药用植物牛滕根中异常次生结构的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了药用植物牛滕根的异常次生生长。其初生结构和早期的次生结构类似于一般的草本双子叶植物根。后来,在维管柱的外围以离心的顺序发生多轮异常形成层。第一轮异常形成层起源于次生韧皮部的薄壁组织细胞和射线细胞。以后的每一轮由前一轮向外衍生的薄壁组织细胞产生。新的形成层常常以弧状片段与前一轮维管束之间的形成层相连接。每一轮形成层向内产生木质部,向外产生韧皮部,组成异常维管束。这些束排成不规则的同心环,包埋在薄壁结合组织中。     

尾穗苋茎的异常加厚

尾穗苋茎中多轮散生维管束的产生是由起源于原形成层的异常形成层连续活动的结果。异常形成层由１─２层细胞组成,在早期的活动中,通常以单向方式向内交替产生维管束原束和薄壁结合组织;而后期则以双向活动方式向内产生木质部和其间的厚壁结合组织,韧皮部较晚在异常形成层的外缘发生。原形成层束分化为具束中形成层的外韧维管束,但无束间形成层分化。中央维管束和各轮异常维管束中的束中形成层能产生一些次生维管组织。     

空心莲子草根中异常结构及不定芽的发育解剖学研究

运用光镜和扫描电镜的方法 ,观察了空心莲子草根的结构及不定芽的结构 ,结果表明 :根的初生木质部为二原型、三原型和四原型 ;初生结构和早期次生结构正常 ,异常的次生生长是由于次生韧皮部外侧发生的额外形成层所致 ,后一轮额外形成层起源于前一轮向外产生的薄壁细胞 ,结合组织为发达的薄壁细胞 ,二至四轮三生维管束排成整齐的同心环类型 ,不定芽主要起源于异常根的额外形成层 ,芽外有二至三轮鳞片 ,其内着生许多毛状物。     

药用植物商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)根中异常次生结构的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了药用植物商陆根中异常次生结构的发生和发育过程。商陆根的初生结构和早期的次生结构都是正常的。但是,后来在维管柱的外围以离心的顺序先后产生5-7轮异常形成层.第一轮异常形成层起源于次生韧皮薄壁细胞和射线细胞。后一轮异常形成层在前一轮异常形成层向外产生的薄壁结合组织中发生。各轮异常形成层都以正常的活动方式产生同心环状排列的异常维管束以及它们之间丰富的薄壁结合组织,从而使根变成肉质状。薄壁结合组织细胞以及异常维管束内的薄壁组织细胞中贮藏有淀粉粒。     

旱生植物驼绒藜茎的异常次生结构及其发育

藜科旱生植物驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)成长茎由木栓组织、异常形成层、不规则排列的异常维管束及其间的木质化厚壁结合组织和中央正常的维管柱所组成。木栓组织很发达。异常形成层连成环状。异常维管束外韧型。结合组织细胞紧密围绕在各个异常维管束之间。正常的次生维管柱由数个扇形维管束组成,位于维管束内的束中形成层已失去分生能力。中央的髓细胞大多破毁。在茎的发育过程中,初生生长和早期的次生生长都是正常的。而以后的次生生长由初生韧皮部外方保留的原形成层细胞发生的异常形成层活动所代替。起初,异常形成层仅向内交替产生结合组织细胞和异常维管束,而后来同时还向外分化木栓细胞。这种异常的次生结构对旱生植物具有重要的生态学意义。     

牛膝茎的发育解剖学研究

应用植物解剖学方法研究了牛膝茎的发育过程。研究结果表明,牛膝茎的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构、次生结构和三生生长5个发育阶段。原分生组织具有典型分生组织的细胞特征;初生分生组织包括原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层。在茎的发育过程中,初生生长和早期的次生生长是正常的,但在次生生长过程中,次生维管组织仅有束中形成层产生,而没有束间形成层的分化和活动。茎的三生生长是由维管柱外侧保留的原形成层细胞发生的额外形成层的活动产生的。额外形成层开始只向内交替产生三生木质部和其间的结合组织,后来向外产生三生韧皮部,形成一轮三生维管束。牛膝茎内的韧皮纤维来源于原形成层,应属于原生韧皮部性质。牛膝茎中的2个外韧型髓维管束也来源于原形成层,与正常维管束在位置上没有相关性。但其结构类型具有多样性,有时可形成不完全的周木型髓维管束。     

买麻藤茎的结构及其异常次生生长

买麻藤(Gnetum montanum Mgr.)茎的各类组织的排列与被子植物的茎非常相似,其次生生长也属同一类型。其中最明显的相似之处,是木质部中的导管和韧皮部中的筛分子与“伴胞”。藤本植物买麻藤,正常的次生生长开始后,由每一维管束外侧的薄壁组织经脱分化产生新的形成层,以后逐渐形成一圈维管束。这与前人所描述的新形成层来自韧皮薄壁组织是不同的。异常的维管束与正常的一样,由木质部和韧皮部组成,并被髓射线分隔呈楔形。当第一轮维管束停止生长以后,在其外围以同样方式形成新的一轮,以后并可连续形成多轮。     

暹罗苏铁茎的解剖学研究

利用冰冻切片法在光学显微镜下观察暹罗苏铁茎的解剖特征。结果表明,暹罗苏铁茎由周皮、皮层、皮层维管束、中柱和髓组成,皮层和髓发达。皮层维管束可分为周韧型和外韧型两种,以周韧型为主。中柱的次生结构为同心环的次生维管组织构成,随着茎的不断成熟,环数逐渐增加;每个同心环均含有次生木质部、维管形成层、次生韧皮部的结构;环与环之间有次生的薄壁组织相间隔。皮层、中柱维管束均由木质部、形成层和韧皮部组成,木质部面积均大于韧皮部。苏铁植物茎在次生结构方面的主要特点是有皮层维管束和同心环结构的中柱维管束。     

乌拉尔甘草根与根状茎发育解剖学研究

应用常规石蜡切片方法,对乌拉尔甘草根和根状茎的结构及其发育进程进行研究.结果显示:(1)乌拉尔甘草根的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原分生组织由3层原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织细胞的特征;初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成;初生结构包括表皮、皮层和中柱,初生木质部为4原型,偶见3原型,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;次生生长依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层活动完成,维管形成层源于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞,而木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞脱分化产生;次生结构由次生维管组织和周皮共同组成,根中央不具髓.(2)根状茎发育过程与地上茎类似,包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原生分生组织由原套和原体组成,其衍生细胞分化成由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成的初生分生组织;初生结构包括表皮、皮层、外韧维管束、髓和髓射线,维管束呈环形排列;位于维管束中的原形成层细胞恢复活动产生次生木质部和次生韧皮部,束间形成层产生射线细胞;靠近维管束内侧的皮层薄壁组织细胞脱分化产生木栓形成层,以后形成周皮.周皮、次生维管束、射线和髓共同构成根状茎的次生结构.     

牛膝（苋科）轴器官中异常结构的研究

应用植物解剖学方法研究了牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata Blume)轴器官中异常结构的发育过程.研究结果表明,在牛膝根的发育过程中,其初生生长和早期的次生生长类似于一般双子叶植物.以后在正常维管柱的外围发生4～5轮额外形成层,并以双向活动方式形成同心环状排列的三生维管束和其间的薄壁结合组织.而在牛膝的茎中存在两种不同类型的异常结构.在茎的发育过程中,当次生维管束分化将完成时,由其外侧保留的1～2层原形成层细胞恢复分裂能力产生一轮额外形成层,额外形成层活动形成一轮三生维管束.茎中的2个外韧型髓维管束也来源于原形成层,与正常维管束在位置上没有相关性,但其结构类型存在多样性,有时可形成不完全的周木型髓维管束.     

The Developmental Anatomy of the Root System in Yam Bean, Pachyrhizus erosus Urban

Investigations revealed that the anatomy of the primary radicularroot of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) was typically dicotyledonousexcept that the xylem was not completely developed centripetally.Most of the roots had tetrarch xylem, although a few triarchand pentarch roots were also observed. In both tuberous andnon-tuberous roots, secondary thickening occurred by the formationof the meristematic vascular cambium which formed secondarytissues in a normal fashion. Subsequently, tuberization wasinitiated in the secondary xylem by the development of anomalous‘secondary’ cambia from parenchyma cells surroundingvessel elements. Anomalous ‘secondary’ cambia alsodeveloped from parenchyma cells not associated with vessels.Subsequently, anomalous ‘tertiary’ cambia differentiatedfrom tissues produced by the anomalous ‘secondary’cambia. Activities of these anomalous cambia resulted in theproduction of parenchyma storage cells and were chiefly responsiblefor the growth of the mature tuber. Pachyrhizus erosus L., yam bean, tuberous root, anatomy, anomalous ‘secondary’ cambia, anomalous ‘tertiary’ cambia, centripetal xylem development     

SUCCESSIVE CAMBIA IN THE STEM OF PHYTOLACCA DIOICA

Phytolacca dioica L., an evergreen tree of the Phytolaccaceae, is one of the species of Phytolacca which shows anomalous secondary thickening in its stem. This mode of thickening has been regarded as successive cambial activity or alternatively, in some more recent interpretations, as thickening by unidirectional activity of a cambial zone. The stem thickening of P. dioica is of the former type. The cambium produces fascicular strands, showing centrifugal differentiation of xylem and centripetal differentiation of phloem on opposite sides of the cambial layer, and rays are produced between the fascicular areas. In both xylem and phloem the younger elements are closer to the cambium than the older elements. Succeeding cambia arise periodically by periclinal divisions in a layer of parenchyma cells two or three cells beyond the outermost intact phloem derived from the current cambium. Each cambium forms a few parenchyma cells on both sides before it forms derivatives which mature into lignified xylem elements or conductive elements of the phloem. The parenchyma thus formed toward the outside later becomes the site of the origin of the succeeding cambium. Only one or two layers of this phloem parenchyma go on to form the new cambium; the remaining cells accumulate between the outermost phloem and the cortex. P. weberbaueri shows stem structure similar to P. dioica. P. meziana, a shrub, shows normal stem structure.     

何首乌块根中异常结构的形成过程

何首乌的块根是一种常用的中药,块根内具有异常的次生结构。在块根的横切面上,自外至内依次为周皮、薄壁组织、排列成一圈大小不等的异常周韧维管束和中央维管柱。在块根形成以前,根的初生和次生结构都是正常的。以后,通常由围绕在初生韧皮纤维束周围的中柱鞘和次生韧皮薄壁组织细胞形成异常形成层,产生异常维管束。此外,还发现少数由中央维管柱分支而成。在块根膨大过程中,束内外以及维管柱次生木质部的薄壁组织细胞也分裂并增大。从而使块根中薄壁组织占80%左右。上述变化过程在不定根的中部开始,向上、下两     

Vascular Continuity in the Primary and Secondary Stem Tissues of Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae)

An investigation of stem structure of Bougainvillea by serialsections and cine-photography shows that the medullary systemof the inner area of young stems is the sole vascular systemdirectly continuous into the lateral appendages (leaves, axillarybuds and axillary thorns) via complex nodal anastomoses. Thevascular system at the periphery of the primary bundles is notdirectly continuous into these appendages. In secondary growth,there is direct continuity between vascular bundles within asingle ring, in a tangential direction via either xylem aloneor both xylem and phloem, and between rings in a radial directionalways via xylem and phloem, even though the rings are derivativesof successive cambia. Bougainvillea, vascular system, phloem, xylem, anomalous secondary thickening     

Development of successive cambia and formation of flat stems in Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Urb. (Fabaceae)

Stem flattening in Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Fabaceae) is achieved by the development of crescent-shaped successive cambia on two opposite sides of the stem (referred hereafter as distal side). Other lateral sides of the stem (adjacent to supporting host and its opposite side, referred as proximal sides) usually possess single cambium. In the young stems, parenchymatous cells located outside to protophloem of distal side dedifferentiate and develop small segments of cambium. Concomitant to bidirectional differentiation of the secondary xylem and phloem, these newly developed cambial segments also extend in tangential directions. Differential activity of newly developed crescent-shaped cambial segments deposits more secondary xylem at median position as compared to their terminal ends of the stem on distal side; consequently, it pushes the cambial segment outside, thus resulting in crescent-shaped arcs of the cambia only on two opposite sides. After the production of 1–2 mm of secondary xylem, they cease to divide and new segments of cambial arc develop on the same side in a similar fashion. Such repeated behaviour of successive cambia development consequently leads to the formation of tangentially flat stems. The secondary xylem is diffusely porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of vessels (wide and narrow), fibres, axial ray parenchyma cells, while phloem consisted of sieve elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma. Rays in both xylem and phloem are uni- to multiseriate and heterocellular. The structure of secondary xylem and development of successive cambia is correlated with climbing habit.     

罗汉果营养器官的结构

1.罗汉果根、茎、叶的结构与葫芦科其它植物大致相似。不同之处有三方面:(1)叶子主脉中维管束为5个;(2)叶子中有硅质细胞成群分布;(3)块根具异常次生生长。在次生木质部中围绕导管形成形成层,由之分化出多个具韧皮部与木质部的小维管束。2.叶中的硅质细胞分布于表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织中,多个细胞集合在一起。其细胞壁加厚并硅质化,细胞内容物消失。推测与增加叶子的支持力量有关。3.罗汉果雌株叶子上、下表皮气孔数之比为0.04,雄株为0.03,比值均很低,同时根据叶的解剖结构推测罗汉果为C_3植物。4.雌株叶子下表皮单位面积气孔数比雄株的多26％,差异很显著,值得进一步研究简化观察统计方法,以用于鉴别幼苗的性别。     

Radial secondary growth and formation of successive cambia and their products in Ipomoea hederifolia L. (Convolvulaceae)

Ipomoea hederifolia stems increase in thickness using a combination of different types of cambial variant, such as the discontinuous concentric rings of cambia, the development of included phloem, the reverse orientation of discontinuous cambial segments, the internal phloem, the formation of secondary xylem and phloem from the internal cambium, and differentiation of cork in the pith. After primary growth, the first ring of cambium arises between the external primary phloem and primary xylem, producing secondary phloem centrifugally and secondary xylem centripetally. The stem becomes lobed, flat, undulating, or irregular in shape as a result of the formation of both discontinuous and continuous concentric rings of cambia. As the formation of secondary xylem is greater in one region than in another, this results in the formation of a grooved stem. Successive cambia formed after the first ring are of two distinct functional types: (1) functionally normal successive cambia that divide to form secondary xylem centripetally and secondary phloem centrifugally, like other dicotyledons that show successive rings, and (2) abnormal cambia with reverse orientation. The former type of successive rings originates from the parenchyma cells located outside the phloem produced by previous cambium. The latter type of cambium develops from the conjunctive tissue located at the base of the secondary xylem formed by functionally normal cambia. This cambium is functionally inverted, producing secondary xylem centrifugally and secondary phloem centripetally. In later secondary growth, xylem parenchyma situated deep inside the secondary xylem undergoes de‐differentiation, and re‐differentiates into included phloem islands in secondary xylem. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 30–40.