西南山区人口空间重组及其对植被的影响——以河流沿线为例

随着城市化的快速推进,山区人口迁出及空间重组成为影响中国山区人地关系的重要因素,这可能对山区植被恢复和生态改善产生巨大影响。基于人口空间数据、河流分布数据和MODIS数据,本文分析了河流沿线人口空间重组情况,以生长季EVI值为表征植被绿度的指标,采用基于像元的趋势分析方法和基于样本的相关分析模型,对2000—2010年间中国西南山区不同级别河流沿线的人口空间变化和植被变化作了系统性分析,并定量研究了人口空间重组与植被变化之间的关系。结果表明:(1)三级及以上河流出现人口往河流沿线聚集的趋势,人口在河流的影响区聚集程度大于对比区。其中,一级和二级河流沿线影响区人口密度增加量比对比区分别高75.9%和42.1%。(2)三级及以上各河流沿线影响区和对比区EVI均呈现出增加的趋势,且影响区增加趋势低于对比区。(3)植被EVI变化趋势与人口密度变化呈负相关关系,河流沿线人口密度增加不利于植被的恢复;河流级别越高,植被EVI变化趋势与人口密度变化的相关性越强。     

南水北调中线干渠沿线植物区系特征和植被类型研究

在大量野外调查的基础上,对南水北调中线干渠沿线植物区系特征和主要植被类型进行了系统的研究分析。结果表明,沿线典型植被类型的主要组成种类约有360种,隶属于106科252属;植物区系主要属温带性质,具有亚热带一热带区系的过渡性质;特有性程度非常低,仅有1科（银杏科）4属,即地构叶属（Speranskia）、蛇葡萄属（Ampelopsis）、水杉属（Metasequoia）、银杏属（Ginkgo）为我国特有;没有国家和地方重点保护的植物物种分布。依据Flexible Beta Clustering分类,干渠沿线主要植被类型可以划分为5个植被型和65个群丛,乔、灌层组成结构非常单一,草本层较为发达。研究结果对工程沿线的植被保护和恢复工作具有重要意义。     

陕北长城沿线风沙区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

陕北长城沿线风沙区位于毛乌素沙漠东南部边沿,属毛乌素沙地向东南移动的最活跃地段,生态环境十分脆弱。使用1981～2003年23a长时间序列的NOAA/AHRR NDVI数据、气候资料,分析了陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖状况23a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了10.62%。低覆盖率植被面积在减少,高覆盖率植被面积在增加。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季;春、夏、秋三季的NDVI具有明显的上升趋势,季平均NDVI年增长率夏季最大,秋季次之;夏、秋季NDVI与年NDVI具有很高的相关性,这两个季节的植被状况基本决定了全年的植被分布状况。NDVI年变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与温度的年际变化相关不明显,各季节NDVI与温度相关也不明显。近年来长城沿线风沙区的年降水量没有明显增加,而年平均NDVI线性增加趋势显著,降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的主要因子,非气候因素是年平均NDVI线性增加的主要原因。降水量与NDVI存在着明显的年相关和隔季相关。年降水量与年NDVI的相关,冬季降水量与春季NDVI的相关,春季降水量与夏季NDVI的相关,夏季降水量与秋季NDVI的相关性都非常高。(3)非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、草原围栏封育等是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。     

应用DGGE技术分析青藏铁路沿线的土壤细菌种群多样性

选择青藏铁路沿线不同海拔高度的10个地点采集土壤样品,直接提取样品中的总DNA,以巢式PCR扩增细菌16S rDNA片段,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分离PCR扩增的16S rDNA片段,研究土壤细菌的种群多样性.结果表明,青藏铁路沿线高海拔地区具有较为丰富的细菌种群多样性,植被类型是影响青藏铁路沿线土壤细菌种群多样性的重要因素,也是影响土壤细菌种群结构相似性的重要因素,而海拔高度等是次要的影响因素;具有相似植被类型的土壤样品,其细菌种群多样性随海拔的升高而下降.     

调水工程输水管道建设对地表植被格局的影响——以南水北调河北省易县段为例

随着生态环境不断恶化,水资源紧缺已成为全球性的环境问题,跨流域调水工程是保障区域水资源合理配置,保证区域生态安全、区域经济和社会可持续发展的重要措施之一。但是调水工程会不可避免的对施工建设区的生态系统带来人为干扰,对施工建设的地表植被格局产生影响。以南水北调中线一期工程河北省易县段大型输水管道工程建设区作为研究对象,选取了施工建设前(2000年)、施工建设期(2008年)和施工建设后(2013年)3个不同时间段的遥感影像数据,通过解译施工建设区地表植被类型的变化,采用象元二分法提取植被覆盖度,比较不同时期植被覆盖格局和土地利用格局的动态变化,探讨了输水管道建设对周边生态系统影响的范围和特点。研究表明:施工建设前、中、后期管道沿线土地利用类型有较大变化;随着输水管道的建设,人为干扰逐渐增强,施工作业带成为该区域的主要建设用地,并造成了弃置用地和土地裸露,减少了耕地和草地的面积。同时,输水管道建设施工对研究区内植被覆盖度产生了明显的影响,总体上呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。管道建设期对沿线植被、土壤生态系统影响明显,其范围主要在管道施工作业带中心两侧各100 m;在这个区域以外,影响强度大幅降低。     

欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移的情景模拟

欧亚大陆复杂多样的植被生态系统在全球气候变化的驱动下,其时空分布格局将发生系列的偏移变化,进而对欧亚大陆"一带一路"沿线国家和地区的生态环境产生重要影响。如何从全球气候变化驱动的角度来实现欧亚大陆植被生态系统时空偏移趋势的模拟分析,已成为"一带一路"沿线国家和地区生态环境研究的热点科学问题之一。在对HLZ生态系统模型进行改进和构建植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移分析模型的基础上,基于欧亚大陆的气候观测数据(1981—2010年)和CMIP5 RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种情景数据(2011—2100年),实现欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心时空偏移趋势的模拟分析。结果表明:欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心主要分布在欧亚大陆的中部和南部地区;3种气候情景下,欧亚大陆的亚热带干旱森林、暖温带湿润森林、亚热带有刺疏林、亚热带潮湿森林、冷温带潮湿森林、寒温带湿润森林、冷温带湿润森林、亚热带湿润森林、暖温带干旱森林、亚极地/高山湿润苔原和极地/冰原等植被生态系统的平均中心偏移幅度大于其他植被生态系统类型;欧亚大陆植被生态系统在RCP8.5情景下的植被生态系统平均中心偏移幅度大于其他两种情景;在2011—2100年期间,3种气候变化情景下,欧亚大陆植被生态系统平均中心整体上将呈向北偏移的变化趋势。     

基于生态系统服务价值评估的长征沿线革命老区生态补偿策略

长征沿线革命老区普遍存在生态保护与社会经济发展的矛盾,生态补偿是解决这一矛盾的重要措施.基于2018年土地利用、植被净初级生产力、气候因子等数据,采用修正的当量因子法,测算长征沿线革命老区310个县域的生态系统服务价值,然后采用区域差异化生态补偿估算方法,对该地区生态补偿优先级和生态补偿额度进行划分和估算,并探讨长征沿...     

纵向岭谷区高速公路建设对沿线植物生物量的影响

选定西南纵向岭谷区大保（大理-保山）和思小（思茅-小勐养）两段高速公路,按照地貌条件的不同（山顶和山腰）,在垂直公路方向上对沿线各样点（距离公路分别为5m、20m、40m、80m、120m和200m）及其参照点处的各类植被（乔木、灌木和草本）的生物量进行了测定;对比分析了高速公路建设对沿线各样点处各类植物生物量的影响特征和强度;拟合了公路建设干扰下其沿线各类植物的生物量随距离公路远近而变化的回归方程,确定了公路建设的影响范围;对不同地貌条件下两条公路对沿线各类植物生物量的影响范围和强度进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）高速公路建设通过影响绿色植物的数量和光合作用等生理过程对沿线植物生物量产生了影响,其影响类别有正负两种,乔木主要受负面影响,灌木和草本主要受正面影响;（2）高速公路沿线乔木层的生物量随距离公路远近变化的曲线呈“J”形。最大值出现在距离公路最远样点处,最小值出现在距离公路最近样点处;灌木和草本层生物量的变化曲线呈“单峰”形,最大值在距离公路20—50m范围,紧邻和远离公路的样点处均较小;（3）两条公路对沿线植物生物量的影响范围和强度因路段、地貌条件和植被类型而不同,大保高速公路对沿线各类植物生物量的影响范围、对乔木层生物量的影响强度大于思小公路,对灌木和草本层生物量的影响强度小于思小公路;高速公路建设在不同地貌条件下的影响范围和强度满足：山腰〉山顶,对各类植物的影响范围满足：草本〉灌木〉乔木,影响强度满足：乔木〉草本〉灌木。     

陕北长城沿线植被恢复与生态系统防风固沙服务模拟分析

为探究风沙边缘地区植被恢复与生态系统防风固沙服务能力之间的作用机制以及如何保证防风固沙服务的可持续发展,选择毛乌素沙漠边缘地区--陕北长城沿线为研究区。利用Theil-Sen斜率估算、M-K显著性检验、修正风蚀方程（Revised Wind Erosion Equation,RWEQ）和情景分析法,评估分析2000-2018年该地风沙治理工程效果和生态系统防风固沙服务的时空变化,并着重分析在风蚀因子改变的条件下,植被恢复对土壤风蚀和生态系统防风固沙服务能力的影响。结果表明：（1）在2000-2018年风沙治理工程中陕北长城沿线地区植被恢复状况显著改善,表明多年来在风蚀治理工作中取得显著的效果。（2）在实际情景中,随着植被不断的恢复,风蚀发生的危险程度总体在减小,而风蚀因子是导致实际风蚀量显著改变的主要原因。从生态系统防风固沙服务角度出发,在不同年份防风固沙总量变化显著,2005年和2010年防风固沙量达到最小、最大值,分别为4569.18万t和64164.44万t,差异明显,致使2005和2010年防风固沙服务能力也达到历史最低和最高值。（3）通过最小风蚀因子情景模拟间接表明：植被恢复能够遏制风蚀现象的发生。但在最大风蚀因子情景下,风蚀现象依旧明显,而植被所发挥的生态系统防风固沙服务能力越显著。（4）综合上述3种情景,每年潜在风蚀量 > 防风固沙量 > 实际风蚀量,说明在最大危害程度内生态系统防风固沙服务具有明显的效果。通过研究不仅证实植被是实现防风固沙服务功能可持续发展的必要条件,同时恢复植被对风沙区域进一步发展状况与趋势有着至关重要的作用。     

退耕还林后陕西省植被覆盖度变化及其对气候的响应

1999年起,陕西省实施了大规模的退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态建设和保护工程,使植被覆盖得到迅速恢复和增加。为了进一步跟踪评估植被覆盖变化,为生态建设和规划提供依据,本文基于2000-2017年MOD13Q1数据、气象数据,利用像元二分法估算陕西省18年间的植被覆盖度,通过空间插值方法、空间相关分析、统计学方法分区对其时空变化特征和对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明:2000-2017年陕西省植被覆盖度呈现波动增加趋势,但增速逐年减少,2012年达到最大值后在高位波动;全省植被覆盖度增加区域面积占国土面积的82.4%,降低的区域仅占17.6%;陕北地区植被覆盖度显著增加,部分地区植被覆盖度达到最大值后出现下降趋势;植被覆盖度变异系数大的区域主要分布陕北长城沿线风沙区和丘陵沟壑区以及城市周边;陕西省植被覆盖度与降水量、气温在年尺度上相关系数均呈不显著的正相关;占全省98.4%的区域植覆盖度与降水、气温的复相关空间也未通过0.05显著水平检验;说明退耕还林等生态建设工程的实施,对植被恢复和生长具有重要的促进作用,一定程度上降低了植被生长对气候因子的敏感性;未来陕西省随着退耕还林等生态建设工程的环境资源的限制、土地利用程度的提高和城市用地的扩展,陕西省植被覆盖度将出现下降趋势。如何减缓这种下降趋势,是未来陕西省生态建设和保护的重大问题。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor