山西省代县小PiTi繁殖生物学的研究

１９８５－１９９４年的３－１１月,在山西省代县对小ＰｉＴｉ的繁殖生物学进行了研究。该鸟在山西省为夏候鸟,每年最虫３月６日迁来,最晚１１月２４日迁离,居留期为２５５天左右。种群密度在繁殖前的４月为１．３７,繁殖后的９月为１．９５（只／ｈａ）。产卵始期为５月２７日,日产１枚,窝卵数５－８枚,产出第二枚卵时开始孵卵。观察到最早孵卵期为５月２８日,孵卵期为２０－２２ｄ。雏鸟出壳先后顺序与产卵先后顺序相一致     

庞泉沟自然保护区白繁殖生态观察

９９０－１９９４年３－１０月,在山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区,对白繁殖生态进行了研究。研究表明,该鸟在本区为夏候鸟,３月底迁来,１０月上旬迁离,多在山涧溪流、池塘、水沟边活动。种群密度遇见数在繁殖前为１７０只／ｋｍ,繁殖后１７７只／ｋｍ,繁殖后比繁殖前增长４１２％。食物以昆虫为主,最早产卵于５月１１日,每窝卵数３－６枚,孵卵期１２－１４ｄ,孵化率８０％－１００％。     

青岛地区暗绿绣眼鸟繁殖生态研究

暗绿绣眼鸟每年４月２０日迁来，５月中下旬筑巢，筑巢期７天。筑巢期间交配，巢成后即产卵。每窝产卵４枚，年产１窝。孵卵期１０天。雏鸟均在孵卵期的最后一上小时内全部出壳。经亲鸟喂食１１天，雏鸟出飞离巢。     

金眶Hang的繁殖习性

１９９６－１９９８年的４－９月,在山西省沁水县的张马十字河流域,对金眶Ｈａｎｇ的繁殖进行了研究。该鸟在本区为夏侯鸟,４月３－６日迁来,居留１６０－１６３天,栖息生境主要在河岸、砂滩、卵石间,遇见率为０．５３只／ｋｍ。５月营巢及产卵,窝卵数３－４枚,孵化期２２天。雏鸟为早成鸟,随新鸟在巢外生活２１天后,可独立生活。     

芦芽山自然保护区ChiXiao的生态

１９９３－１９９５年,在芦芽山自然保护区对我国二重点保护物（ＢｕｂｏＢｕｂｏ）的生态进行了调查,在本地区ＣｈｉＸｉａｏ栖于山地疏林、岩石灌丛及丘陵农田。每年３－６月繁殖,３月下旬产卵、每隔２－３ｄ产卵一枚,每窝产卵２－４枚、孵卵期３９ｄ、孵化率８８．８９％。雏鸟被亲鸟抚育７０ｄ后离巢。本区ＣｈｉＸｉａｏ食物以农林鼠类主。     

芦芽山自然保护区栩的生态

９９３－１９９５年,在芦芽山自然保护区对我国二级重点保护动物（ＢｕｂｏＢｕｂｏ）的生态进行了调查,在本地区栖于山地疏林、岩石灌丛及丘陵农田。每年３－６月繁殖,３月下旬产卵、每隔２－３ｄ产卵一枚,每窝产卵２－４枚、孵卵期３９ｄ、孵化率８８８９％。雏鸟被亲鸟抚育７０ｄ后离巢。本区食物以农林鼠类为主。     

黄眉姬鹟繁殖生态的观察

１９９２—１９９４年的５—９月，在山西庞泉沟自然保护区对黄眉姬的繁殖生态作了观察。结果表明，该鸟的迁徙期为５月中旬和９月上旬；种群密度为６．６只／ｋｍ２。窝卵数４—６枚，孵卵期１２－１３ｄ，孵化率为８９．５％，育雏期１２ｄ。     

江西吉安灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态研究

灰头麦鸡Vanellus cinereus在江西吉安地区是夏候鸟.2010 ～2011年对当地灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态进行了调查研究.结果表明,当地灰头麦鸡最早2月20日迁入,最晚9月17日迁离,居留时间约为7个月;3月初开始产卵,平均窝卵数3.8枚(n=14),平均卵大小48.0 mm×34.5 mm,平均卵重28.8 g(n =38);产满窝卵后即开始孵卵,孵卵由雌雄鸟共同承担;孵卵期为28 ～31 d;孵化率为90.15％.     

三道眉草Wu繁殖的研究

三道眉草Ｗｕ在山东省的泰山和租徕山,每年繁殖一次,繁殖期在６－７月,每窝产卵多为４枚,孵卵期１１天,育雏期１３天。据１９９２年１月对１８只鸟体的检析,冬季年龄的组成,其成体和幼体为１：１而雌体的只数多于雄体。     

戴胜繁殖习性的观察

１９９３－１９９５年,连续三年在辽宁凤城地区对戴胜繁殖习性进行 观察。结果发现,戴胜每年３月中旬迁来,９月下旬迁离。每年繁殖两次,繁殖期在４月中旬至７月末。窝卵量：第一窝９－１０枚,第二窝５－７枚。雌鸟边产卵边卵卵。孵卵期;第一窝１８ｄ,第二窝１５ｄ。     

四川南充市区珠颈斑鸠的繁殖生态学和巢址选择

2002年11月~2004年4月在四川省南充市区内对珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。结果表明:珠颈斑鸠3月初开始求偶交配,求偶行为复杂,有“婚飞”行为;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~8 d。影响巢址选择的主要因素有6种:栖位与巢周隐蔽因子、巢下隐蔽因子、光照因子、人为活动因子、食物因子和营巢树因子;窝卵数2枚,雌雄轮流孵卵,孵卵期17~18 d,孵化率86.67%;雌雄均参与育雏,育雏期18~20 d,雏离巢率73.08%,繁殖生产力1.82,种群育雏高峰期为7月和8月中上旬。     

THE ANNUAL RE-OCCUPATION OF BREEDING SITES BY THE FULMAR

The Fulmar has a long period at the breeding colony prior to egg-laying. The pattern of annual occupation and build-up in numbers has been examined in detail at Marsden, Co. Durham, at a colony in which over 100 eggs are laid annually (Order 3 of Fisher's classification). The re-occupation of the cliff starts in early November with an occasional visit by one or two birds. The main period of activity at the cliff is during the morning and, as the numbers build up, the diurnal period of occupation increases. By mid-December the first birds to arrive in the colony do so before dawn and the last to leave remain well after dark until near midnight. Almost throughout the pre-egg stage, the colony is deserted each night and re-occupied the next day and birds only stay regularly overnight just before egg-laying. A similar pattern of occupation occurs after breeding but in the reverse order. The numbers of birds at the colony in January and February exceed the breeding population and include many non-breeders. The non-breeders progressively decline in numbers until May when only the breeding birds remain with a few non-breeding birds. The daily variation in the numbers of birds at the cliff is influenced by the wind speed. In general, the birds leave the colony under freshening conditions and the number present at the colony can be interpreted in terms of the wind conditions over the last three days. It is suggested that the synchronised departures are primarily feeding trips, the birds using the strong winds to reach feeding areas, except that the departure just before egg-laying is linked to egg development and synchronised laying in the colony. Competition between Fulmars and Kittiwakes for nesting sites usually results in the Kittiwakes gaining the site. This is achieved by the Kittiwakes taking over the Fulmar sites during one of the latter's departures.     

河北南大港黑翅长脚鹬繁殖习性观察

2001年3～10月,在河北省南大港湿地和鸟类自然保护区对黑翅长脚鹬(Himantopus himantopus)的繁殖习性做了研究。该鸟在本地区为夏候鸟,3月下旬迁来,9月中旬迁离,居留期约180d。栖息生境主要在盐场,平均种群遇见率为40．8只／km.平均窝卵数4．1枚,孵化期为20-21d,孵化率为89．7％,年繁殖力为1．86,孵化期卵平均失重率为16．0％,幼鸟为早成鸟。     

Breeding systems of New Zealand Snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica and Chatham Island Snipe C. pusilla; are they food limited?

New Zealand Snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica were studied over six breeding seasons on the Snares Islands. The study area (7.5 ha) held about 20 pairs at a density of 3.2 ± O.5 pairs/ha, plus 5 to 25 nonterritorial birds. Most matings were monogamous but simultaneous polygyny was recorded in one territory (by two different males) in four consecutive seasons. Males courtship fed females before egg-laying. The typical clutch was two eggs, laid three days apart. Incubation was shared equally by the sexes in monogamous pairs and took 22 days. Some females with polygynous mates attempted to incubate unaided, which took about 38 days. Broods were split at hatching, with the male caring for the first chick to leave the nest. Chicks were fed by adults for at least 41 days, and did not become independent until about 65 days old. Growth rates were slow compared to Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago and full plumage took about 54 days to attain. No pairs were double-brooded but 43% of pairs that failed during incubation or early chick-rearing renested together. Some breeders of both sexes who had lost their dependent chick bred a second time with a new mate while their first mate continued rearing the surviving chick (sequential polygyny and polyandry). Hatching success was 80%, and fledging success was 48%. Each pair produced, on average, O.6 fledglings per year. Chatham Island Snipe C. pusilla were studied on Rangatira Island during the 1983–84 breeding season. Breeding density was about 5.6 pairs/ha. The breeding system was very similar to that for C. aucklandica but chicks became independent at about 41 days old. Hatching success was 89%. Compared to Common Snipe, Coenocorypha snipes occurred at high densities, had courtship feeding, large eggs, a long interegy interval, a small clutch, shared incubation and a long incubation period. Nest desertion rates were high, but overall hatching success was also high, chick growth rates were slow, there was a long period of chick dependence and a long relaying interval following nest failure or chick loss. Survival rates of both adults and chicks were high. These differences are attributed to the absence of predation, and to intense intraspecific competition for food in a stable environment.     

BREEDING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE QUAIL FINCH ORTYGOSPIZA ATRICOLUS

Summary

Nuttall, R.J. 1992. Breeding biology and behaviour of the Quail Finch Ortygospiza atricollis. Ostrich 63:110-117.

During a study of the breeding biology of the Quail Finch Ortygospiza atricollis, observations of nest-building, egg-laying, incubation and nestling periods, and nestling development in a grassland near Pietermaritzburg, South Africa were supplemented with observations of breeding behaviour in captivity. Mean clutch size was 4,5 and eggs were laid at intervals of approximately one day. Incubation began after the third or fourth egg was laid. An incubation period of 15–16 days and an estimated nestling period of 18–19 days was recorded. Incubation and brooding are shared by both sexes. Breeding success was low (26,7% ?28,6%), with most losses resulting from predation during either the egg-laying or incubation stages.     

Annual variation in breeding biology of gentoo penguins, Pygoscelis papua, at Bird Island, South Georgia

The breeding biology of the gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua , was studied over a three-year period (1986–1988) at Bird Island, South Georgia, with particular reference to birds of known age or breeding experience. Laying date varied significantly between all three years, being three weeks later in 1987, when the breeding population decreased markedly. Factors involved in the timing of breeding are discussed. Within years egg-laying was highly synchronous: 95% of clutches were initiated in 14·5 days or less. The incubation period was 35 days and the laying interval, between the two eggs, 3·3–3·4 days. Chicks creched when 25–30 days old, and this varied between years, possibly related to food supply and chick growth. Chicks left the colony for the first time between 75 and 85 days of age. The breeding population at Bird Island decreased by 20% and increased by 84% in successive years during the study period. Breeding success (chicks fledged per egg laid) varied between 0·33 and 0·65 within colonies, but for the whole island was very consistent over the three years: 0·45, 0·51 and 0·47. Overall, colony differences were not correlated between years. Disturbance from Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella , is suggested as the cause of consistently lower breeding success at one colony. Mean egg weight varied annually, and with age of the breeding bird, nest location and, in one year, with laying date. Young, first-time breeders laid smaller eggs and had lower breeding success compared to older, experienced birds, similar to other seabirds. However, they differed from other species in laying on average earlier than older birds. The relationship between age, egg weight, laying date and breeding success is discussed in relation to predation and seasonal food supply.     

Body weight, gonad development and moult in the Tawny owl (Strix alum)

Gonad development, moult and seasonal changes in body weight and composition in the Tawny owl Strix aluco were studied by examining the carcasses of 369 owls (mostly road casualties) supplemented by 112 weights of live birds. In breeding females laying was preceded by the accumulation of fat and to a lesser extent protein which meant that they weighed more at this time (February/March) than at any other. Females declined in weight after laying but were still heavy during incubation. In contrast, males and non-breeding females did not increase in weight before the start of the breeding season. Juveniles reached or even exceeded adult weight well before independence due to the deposition of fat. Even after the exclusion of diseased or contaminated individuals, 9·4% of the birds examined were identified as starving; most of these were in the autumn and were probably newly-independent young wandering in search of territories. In both sexes gonad maturation was of brief duration coinciding with the period (mid-March to mid-April) in which eggs are normally laid. Ovarian growth was biphasic. In the three months prior to the breeding season ovarian condition in different birds was positively correlated with body weight and it appeared that the largest ovarian follicles of females in poor condition failed to attain the size from which rapid growth to final ovulation occurs. in males testis size in the breeding season was correlated with pectoral muscle weight (an index to protein condition) but not body weight. The majority of adults commenced wing moult in June. The average duration of primary moult was estimated to be 77 days. Healthy birds replaced the primaries of both wings at the same rate but most diseased birds moulted asymmetrically and/or out of season. First-year birds renewed their body feathers between September and November. In the Tawny owl territory establishment, breeding and moult are temporally separated.     

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的繁殖习性

文章概述了朱鹮的濒危状况及陕西省洋县1981—1986年的繁殖数量,计6年9窝27幼,已知死亡4只,人工喂养3只。 朱鹮在洋县为留鸟,越冬期间偶尔返回繁殖地,2月中旬后不再离开。有显著的领域性。3月上旬开始营巢,中旬至4月初产卵,多数3枚(1—4枚)。孵卵期30天左右,育雏期约为40天,均由雌雄亲鸟共同承担。6月中下旬全窝育成后一起飞离巢区。     

Use of cloacal sexing techniques in mark-recapture estimates of breeding population size in Wilson's stormpetrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia

Summary Many stormpetrel species breed in habitats where their populations cannot be estimated by direct counts of burrows or birds; mark-recapture experiments have been confounded by the presence of many wandering non-breeders. With a population of Wilson's Stormpetrel Oceanites oceanicus at Bird Island, South Georgia, we tried to estimate the proportion of breeding females in samples obtained during a mark-recapture experiment. These were identified by measurements of the cloaca, which greatly enlarges at egg-laying. A concurrent experiment with individually marked birds determined that breeding females could be discriminated from males and non-breeders for c 30 days after laying. The technique is probably applicable to other petrels, though it will work best with those that lay most synchronously. The overall population estimate was 4841–5515 birds (SE 856–1417); estimates of breeding females gave a population of 2300 paris early in the incubation period and 1400 pairs near hatching.