广东古田自然保护区蝶类群落多样性

2014—2015年对广东省惠东古田省级自然保护区的蝶类开展调查,对蝶类群落的种类组成及多样性特征进行了分析。共调查到蝶类8科39属54种,优势种为宽边黄粉蝶[Eurema hecabe(Linnaeus)]、绢斑蝶[Parantica aglea(Stoll)]、中环蛱蝶[Neptis hylas(Linnaeus)]、异型紫斑蝶[Euploea mulciber(Cramer)]和虎斑蝶[Danaus genutia(Cramer)]。多样性分析结果表明:蛱蝶科的Margalef物种丰度最高,其次为凤蝶科和眼蝶科,斑蝶科和蚬蝶科最低;Shannon多样性指数从高到低依次为蛱蝶科、凤蝶科、眼蝶科、弄蝶科、灰蝶科、粉蝶科、斑蝶科和蚬蝶科;斑蝶科的Pielou均匀度指数最高,其次为蚬蝶科和眼蝶科;Simpson生态优势度最高的是蚬蝶科,其次是粉蝶科和斑蝶科。     

广州市蝴蝶群落结构与多样性

2005年5月-2006年12月对广州市蝴蝶资源进行调查,对该区域蝴蝶群落的物种组成、结构特点和多样性进行了分析.共记述蝴蝶10科45属73种;个体数量以粉蝶科最多,蛱蝶科、凤蝶科次之;各科蝴蝶物种丰富度以蛱蝶科最高,Margalef丰度指数为3.87,凤蝶科、眼蝶科次之;各科的种多样性指数大小依次为凤蝶科、蛱蝶科、眼蝶科、粉蝶科、弄蝶科、灰蝶科、环蝶科、蚬蝶科、斑蝶科和珍蝶科;属多样性指数大小依次为蛱蝶科、粉蝶科、眼蝶科、弄蝶科、凤蝶科、灰蝶科、环蝶科、蚬蝶科、斑蝶科和珍蝶科;凤蝶科均匀度最高,Pielou均匀度指数为0.90,其次为弄蝶科和灰蝶科.     

西双版纳片断热带雨林蝶类群落结构与多样性研究

对西双版纳片断热带雨林蝴蝶群落结构和多样性进行了研究。样地内共收集蝴蝶9 204号,隶属于10科,62属,84种。主要成分是：粉蝶科(粉蝶属、迁粉蝶属)、凤蝶科 (凤蝶属、麝凤蝶属)、蛱蝶科(斐豹蛱蝶属、尾蛱蝶属),眼蝶科(幕眼蝶属、矍眼蝶屑)等属的种类。属、种以风蝶科最丰富;个体数量以粉蝶科最多;喙蝶科的属、种和个体数量最少。各样地的多样性指数、均匀度和种类丰富度是：热带原始雨林自然保护区>城子片断热带雨林>植物园片断热带雨林>曼峨片断热带雨林。     

湖南乌云界蝴蝶物种多样性及区系特点研究

2008～2010年,采用路线法对湖南省乌云界国家级自然保护区的蝶类物种多样性进行了为期近3年的调查,共记录蝴蝶147种,隶属于10科94属。蛱蝶科Nymphalidae Swainson,1827种类最多,弄蝶科Hesperiidae Latreille,1809的多样性指数最大。凤蝶属Papilio Linnaeus,1758对属多样性指数贡献值相对较大。记录国家保护种4种(宽尾凤蝶Agehana elwesi、中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis、箭环蝶Stichophthalma howqua、大伞弄蝶Bibasis miraculata),其中中华虎凤蝶属于国家二级重点保护动物;湖南省新纪录种3种(金斑剑凤蝶Pazala alebion、报喜斑粉蝶Delias pasithoe和泰环蛱蝶Neptis thestias);宽边黄粉蝶Eurema hecabe采集数量最多(69头),是该保护区优势种群。蝶类昆虫区系主要以东洋成分为主,兼有古北和广布成分。     

宁夏六盘山国家自然保护区蝶类群落结构和多样性

对宁夏六盘山国家自然保护区蝴蝶群落的结构组成和多样性进行了研究.结果表明：六盘山保护区有蝴蝶5科68属130种,其中,蛱蝶科的属数和物种数最多,为33属68种;凤蝶科最少,为2属2种.灰蝶科的物种丰富度和均匀度指数最高,分别为1.75和0.84;蛱蝶科的多样性指数最高,为3.01;粉蝶科的优势度指数最高,为0.90;凤蝶科的物种丰富度、多样性和优势度指数均最低,分别为0.37、0.40和0.蛱蝶科中,眼蝶亚科的属数和种数最多,为13属24种;喙蝶亚科最少,仅1属1种;闪蛱蝶亚科的物种丰富度和均匀度指数最高,分别为1.11和0.84;线蛱蝶亚科的多样性指数最高,为2.04;眼蝶亚科的优势度指数最高,为0.96.     

贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性

2010年11月—2012年11月对梵净山及周边区域蝶类资源进行调查,共采集蝴蝶446号,隶属于10科60属86种。其中,个体数量以凤蝶科最多(164号),蛱蝶科次之(132号);各科蝶类的种多样性指数以蛱蝶科最高(2.654),凤蝶科次之(2.377),珍蝶科最低;属多样性指数同样以蛱蝶科最高(2.338),灰蝶科次之(1.906),珍蝶科最低。在该区域内,灌丛、林缘、森林内、草坡及田地等5种不同生境中,蝶类物种丰富度和等级多样性都依次降低,相应蝴蝶种类数量依次分别为56、39、12、8和8。在蝶类物种构成方面,灌丛和林缘最为相似(相似性系数为0.218),草坡和灌丛相似性次之,田地与其他生境类型的相似性系数较低。     

东莞莲花山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性研究

记述了东莞莲花山自然保护区的蝴蝶9科36属50种;分析了不同季节蝴蝶群落的特点和在科、属、种级分类下的多样性指数[H′(GS)、H′(G)、H′G(S)]．结果表明,物种丰富度以6月份最高为34,9、4、12月则分别为18、14、2;多样性指数也是以6月份最高为2．9041,9、4、12月则分别为2．5547、2．4842、0.1085;均匀度指数以4月份最高为0.9413,9、6、12月则分别为0.8827、0.8235、0.1565：优势种以12月份最明显,报喜斑粉蝶的优势度指数高达0.9773,其次,9月份为宽边黄凤蝶(0.2571)、6月份为巴黎凤蝶(0.2263)、4月亦为巴黎凤蝶(0.2174);各科蝴蝶物种丰富度、科、属的多样性指数和均匀度指数均以蛱蝶科为最高,分别为12、2．3992、1．9231、0.9655,凤蝶科、弄蝶科次之,个体数量以斑蝶科最大,粉蝶科、凤蝶科次之,而属内种的多样性指数则以凤蝶科最高(1．5456),蛱蝶科次之(0.4761)。     

江苏徐州相山山地蝶类生态分布及区系研究

江苏徐州相山山地有蝶类7科26属31种,其中凤蝶科5种,粉蝶科7种,斑蝶科1种,眼蝶科1种,蛱蝶科4种,灰蝶科8种,弄蝶科5种,计得江苏省新记录8种。蝶类区系组成中,广布种占48．39％;东洋界种类占22．58％;古北界种类占29．03％。由江苏省六大山地相似度分析,相山山地与方山山地蝶类多样性相似度最高。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类群落多样性

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区不同生境下蝶类群落多样性及人为干扰对蝶类多样性的影响,2016—2017年在赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区的山地草原、河流湿地、山地森林、典型草原和湿地草甸5种生境对蝶类多样性进行了调查。共采集记录蝶类1826只71种,隶属5科55属,其中粉蝶科(Pieridae)的个体数最多,蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)的属数和种数最多。不同生境类型的蝶类群落组成有差异,山地森林的蝶类的属数和种数最多,有47属58种,典型草原最少,有9属10种。对保护区蝶类群落特征分析结果表明,蛱蝶科的Shannon多样性指数(2.93)和Margalef丰富度指数(5.44)最高,弄蝶科(Hesperiidae)的Pielou均匀度指数(0.86)最高,凤蝶科(Papilionidae)的Berger-Parker优势度指数(0.77)最高。各生境蝶类的多样性有明显差异,山地森林的多样性指数最高,典型草原的多样性指数最低。保护区碟类群落多样性指数具明显的时序特征,7月的多样性指数最高,9月的多样性指数最低。通过Jaccard群落相似性系数计算可知,山地草原与湿地草甸的蝶类Jaccard群落相似性系数(0.43)最高。蝶类群落多样性与植被类型有明显的相关性,人为干扰对蝶类群落多样性有破坏作用。     

赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素, 我们于2017年5-9月分别对保护区的典型草原、湿地、山地沟谷草甸、退化草原、农田、山地旱生灌丛、山地中生灌丛等7种生境中的蝴蝶进行观测调查。共记录和采集蝴蝶2,290只, 隶属5科42属63种。蛱蝶科的种类数(34种)和个体数(991只)最多。柑橘凤蝶(Papilio xuthus)、云粉蝶(Pontia daplidice)、绢粉蝶(Aporia crataegi)、荨麻蛱蝶(Aglais urticae)、银斑豹蛱蝶(Speyeria aglaja)等5种为保护区的优势种。保护区蝶类群落的种-多度曲线呈正态分布模式, 表明保护区生态环境良好, 生境相互重叠, 蝶类活动范围在不同生境中可以延伸。不同生境中蝶类群落种类及数量存在一定差异, 其中山地中生灌丛蝶类群落的多样性指数最高, 优势度指数最低; 退化草原的多样性指数和物种丰富度指数均为最低, 优势度指数最高; 山地沟谷草甸的科、属、种、个体数最多; 退化草原的科、属、种、个体数都是最少。区系组成分析表明广布种占63.49%, 古北种占36.51%。保护区不同生境中蝶类群落多样性特征指数在各月份间有明显差异, 蝴蝶种类及个体数与温度之间呈显著正相关, 与降雨量无显著相关性。综上, 我们认为适当的干扰有利于蝶类多样性发展, 而强烈的人为干扰会严重破坏草场环境, 影响蝶类生存和繁衍, 降低蝶类多样性。     

Preparation of hair for measurement of elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The preparation of hair for the determination of elements is a critical component of the analysis procedure. Open-beaker, closedvessel microwave, and flowthrough microwave digestion are methods that have been used for sample preparation and are discussed. A new digestion method for use with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed. The method uses 0.2 g of hair and 3 mL of concentrated nitric acid in an atmospheric pressurelow-temperature microwave digestion (APLTMD) system. This preparation method is useful in handling a large numbers of samples per day and may be adapted to hair sample weights ranging from 0.08 to 0.3 g. After digestion, samples are analyzed by ICP-MS to determine the concentration of Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U. Benefits of the APLTMD include reduced contamination and sample handling, and increased precision, reliability, and sample throughput.     

A phylogenetic analysis of 100+ genera and 50+ families of euasterids based on morphological and molecular data with notes on possible higher level morphological synapomorphies

 A data matrix of 143 morphological and chemical characters for 142 genera of euasterids according to the APG system was compiled and complemented with rbcL and ndhF sequences for most of the genera. The data were subjected to parsimony analysis and support was assessed by bootstrapping. Strict consensus trees from analyses of morphology alone and morphology + rbcL + ndhF are presented. The morphological data recover several groups supported by molecular data but at the level of orders and above relationships are only superficially in agreement with molecular studies. The analyses provide support for monophyly of Gentianales, Aquifoliales, Apiales, Asterales, and Dipsacales. All data indicate that Adoxaceae are closely related to Dipsacales and hence they should be included in that order. The trees were used to assess some possible morphological synapomorphies for euasterids I and II and for the orders of the APG system. Euasterids I are generally characterised by opposite leaves, entire leaf margins, hypogynous flowers, “early sympetaly” with a ring-shaped corolla primordium, fusion of stamen filaments with the corolla tube, and capsular fruits. Euasterids II often have alternate leaves, serrate-dentate leaf margins, epigynous flowers, “late sympetaly” with distinct petal primordia, free stamen filaments, and indehiscent fruits. It is unclear which of these characters represent synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies for the two groups, respectively, and there are numerous expections to be interpreted as reversals and parallelisms. Received August 28, 2000 Accepted August 7, 2001     

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein^1,2. The Δku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The Δku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale^1-4.Here, we report methods for using type I and type II Δku80Δhxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in Δku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).     

Automated High-throughput Behavioral Analyses in Zebrafish Larvae

We have created a novel high-throughput imaging system for the analysis of behavior in 7-day-old zebrafish larvae in multi-lane plates. This system measures spontaneous behaviors and the response to an aversive stimulus, which is shown to the larvae via a PowerPoint presentation. The recorded images are analyzed with an ImageJ macro, which automatically splits the color channels, subtracts the background, and applies a threshold to identify individual larvae placement in the lanes. We can then import the coordinates into an Excel sheet to quantify swim speed, preference for edge or side of the lane, resting behavior, thigmotaxis, distance between larvae, and avoidance behavior. Subtle changes in behavior are easily detected using our system, making it useful for behavioral analyses after exposure to environmental toxicants or pharmaceuticals.     

外泌体在白血病中的重要调控作用

目前,白血病复发是患者死亡的主要原因之一。肿瘤细胞和微环境的相互作用,以及隐匿在骨髓中的肿瘤干细胞,促进了白血病的复发和向淋巴组织的转移,因此白血病的治疗、转移和复发问题受到广泛关注。外泌体是由绝大多数细胞分泌的双层脂质膜囊泡,可以调控细胞间的交流和信息传递。在白血病细胞、基质细胞和内皮细胞之间的相互联系中都涉及到外泌体,白血病细胞来源的外泌体存在于白血病患者的血浆中,能把其携带的白血病相关抗原及微小RNA呈递给靶细胞,促进白血病肿瘤细胞的增殖,有助于肿瘤细胞实现免疫逃避,保护白血病细胞抵抗化疗药物导致的细胞毒性作用,促进血管生成及肿瘤细胞的迁移。因此,外泌体与白血病的转移、治疗及预后密切相关,可以用来检测和监测白血病的进展。本文综述了外泌体的来源、形成与分泌机制,以及外泌体在白血病发生前、发展中、预后和免疫治疗中所扮演的重要角色。     

Assessing burrowing, nest construction, and hoarding in mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented. Burrowing was first developed in Oxford. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them. Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it. Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality. A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.     

日本北海道虻类雌性外生殖器形态(双翅目：虻科)(英文)

【目的】利用日本北海道虻类评估和验证外生殖器在分类学上的意义。【方法】将虻类成虫标本浸渍在生理盐水中并置于双目显微镜下通过针和镊子在培养皿中进行解剖并绘图,观察第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器的形态特征。【结果】在日本北海道共记录了虻科(Tabanidae) 3亚科7属38种。我们观察并描述了3亚科其中的6属24种的雌性外生殖器的主要特征。亚科之间存在明显差异;然而在一般情况下属之间很难建立一种方法来确定共同点;种之间只有在斑虻属Chrysops中有相似之处,其他属中则比较多样化。因此,亚科鉴定根据第9背板、第8腹板及受精囊足以进行区分,属及种鉴定需要结合第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器各自的特征组合在一起才能区分开来。我们也制作了虻类外生殖器的检索表。【结论】和许多其他昆虫一样,外生殖器是虻科的重要分类特征,对于促进分类学和系统学的发展具有重要意义。本研究首次对分布在日本北海道的虻科雌性外生殖器进行了系统研究。     

The Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis ammon aires) from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

ABSTRACT. Concentration and composition of ciliate protozoa in the families Ophryoscolecidae and Isotrichidae were determined in rumen contents of domestic sheep ( Ovis ammon aries ) from Cyprus. A total of five genera of Ophryoscolecidae were identified, Metadinium, Enoploplastron, Polyplastron, Epidinium , and Ophryoscolex , which included six species: Metadinium affine, Enoploplastron triloricatum, Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Epidinium ecaudatum, Epidinium graini, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei. Eight separate forms of Epidinium were identified ( E. ecaudatum f. ecaudatum, E, e. f. caudatum, E. e. f. bicaudatum, E. e. f. tricaudatum, E. e. f. quadricaudatum, E. graini f. graini, E. g. f. caudatricoronatum , and E. g. f. caudaquadricoronatum ), along with five forms of Ophryoscolex purkynjei (O. p. f. purkynjei, O. p. f. bifidobicinctus, O. p. f. bifidoquadricinctus, O. p. f. bicoronatus, O. p. f. tricoronatus , and O. p. f. quadricoronatus). Three species of Isotrichidae were observed, Isotricha intestinalis, I. prostoma , and Dasytricha ruminantium. This study reports new host records for three forms of Epidinium graini and Ophryoscolex purkynjei f. bifidobicinctus. The rumen fauna in the family Ophryoscolecidae from Cypriote domestic sheep appear to have limited diversity compared to those from Turkish and Far Eastern (Chinese/Japanese) sheep, while they are more diverse than those found in Western European (Scottish) and North American (Canadian/Alaskan) sheep.     

中国辽秃蝗属的分类研究及二新种记述（直翅目， 蝗总科， 斑腿蝗科， 秃蝗亚科）（英文）

记述了我国辽秃蝗属Liaopodisma 3个种, 包括2新种： 台中辽秃蝗Liaopodisma taichungensis sp. nov.和台湾辽秃蝗Liaopodisma taiwanensis sp. nov.。台中辽秃蝗L. taichungensis sp. nov.同千山辽秃蝗L. qianshanensis Zheng, 1990近似, 不同之处为黑色眼后带不明显, 前胸背板中隆线几乎不见, 雄性前翅长为宽的1.8倍, 雄性中胸腹板中隔向后渐宽大, 雄性后足胫节外侧具10刺。台湾辽秃蝗L. taiwanensis sp. nov.的后足股节下侧红色, 前翅中部不加宽且前、 后缘几乎平行, 可与本属其余2已知种区别。并附辽秃蝗属种检索表。     

Unraveling regulation and new components of human P-bodies through a protein interaction framework and experimental validation

The cellular factors involved in mRNA degradation and translation repression can aggregate into cytoplasmic domains known as GW bodies or mRNA processing bodies (P-bodies). However, current understanding of P-bodies, especially the regulatory aspect, remains relatively fragmentary. To provide a framework for studying the mechanisms and regulation of P-body formation, maintenance, and disassembly, we compiled a list of P-body proteins found in various species and further grouped both reported and predicted human P-body proteins according to their functions. By analyzing protein-protein interactions of human P-body components, we found that many P-body proteins form complex interaction networks with each other and with other cellular proteins that are not recognized as P-body components. The observation suggests that these other cellular proteins may play important roles in regulating P-body dynamics and functions. We further used siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the validity of our in silico analyses. Our combined approach identifies new P-body components and suggests that protein ubiquitination and protein phosphorylation involving 14-3-3 proteins may play critical roles for post-translational modifications of P-body components in regulating P-body dynamics. Our analyses provide not only a global view of human P-body components and their physical interactions but also a wealth of hypotheses to help guide future research on the regulation and function of human P-bodies.