大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检测及耐药性分析

由细菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）引起的细菌耐药性一直是临床相关感染性疾病治疗中的棘手问题。从不同病区患者标本中分离了96株大肠埃希菌和80株肺炎克雷伯菌,分剐采用双纸片协同试验和药物敏感试验检测了上述菌株产生ESBLs情况及对17种抗生素的耐药性。结果发现,27．1％（26／96）的大肠埃希菌株和22．5％（18／80）肺炎克雷伯菌株产ESBLs。ICU病房分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株ESBLs总阳性率（46．0％）与介入科病房和烧伤科病房分离菌株ESBLs总阳性率（28．6％和25．0％）无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但明显高于呼吸科、骨科、其他病房及门诊部分离菌株ESBLs总阳性率（6．3％～14．3％,P〈0．01）。不产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株和肺炎克雷伯菌株对17种抗生素耐药率明显低于产ESBLs菌株。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨曲南均敏感,对氨苄西林／舒巴坦、阿莫西林／棒酸、阿米卡星耐药率仅为15．8％-23．4％。上述实验结果提示,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株中有较高的ESBLs阳性率,不同病区患者感染的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs阳性率有很大差异,氨曲南、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、阿莫西林／棒酸、阿米卡星可作为治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染性疾病的首选药物。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药分析

目的探讨大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药情况。方法调查2005年1月至2006年12月院内感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌82例原发疾病、免疫抑制剂的使用、侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间和品种、致病菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,按产ESBLs组和非产ESBLs组对上述各因素进行比较。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为72．3％、5．3％,产ESBLs组对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素耐药率近100％,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲曝唑高达75％以上,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较低分别为6．4％、16．7％,头孢西丁、阿米卡星为20％,对亚胺培南均敏感。产ESBLs组住院时间和广谱抗菌药物使用时间显著长于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组3代头孢菌素使用率显著高于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）,而广谱青霉素使用率显著低于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组使用3代头孢菌素平均9．3d诱导出产ESBLs菌株。结论住院时间长,长期使用广谱抗菌药物,特别是3代头孢菌素的广泛使用是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素、单环类等β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、磺胺类耐药严重。     

社区与医院感染中肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的探讨社区和医院感染中肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的情况及耐药特性。方法采用体外扩散确证试验检测ESBLs,同时用Micro scan wat RA way-40系统全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析仪及K-B琼脂扩散法进行细菌鉴定和体外药敏试验。结果社区感染标本中分离出肺炎克雷伯杆菌79株,产ESBLs20株,阳性率为25.3%,大肠埃希菌177株,产ESBLs27株,阳性率为15.3%;医院感染标本中分离出肺炎克雷伯杆菌82株,产ES-BLs33株,阳性率为40.2%,大肠埃希菌135株,产ESBLs42株,阳性率为31.1%,社区与医院感染菌株产ESBLs比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);ESBLs阳性菌株对多种抗生素耐药,其耐药性明显高于ESBLs阴性菌株。结论肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌株在临床分离率较高,医院感染标本要显著高于社区感染标本,并且对多种抗生素具有高度耐药性,产ESBLs菌株耐药性显著高于不产ESBLs菌株,临床上应加强对ESBLs的控制,以防感染流行。     

临床尿标本分离128株大肠埃希菌分析

目的探讨南昌大学第一附属医院尿标本大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药情况,为临床用药提供指导。方法采用常规方法进行细菌的分离及鉴定;运用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析。结果128株分离的大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌92株,占71.5%,非产ESBLs菌36株,占28.5%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的药物敏感性与非产ESBLs菌株间具有较大差异（P〈0.05）。产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南、厄它培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因等敏感性好,但对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。所有分离菌株可首选哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、厄它培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和呋喃妥因进行治疗。结论南昌大学第一附属医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药性较为严重（71.5%）;医院应加强重视,强化抗生素的合理使用,降低细菌耐药率的产生。     

大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及药敏分析

目的:了解本院大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的发生率和药敏情况,为防止这3种细菌产ESBLs菌株的传播和抗生素的合理应用提供依据.方法:细菌鉴定用Vitek-32细菌鉴定仪,药敏试验用K-B法,ESBLs初筛用双纸片法,ESBLs确证用NCCLS1999年推荐的确证方法.结果:产ESBLs耐药菌占全部分离菌的33.2%,其中各细菌ESBLs发生率大肠埃希菌为28.6%,肺炎克雷伯菌为34.1%,阴沟肠杆菌为40.5%.对实验所做抗生素,ESBLs阳性株比阴性株具有更高的耐药率和更严重的交叉耐药现象.结论:本院大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs发生率较高,较往年有上升趋势,ESBLs菌感染的治疗仍以亚胺培南为首选.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特征和基因分型研究

目的了解广东省中医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的流行、耐药特点和基因型分布。方法对该院2001年7月至2003年8月间临床分离保存的208株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,用VITEK-32细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,用K—B法进行药敏试验,用双纸片法进行ESBLs初筛,用NCCLS1999年推荐的确证方法进行ESBLs确证。并采用PCR扩增和PCR产物测序方法对产ESBLs菌株进行基因分型。结果分离到产ESBLs细菌76株,总检出率为36．5％,其中肺炎克雷伯菌阳性率为41．9％（39／93）、大肠埃希菌阳性率为32．2％（37／115）,产酶株的耐药率明显高于非产酶株,产ESBLs细菌对青霉素类、环丙沙星及头孢菌素类耐药率较高,加酶抑制剂克拉维酸或他唑巴坦后耐药率有明显下降;PCR初步分型结果表明：TEM型42株（55．3％）,均为TEM-1型,CTX-M型27株（35．5％）,SHV型33株（43．4％）。结论产ESBLs细菌具有多重耐药的特点;CTX-M型和SHV型是该院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型。     

血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶及耐药性分析

目的分析血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（Extended—Spectrum Beta Lactamases,ESBLs）的现状及其耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对浙江省上虞市人民医院2011年1月至2012年12月住院患者血培养分离的96株大肠埃希菌,采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测,用K．B法做药敏试验。结果血培养的大肠埃希菌分离率2011年、2012年分别为19．48％、17．47％。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的检出率2011年、2012年分别为60．00％、60．78％。产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株。无论大肠埃希菌是否产ESBLs,碳青霉烯类抗生素均具有很高的敏感率。结论血流感染患者分离的大肠埃希菌产ESBLs比率高,产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物耐药性高。可经验性使用碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗大肠埃希菌所致的血流感染。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的了解杭州市第一人民医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的发生比例及对临床上常用的24种抗菌药物的耐药率变化.方法收集2003 2004年该院各类临床标本中分离的大肠埃希菌,采用NCCLS推荐的表型确证试验方法检测ESBLs菌株;药敏试验采用纸片扩散法.结果2003年与2004年,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌分离率分别为46.11%（184/399）、57.44%（386/672）（P=0.0003）;2年来,ESBLs阳性菌对临床常用的24种药物表现出较高的耐药性,耐药率上升非常显著（P=0.0005）;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对大多数抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感率;但2004年ESBLs阴性的大肠埃希菌的耐药性,比2003年显著上升（χ^2=37.785,P=0.0005）.结论尽早开展产ESBLs菌的监测,合理使用抗菌药物,对于有效控制产ESBLs菌的播散与流行是一项重要措施.     

产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌的检测及耐药性

目的对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,进而为临床合理用药提供依据。方法应用西门子MicroScan autoSCAN4全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对2014年1月-12月在大连市妇幼保健院住院患者送检的标本进行菌株鉴定及药敏分析,对提示产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行纸片扩散法确认,统计分析其分布情况及耐药情况。采用ERIC-PCR法检测同源性。结果检测出125株产ESBLs的肠杆菌,包括大肠埃希菌88株,肺炎克雷伯菌37株。其病区分布情况:肺炎克雷伯菌主要分布在新生儿科,占67.6%,且存在流行感染。大肠埃希菌主要分布在各个产科病房,占48.9%。产ESBLs的肠杆菌对18种抗菌药物的分析表明对β-内酰胺类及第三代头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率达100.0%,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、四环素类和磺胺类药物出现不同程度的耐药,对碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感率较高。结论临床分离的产ESBLs的肠杆菌主要以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,且为多重耐药,甚至广泛耐药,因此临床治疗上应严格合理选用抗生素。     

血流感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs基因分型

目的 了解深圳市人民医院致血流感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率及基因型特点.方法 收集来自临床血液培养标本中的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌115株,采用ESBLs表型确证试验检测菌株的ESBLs,应用PCR扩增产ESBLs菌株TEM、SHV和CTX-M基因,并对阳性扩增产物进行DNA测序分型.结果 115株菌中共检出ESBLs阳性38株,检出率为33.0％;其中大肠埃希菌阳性25株,肺炎克雷伯菌阳性13株.25株产酶肠埃希菌中18株检出CTX-M-14基因,3株检出CTX-M-9基因.13株产酶肺炎克雷伯菌均检出SHV型基因,其中SHV-12阳性10株,SHV-2阳性2株,SHV-59阳性1株;该13株产酶菌中10株同时被检出含CTX-M-14或CTX-M-13基因.结论 该院致血流感染大肠埃希菌产ES-BLs以CTX-M-14为最主要基因型,肺炎克雷伯产ESBLs最常见为SHV-12和CTX-M-14型.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.