某市公共活动场所经济收入状况对卫生安全管理影响的调查分析

目的:探讨公共活动场所行业经济收入状况对卫生安全管理工作的影响,阐述提高卫生安全管理及公共活动场所卫生质量的对策。方法:随机抽取市区内公共活动场所行业249户。对其经济收入状况、考核指标符合要求应投入的经费及履行《公共活动场所卫生管理条例》义务的情况进行调查。结果:全民单位经济收入状况由好到差依次为旅店业,美容业、理发业、浴池业、娱乐业和商场业,集体单位依次为美容业、旅店业、理发业、浴池业、商场业和娱乐业,个体单位依次为美容业、理发业、浴池业、娱乐业、旅店业和商场业。在卫生安全管理力度等同的条件下,经济收入状况较好的经营者履行《公共活动场所卫生管理条例》义务的情况较好,反之较差。结论:公共活动场所行业经济收入状况的好坏,直接影响公共活动场所卫生质量。推行量化分级菅理制度,引入HACCP管理系统.加太监督执法力度,强化宣传教育,增强法制观念,加强企业自身管理,提高监督管理员素质,可减少经济收入状况对卫生安全管理工作的影响。     

对中学生青春期教育的初步调查和分析

早在60年代,周总理就指出:“一定要把青春期的性卫生知识教给男女青年,让他们能用科学的知识来保护自己的健康,促进正常发育。”二十多年已经过去,重温周总理的谆谆教导,回顾我们对青少年进行青春期教育的薄弱状况,确实感到这是一个应引起学校、家庭、社会关注的大事。为搞好我市中学生的青春期教育,根据上级指示,我们和市中小学卫生保健站一起,对市属三所中学进行了初步的调查和教育试点。现将其调查情况和初步分析汇总如下:     

黑龙江省卫生行政部门人力资源现状与管理对策

目的:通过对黑龙江省五个市、九个区、十个县的卫生行政部门人力资源现状调查了解其年龄构成、性别构成、专业构成、学历构成、行政级别构成以及参加培训的状况,明确存在的问题及今后工作的重点,为政府职能部门制订相关的政策与规划提供科学的佐证。方法运用计算机检索获得相关文献;采用随机整群抽样方法对黑龙江省卫生行政部门人力资源现况进行调查;对个人进行问卷调查;回收资料并用EpiData录入及整理数据,利用SPSs、Excel软件对数据进行处理分析。结果黑龙江省卫生行政部门人力资源年龄结构偏于成熟,非卫生专业人员过多,学历层次低,缺少行政人员晋级制度,人员稳定。卫生行政人员培训经费少,次数少,系统培训率较低。结论普及卫生管理岗位培训以提高卫生管理队伍整体水平;政府应尽快建立健全卫生管理专业的技术职务系列,稳定卫生管理者从事管理工作的思想,稳固卫生管理队伍,鼓励他们钻研管理科学．     

如何做好校医队伍的建设与管理

青少年的身心健康、体魄强健、意志坚强、充满活力,是民族旺盛生命力的体现,是社会文明进步的标志,是国家综合国力的基础[1].所以作为学校卫生工作是非常有意义和重要的.校医及保健老师工作在学校卫生工作的第一线,他们是学校卫生工作能否做好的必要条件和前提.如今学校卫生工作内容越来越多,面对的挑战越来越大,如何把学校卫生工作做的更细致、周到、全面、务实有效,是对校医很大的挑战与难题.1990年开始实施的《学校卫生工作条例》,明确了学校卫生工作的内容,然而在日常工作中,作为此项条例中所涉及内容的主要执行者,他们却面临着许多难题.能否做好学校卫生工作?工作如何做?这是校医工作所要面临的问题,因此,我们应该加以讨论和解决.     

在学校医院开展健康教育的初步探讨

按《学校卫生工作条例》精神,学校可建立医院或医务室等医疗卫生机构,并配备一定数量的卫生专业技术人员,为学生及教职工提供健康教育、预防、保健、医疗、康复、计划生育技术服务为一体的社区卫生服务,以促进师生树立正确的健康观,养成良好的生活方式,维护师生的身心健康,为教育教学起到保驾护航的作用。     

高中生网络使用状况与网络成瘾知识调查与分析

目的：对高中生网络使用状况和网络成瘾知识进行调查,为学校网络教育提供依据。方法：采用问卷调查法,对北京某高中高二学生进行整群抽样。结果：学生上网目的主要依次为游戏、听歌看电影、获取信息、学习,对网络成瘾有关的知识知晓率较高,但也存在一些网络成瘾的不良行为。结论：调查对象对网络使用较为健康,网络教育尚需加强。     

烟台市学校麻腮风流行病学特征分析

目的 分析烟台市各类学校2005-2010年麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹流行病学特征,为完善预防控制策略提供依据.方法 对各级各类学校麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹病例进行描述流行病学分析.结果 各级各类学校均有麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹报告,发病率分别为0.79/10万,3.87/10万和11.76/10万.4-6月为发病高峰,腮腺炎还存在9月小高峰.疫苗漏种和免疫失败是发病的根本原因.风疹以暴发为主,主要发生在中等职业学校和高校.腮腺炎散发和暴发并存,主要发生在幼儿园和小学.麻疹以散发为主,主要发生在幼儿园和中等职业学校.结论 学校应加强疾病监测,控制传染源,减少暴露,落实预防接种证查验补种,加强卫生知识宣传.     

我国社区卫生服务的发展、现状及存在问题

社区卫生服务是世界卫生组织(WHO)根据对世界卫生状况和有关社会经济问题及其发展趋势进行系统分析后提出的一个预示全球卫生服务发展方向的全新概念.是实现人人享有初级卫生保健目标的基础环节.大力发展社区卫生服务,构建以社区卫生服务为基础、社区卫生服务机构与医院和预防保健机构分工合理、协作密切的新型城市卫生服务体系,对于坚持预防为主、防治结合的方针,优化城市卫生服务结构.方便群众就医,减轻费用负担,建立和谐医患关系,具重要意义.本文综述了我国社区卫生服务的发展历程、现状以及存在的问题,以期对探索适合我国国情的社区卫生服务发展之路提供依据.     

关于做好学校医务室工作的几点体会

学校医务室的主要职责是做好防病治病,改善卫生环境和教学卫生条件,定期组织师生体格检查,对体检结果进行归类分析研究,对学生发育和健康状况做出比较、分析和评价,建立健全师生健康档案,掌握师生健康状况,认真做好卫生宣传教育工作,有目的、有计划地采取多种形式开展健康教育与宣传活动,培养师生良好卫生习惯,强化卫生意识,提高自我保健能力,防治疾病发生。服务对象主要是学生。     

体育教育专业学生对学校体育改革状况的认知研究

为了了解在学校体育改革大潮中,高校体育教育专业大学生对学校体育改革的认知情况,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,对体育教育专业学生对学校体育改革状况的认知情况进行研究。研究结果显示：高校体育教育专业学生对学校体育改革状况的认知情况不太乐观,制约因素主要有学校信息不畅、个人学习习惯问题及经济因素。     

Using Interactive Family Science Shows to Improve Public Knowledge on Antibiotic Resistance: Does It Work?

The public plays an important role in controlling the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. A large British survey showed that there is still public misunderstanding about microbes and antibiotics. e-Bug, a European DG Sanco sponsored project, aims to disseminate a school antibiotic and hygiene educational pack and website across Europe. Interactive science shows based on the e-Bug educational packs were developed to take the key health and hygiene messages from the e-Bug school resources to families. The science show was evaluated to assess public knowledge and understanding of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance pre and post intervention. An interactive stall comprised of a 3×2 m backing stand with background information, an interactive activity and discussions with a trained demonstrator was on display at a family holiday resort. Pre-piloted knowledge questionnaires were completed by parents and children pre and post intervention. Adult (≥19 years) baseline knowledge regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was high although significant knowledge improvement was observed where baseline knowledge was low. Children''s (5–11 years) knowledge around antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was significantly improved for all questions. The science show can be viewed as a success in improving parents'' and children''s knowledge of antibiotic use thereby highlighting the importance of educating the public through interaction.     

Preventive Psychiatry: The Psychiatric Team as Consultant to the Public Health Nurse

Various forms of collaboration between the disciplines of public health and psychiatry are briefly reviewed and the 25-year-old mental health program of the Vancouver Health Department is described. The public health nurse has prime responsibility in all children with emotional disorders. She is supported by a psychiatric team which provides active treatment and educational and consultative help for the nurse and the school. During the year 1963, six social workers had 2357 contacts with nurses and school personnel but only 1049 treatment interviews. Of 401 children referred to the psychiatric team, 138 received active clinic treatment, 141 remained under supervision by the public health nurse, and 122 were referred elsewhere. In addition, 1330 children were identified as “mental hygiene cases” in the caseload of the 170 public health nurses in the community. By close co-ordination, the public health nurse and the psychiatric team can enhance each other''s contributions to community mental health.     

Hand Sanitiser Provision for Reducing Illness Absences in Primary School Children: A Cluster Randomised Trial

Background

The potential for transmission of infectious diseases offered by the school environment are likely to be an important contributor to the rates of infectious disease experienced by children. This study aimed to test whether the addition of hand sanitiser in primary school classrooms compared with usual hand hygiene would reduce illness absences in primary school children in New Zealand.

Methods and Findings

This parallel-group cluster randomised trial took place in 68 primary schools, where schools were allocated using restricted randomisation (1∶1 ratio) to the intervention or control group. All children (aged 5 to 11 y) in attendance at participating schools received an in-class hand hygiene education session. Schools in the intervention group were provided with alcohol-based hand sanitiser dispensers in classrooms for the winter school terms (27 April to 25 September 2009). Control schools received only the hand hygiene education session. The primary outcome was the number of absence episodes due to any illness among 2,443 follow-up children whose caregivers were telephoned after each absence from school. Secondary outcomes measured among follow-up children were the number of absence episodes due to specific illness (respiratory or gastrointestinal), length of illness and illness absence episodes, and number of episodes where at least one other member of the household became ill subsequently (child or adult). We also examined whether provision of sanitiser was associated with experience of a skin reaction. The number of absences for any reason and the length of the absence episode were measured in all primary school children enrolled at the schools. Children, school administrative staff, and the school liaison research assistants were not blind to group allocation. Outcome assessors of follow-up children were blind to group allocation. Of the 1,301 and 1,142 follow-up children in the hand sanitiser and control groups, respectively, the rate of absence episodes due to illness per 100 child-days was similar (1.21 and 1.16, respectively, incidence rate ratio 1.06, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.18). The provision of an alcohol-based hand sanitiser dispenser in classrooms was not effective in reducing rates of absence episodes due to respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, the length of illness or illness absence episodes, or the rate of subsequent infection for other members of the household in these children. The percentage of children experiencing a skin reaction was similar (10.4% hand sanitiser versus 10.3% control, risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.30). The rate or length of absence episodes for any reason measured for all children also did not differ between groups. Limitations of the study include that the study was conducted during an influenza pandemic, with associated public health messaging about hand hygiene, which may have increased hand hygiene among all children and thereby reduced any additional effectiveness of sanitiser provision. We did not quite achieve the planned sample size of 1,350 follow-up children per group, although we still obtained precise estimates of the intervention effects. Also, it is possible that follow-up children were healthier than non-participating eligible children, with therefore less to gain from improved hand hygiene. However, lack of effectiveness of hand sanitiser provision on the rate of absences among all children suggests that this may not be the explanation.

Conclusions

The provision of hand sanitiser in addition to usual hand hygiene in primary schools in New Zealand did not prevent disease of severity sufficient to cause school absence.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000478213 Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary     

An evaluation of educators’ views on the e-Bug resources in England

Introduction: e-Bug is an international educational resource for young people covering microbes, hygiene and antibiotics. e-Bug supports NICE guidance on changing public behaviour around antibiotic use. This study aimed to determine educators’ views of the e-Bug teacher resources to inform further development and dissemination of e-Bug. Methods: Age appropriate e-Bug resource packs were posted to every primary school (N = 19,142) and secondary school (N = 5637) in England with a cover letter signed by the Chief Medical Officer, Chief Executive of PHE and e-Bug Project Lead inviting educators to complete an online survey to evaluate the e-Bug resources. The online survey consisted of nine questions and took approximately 15 min to complete. Results: 695 participants completed the online survey. 94% of participants rated the e-Bug resource as excellent or good; one fifth of respondents used the e-Bug resources at least termly. Educators who used e-Bug rated the different lesson plans as excellent or good including ‘Introduction to Microbes’ (98%) and ‘Hand Hygiene’ (95%). Educators provided suggestions for the development of additional lessons plans. Conclusions: Educators view e-Bug as a valuable resource for teaching children about hygiene and antibiotics. Further e-Bug promotion and resource development is required to increase awareness and usage in schools.     

医学伦理学教育提高医务人员手卫生依从性的效果评价

目的：通过在医务人员中开展医学伦理学教育,提高医务人员的手卫生依从性。方法：在进行常规的手卫生知识培训的基础 上进行医学伦理学教育的内容,通过对实施培训和教育前后收集到的资料进行统计分析,评价干预的效果。结果：通过干预,医务 人员的手卫生依从性提高,手卫生相关的消耗品使用量增加。结论：医学伦理学教育能够显著提高医务人员的手卫生责任意识, 提高手卫生的依从性。     

Crisis in our schools: survey of sanitation facilities in schools in Bloomsbury health district.

OBJECTIVE--To survey sanitation facilities in schools in Bloomsbury health district. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire. SETTING--Inner London health district. PARTICIPANTS--School nurses. RESULTS--16 of 17 school nurses responded (37 of 41 schools). Fifteen schools did not have the minimum number of toilets and hand basins established in the Education (School Premises) Regulations 1981. In two schools toilets were kept locked for most of the day. In 10 schools toilet paper was not always available, and three of five secondary schools did not have disposal units for sanitary towels in the girls'' toilet areas. In 18 of the schools the toilets were not kept adequately clean. CONCLUSIONS--These conditions raise serious questions about environmental health, with the potential for the spread of infectious diseases, and undermine attempts to teach children basic hygiene. Health professionals have an important role in assessing health and safety standards in schools and ensuring that necessary improvements are made.     

Helminthiasis and hygiene conditions of schools in Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria

Background

A study of the helminth infection status of primary-school children and the hygiene condition of schools in Ikenne Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria was undertaken between November 2004 and February 2005 to help guide the development of a school-based health programme.

Methods and Findings

Three primary schools were randomly selected: two government-owned schools (one urban and the other rural) and one urban private school. No rural private schools existed to survey. A total of 257 schoolchildren aged 4–15 y, of whom 146 (56.8%) were boys and 111 (43.2%) were girls, took part in the survey. A child survey form, which included columns for name, age, sex, and class level, was used in concert with examination of stool samples for eggs of intestinal helminths. A school survey form was used to assess the conditions of water supply, condition of latrines, presence of soap for handwashing, and presence of garbage around the school compound. The demographic data showed that the number of schoolchildren gradually decreased as their ages increased in all three schools. The sex ratio was proportional in the urban school until primary level 3, after which the number of female pupils gradually decreased, whereas in the private school, sexes were proportionally distributed even in higher classes. The prevalence of helminth infection was 54.9% of schoolchildren in the urban government school, 63.5% in the rural government school, and 28.4% in the urban private school. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent species, followed by Trichuris trichiura, Taenia species, and hookworm in the three schools. Prevalence of infection in the government-owned schools was significantly higher than in the private school (χ ² = 18.85, df = 2, p<0.0005). A survey of hygiene conditions in the three schools indicated that in the two government schools tapwater was unavailable, sanitation of latrines was poor, handwashing soap was unavailable, and garbage was present around school compounds. In the private school, in contrast, all hygiene indices were satisfactory.

Conclusions

These results indicate that burden of parasite infections and poor sanitary conditions are of greater public health importance in government-owned schools than in privately owned schools. School health programmes in government-owned schools, including deworming, health education, and improvement of hygiene conditions are recommended.     

Effects of a Post-Deworming Health Hygiene Education Intervention on Absenteeism in School-Age Children of the Peruvian Amazon

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are a leading cause of disability and disease burden in school-age children of worm-endemic regions. Their effect on school absenteeism, however, remains unclear. The World Health Organization currently recommends delivering mass deworming and health hygiene education through school-based programs, in an effort to control STH-related morbidity. In this cluster-RCT, the impact of a health hygiene education intervention on absenteeism was measured. From April to June 2010, all Grade 5 students at 18 schools in a worm-endemic region of the Peruvian Amazon were dewormed. Immediately following deworming, nine schools were randomly assigned to the intervention arm of the trial using a matched-pair design. The Grade 5 students attending intervention schools (N = 517) received four months of health hygiene education aimed at increasing knowledge of STH prevention. Grade 5 students from the other nine schools (N = 571) served as controls. Absenteeism was measured daily through teachers'' attendance logs. After four months of follow-up, overall absenteeism rates at intervention and control schools were not statistically significantly different. However, post-trial non-randomized analyses have shown that students with moderate-to-heavy Ascaris infections and light hookworm infections four months after deworming had, respectively, missed 2.4% (95% CI: 0.1%, 4.7%) and 4.6% (95% CI: 1.9%, 7.4%) more schooldays during the follow-up period than their uninfected counterparts. These results provide empirical evidence of a direct effect of STH infections on absenteeism in school-age children.     

Erythema infectiosum: an epidemic with a probable posterythema phase.

An outbreak of erythema infectiosum occurred in an Ontario school in the spring of 1983. This benign disease ran a 19-day course in the index case and appeared in most of the child''s grade 1 classmates. A few adults were also affected. In eight children flu-like symptoms persisted or occurred suddenly and lasted for several days after the rash had vanished. A plan of management that involves communication with parents, teachers and the public health service is outlined for the general practitioner.     

Risk Factors for Low Receptive Vocabulary Abilities in the Preschool and Early School Years in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

Receptive vocabulary development is a component of the human language system that emerges in the first year of life and is characterised by onward expansion throughout life. Beginning in infancy, children''s receptive vocabulary knowledge builds the foundation for oral language and reading skills. The foundations for success at school are built early, hence the public health policy focus on reducing developmental inequalities before children start formal school. The underlying assumption is that children''s development is stable, and therefore predictable, over time. This study investigated this assumption in relation to children''s receptive vocabulary ability. We investigated the extent to which low receptive vocabulary ability at 4 years was associated with low receptive vocabulary ability at 8 years, and the predictive utility of a multivariate model that included child, maternal and family risk factors measured at 4 years. The study sample comprised 3,847 children from the first nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate risks for low receptive vocabulary ability from 4–8 years and sensitivity-specificity analysis was used to examine the predictive utility of the multivariate model. In the multivariate model, substantial risk factors for receptive vocabulary delay from 4–8 years, in order of descending magnitude, were low receptive vocabulary ability at 4 years, low maternal education, and low school readiness. Moderate risk factors, in order of descending magnitude, were low maternal parenting consistency, socio-economic area disadvantage, low temperamental persistence, and NESB status. The following risk factors were not significant: One or more siblings, low family income, not reading to the child, high maternal work hours, and Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ethnicity. The results of the sensitivity-specificity analysis showed that a well-fitted multivariate model featuring risks of substantive magnitude does not do particularly well in predicting low receptive vocabulary ability from 4–8 years.