,野生荔枝林面积下降。     

Tropical forests are thermally buffered despite intensive selective logging

Tropical rainforests are subject to extensive degradation by commercial selective logging. Despite pervasive changes to forest structure, selectively logged forests represent vital refugia for global biodiversity. The ability of these forests to buffer temperature‐sensitive species from climate warming will be an important determinant of their future conservation value, although this topic remains largely unexplored. Thermal buffering potential is broadly determined by: (i) the difference between the “macroclimate” (climate at a local scale, m to ha) and the “microclimate” (climate at a fine‐scale, mm to m, that is distinct from the macroclimate); (ii) thermal stability of microclimates (e.g. variation in daily temperatures); and (iii) the availability of microclimates to organisms. We compared these metrics in undisturbed primary forest and intensively logged forest on Borneo, using thermal images to capture cool microclimates on the surface of the forest floor, and information from dataloggers placed inside deadwood, tree holes and leaf litter. Although major differences in forest structure remained 9–12 years after repeated selective logging, we found that logging activity had very little effect on thermal buffering, in terms of macroclimate and microclimate temperatures, and the overall availability of microclimates. For 1°C warming in the macroclimate, temperature inside deadwood, tree holes and leaf litter warmed slightly more in primary forest than in logged forest, but the effect amounted to <0.1°C difference between forest types. We therefore conclude that selectively logged forests are similar to primary forests in their potential for thermal buffering, and subsequent ability to retain temperature‐sensitive species under climate change. Selectively logged forests can play a crucial role in the long‐term maintenance of global biodiversity.     

Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorian rainforests

To test the hypotheses that butterflies in an intact lowland rainforest are randomly distributed in space and time, a guild of nymphalid butterflies was sampled at monthly intervals for one year by trapping 883 individuals of 91 species in the canopy and understory of four contiguous, intact forest plots and one naturally occurring lake edge. The overall species abundance distribution was well described by a log-normal distribution. Total species diversity (γ-diversity) was partitioned into additive components within and among community subdivisions (α-diversity and β-diversity) in vertical, horizontal and temporal dimensions. Although community subdivisions showed high similarity (l-β-diversity/γ-diversity), significant β-diversity existed in each dimension. Individual abundance and observed species richness were lower in the canopy man in the understory, but rarefaction analysis suggested that the underlying species richness was similar in both canopy and understory. Observed species richness varied among four contiguous forest plots, and was lowest in the lake edge plot. Rarefaction and species accumulation curves showed that one forest plot and the lake edge had significantly lower species richness than other forest plots. Within any given month, only a small fraction of total sample species richness was represented by a single plot and height (canopy or understory). Comparison of this study to a similar one done in disturbed forest showed diat butterfly diversity at a naturally occurring lake edge differed strongly from a pasture-forest edge. Further comparison showed that species abundance distributions from intact and disturbed forest areas had variances that differed significandy, suggesting mat in addition to extrapolation, rarefaction and species accumulation techniques, the shapes of species abundance distributions are fundamental to assessing diversity among sites. This study shows the necessity for long-term sampling of diverse communities in space and time to assess tropical insect diversity among different areas, and the need of such studies is discussed in relation to tropical ecology and quick surveys in conservation biology.     

Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak

Nocturnal flying insects were collected monthly for 13 months using ultra violet light-traps set at various vertical levels in a weakly-seasonal, tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Abundance, faunal composition, size distribution and guild structure of these samples were analyzed with respect to temperal and vertical distributions. The nocturnal flying insect community in the canopy level was highly dominated by fig wasps (84%) in individual number, and by scarabaeid beetles (28%) in weight. A principal component analysis on monthly catches detected non-random, seasonal trends of insect abundance. The first two principal trends were an alternation of wetter (September to January) and less wet seasons (February to August) and an alternation between the least wet (January to March) and the other seasons. Many insect groups were less abundant in the least wet season than the other seasons, whilst inverse patterns were found in Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae. Significantly positive and negative correlations between monthly catch and rainfall were detected only in ovule-feeders and in phloem-feeders, respectively. Delayed, significant negative correlations between monthly catch and 1–3 month preceding rainfall were more frequently detected in phytophages, phloem-feeders, seed-feeders, wood-borers and scavengers. The peak in abundance along vertical levels were found at the canopy level (35 m) for phloem-, ovule-, seed-, root-, fungal-feeders and nectar collectors, at an upper subcanopy level (25 m) for scavengers and aquatic predators, and at a middle subcanopy level (17 m) for ants. Catches at the emergent level (45 m) did not exceed those at the canopy level.     

六盘山主要植被类型冠层截留特征

通过野外观测和模型模拟,研究了六盘山主要森林类型的冠层截留量、冠层截留容量和冠层截留模拟参数的变化.结果表明：六盘山主要森林类型的冠层截留率在8.59%～17.94%,穿透降雨率超过80%,树干茎流率在0.23%～3.10%;冠层截留容量在0.78～1.84 mm,其中叶截留容量在0.62～1.63 mm,枝干截留容量在0.13～0.29 mm,且针叶林的冠层截留容量高于阔叶林.考虑冠层叶面积指数的冠层截留改进模型较原有模型具有更好的模拟精度, 其中,研究区红桦林、华山松林、李灌丛和辽东栎-少脉椴混交林的模拟效果较好,辽东栎林、油松林和华西四蕊槭 石枣子灌丛模拟效果相对较差,这可能与冠层结构、叶面积指数以及降水特性等差异有关.