顶羽菊提取物清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成能力的研究

目的:测定顶羽菊不同提取物对亚硝酸钠的清除能力以及对亚硝胺合成的阻断能力。方法:通过索氏提取法和浸提法提取顶羽菊的活性成分,在模拟人体胃液条件下,采用分光光度法测定顶羽菊不同提取物对亚硝酸钠的清除能力和对亚硝胺合成的阻断能力,并与Vc进行了比较。结果:顶羽菊提取物对亚硝酸钠的清除率和对亚硝胺合成的阻断率与其浓度呈正相关,醇提物和水提物对亚硝酸钠的清除率分别可达60%、58%,对亚硝胺合成的阻断率可达86.6%、48.6%。结论:通过与Vc的对照分析可知,顶羽菊提取物具有较强的清除亚硝酸钠和阻断亚硝胺合成的能力。     

三种车前草的黄酮提取、纯化及其抗氧化活性分析

本研究采用响应面设计优化超声辅助提取车前总黄酮的最佳条件,然后用此条件提取大车前和平车前总黄酮,并探究大孔树脂纯化对三种车前草总黄酮抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,在超声温度60℃、乙醇浓度70%的条件下,车前总黄酮最佳提取工艺参数为液料比20:1 m L/g、超声时间80 min、超声功率210 W,车前、大车前和平车前的总黄酮得率分别为5.04%、2.86%和1.22%。无论是纯化前还是纯化后,大车前总黄酮的还原力和对羟基自由基的清除作用最强,平车前最弱;车前总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除作用最大,平车前最弱。纯化前后的还原力和对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除作用都接近Vc的水平。     

黑老虎叶总黄酮提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

为探讨超声波辅助提取黑老虎叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件及其抗氧化活性,该文以黑老虎叶为研究对象,采用超声波提取法提取黑老虎叶总黄酮,通过单因素试验研究提取时间、乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比对黑老虎叶总黄酮提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化其提取工艺条件,测试了最优条件下提取的黑老虎叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、·OH自由基及超氧阴离子的清除能力。结果表明:黑老虎叶总黄酮超声辅助提取最佳提取条件为提取时间 35 min、乙醇浓度80%、提取温度50 ℃、料液比1:20 g·mL^-1,最佳条件下提取率为4.83%。抗氧化活性测试结果显示,黑老虎叶总黄酮表现出较好的清除DPPH自由基、·OH自由基及超氧阴离子能力,其抗氧化能力为清除DPPH自由基能力>清除超氧阴离子能力>清除·OH自由基能力。在浓度为0.8 mg·mL^-1时,黑老虎叶总黄酮清除DPPH自由基、·OH自由基及超氧阴离子的能力相当于同浓度下Vc的97.6%、82.1%、95.5%,黑老虎叶总黄酮是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源。上述结果为黑老虎叶活性成分的提取及开发利用提供了理论基础。     

顶羽菊抗氧化活性研究

目的:探讨顶羽菊提取物的抗氧化活性。方法:采用Folin-Ciocaheu法测定顶羽菊水提物和醇提物中的多酚含量,并以芦丁为标准品测定其黄酮含量;通过总还原力测定法、Fenton法、改良的邻苯三酚自氧化法、过氧化脂质测定、亚硝酸盐清除率测定和亚硝胺合成阻断率测定,分别对顶羽菊提取物的总还原力、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基清除能力、脂质过氧化抑制作用、清除亚硝酸盐自由基和亚硝胺阻断率进行测定。结果:顶羽菊水提物和醇提物中含有以黄酮类为主要成分的多酚类物质;具有较强的还原性和清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基的活性,且醇提物的作用高于水提物;二者对脂质过氧化的抑制率达47%以上;顶羽菊提取物具有较强的清除亚硝酸钠和阻断亚硝胺合成的能力,水提物对亚硝酸盐的最大清除率为60.4%,醇提物对亚硝胺合成的阻断率为86.6%。结论:顶羽菊醇提物可作为抗氧化剂和防癌剂,用于清除机体内自由基、抗脂质氧化、延缓机体衰老、预防心血管系统疾病和癌症的发生。     

化橘红黄酮类化合物抑制亚硝化反应活性研究

根据超声波最佳提取工艺条件提取得到化橘红总黄酮,经乙酸乙酯萃取分为酯溶性和水溶性两部分,比较它们对亚硝化反应的抑制作用,并分别采用硅胶柱层析对酯溶性成分分离纯化,采用大孔吸附树脂法对水溶性成分进行分离纯化,得到4个主要的黄酮类化合物,研究它们对亚硝化反应的抑制作用,以期得到抑制亚硝化活性较强的化合物。结果表明化橘红总黄酮提取率可达26.42%,酯溶性和水溶性部分均能阻断亚硝胺的合成及清除亚硝酸盐,其中水溶性黄酮提取物作用较强,分离得到的4个黄酮类化合物中柚皮苷的抑制作用较强,对亚硝胺的合成的最大阻断率可达94.7%,对亚硝酸盐的最大清除率可达92.3%。     

原花青素对亚硝化反应的抑制作用研究

研究了葡萄籽原花青素的最佳提取条件,及其对亚硝化反应的抑制作用。结果表明：原花青素的最佳提取条件为60％乙醇,料液比1：5,50℃水浴回流1h,其对亚硝胺合成的最大阻断率为91．2％,对亚硝酸钠的最大清除率为88．3％。     

药用植物密蒙花总黄酮提取及抗氧化性研究

目的:研究药用植物密蒙花总黄酮提取工艺及其抗氧化性能.方法:在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计对总黄酮提取工艺进行优化,并研究密蒙花黄酮类化合物对羟自由基的清除作用和对羟自由基诱发卵磷脂脂质过氧化的抑制作用.结果:最佳提取工艺即以60%乙醇为提取剂、提取物料比为1∶30、提取温度为70℃、提取时间为3h,总黄酮的提取率为16.72%.结论:试验结果表明提取工艺合理,总黄酮提取率高,密蒙花总黄酮提取液具有很好抗氧化性能.     

毛豹皮樟叶水提物的活性成分及其清除亚硝酸钠和阻断亚硝胺合成的作用

亚硝酸盐在食材、食品加工和食品储存过程中普遍存在,它是亚硝基化合物合成的前体物质,在一定条件下亚硝酸盐极易转化为亚硝胺,二者均可致癌[1-2],因此,清除亚硝酸盐和阻断亚硝胺合成对于预防和控制癌症的发生具有重要意义。关于清除亚硝酸盐和阻断亚硝胺合成的研究已有较多报道,一些植物含有的天然活性成分,如植物中所含的多酚和黄酮类物质等,具有抗氧化、抗菌、清除亚硝酸盐和阻断亚硝胺合成的作用。顶羽菊也Acroptilon repens ( Linn.) DC.页[3]、黄花菜(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni)[4]和簕菜也Acanthopanax trifoliatus ( Linn.) Merr.页[5]等提取物具有清除亚硝酸盐和阻断亚硝胺合成的作用;黄俊生[6]从南姜也Alpinia galanga ( Linn.) Willd.页表皮中提取的色素也具有较强的清除亚硝酸钠和阻断亚硝胺合成活性。     

超声波辅助大米草总黄酮提取及抗氧化活性研究北大核心CSCD

应用超声波技术,以大米草为原料提取黄酮类化合物,设计正交实验,研究乙醇浓度、料液比、超声处理温度和提取时间对总黄酮提取效果的影响,分析得出最佳提取工艺条件。并测定大米草黄酮体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:大米草总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度80%,提取时间20 min,料液比1∶30(g·mL-1),提取温度45℃。影响大米草黄酮提取率的主次因素是:料液比>乙醇浓度>提取温度>提取时间。大米草黄酮总抗氧化活性和抗超氧阴离子活力随着浓度的增加逐渐增加,呈明显的量效关系,并且能有效清除氧化脂质(MDA)。     

超声辅助提取四齿四棱草中总黄酮及其抗氧化活性

本文采用正交实验优选超声辅助提取四齿四棱草中总黄酮的最佳工艺,测定其含量,并以Vc为对照,采用DPPH法、ABTS法和FRAP法对四齿四棱草总黄酮抗氧化活性进行综合评价。通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究乙醇浓度、超声时间、料液比、提取温度对四齿四棱草中总黄酮提取率的影响,优选出超声辅助提取四齿四棱草总黄酮的最佳工艺:乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1∶30 g/m L,50℃超声提取两次,每次30 min,四齿四棱草总黄酮提取率为4.78%。四齿四棱草总黄酮对DPPH自由基(IC_(50)=42.91μg/m L,最大清除率为88.57%)、ABTS自由基(IC_(50)=44.61μg/m L,最大清除率为92.86%)的清除能力较好,对Fe~(3+)的还原能力(AEAC=5380μmol/g)亦较强,是一种天然的抗氧化剂。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.