乌拉尔甘草根与根状茎发育解剖学研究

应用常规石蜡切片方法,对乌拉尔甘草根和根状茎的结构及其发育进程进行研究.结果显示:(1)乌拉尔甘草根的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原分生组织由3层原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织细胞的特征;初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成;初生结构包括表皮、皮层和中柱,初生木质部为4原型,偶见3原型,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;次生生长依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层活动完成,维管形成层源于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞,而木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞脱分化产生;次生结构由次生维管组织和周皮共同组成,根中央不具髓.(2)根状茎发育过程与地上茎类似,包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原生分生组织由原套和原体组成,其衍生细胞分化成由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成的初生分生组织;初生结构包括表皮、皮层、外韧维管束、髓和髓射线,维管束呈环形排列;位于维管束中的原形成层细胞恢复活动产生次生木质部和次生韧皮部,束间形成层产生射线细胞;靠近维管束内侧的皮层薄壁组织细胞脱分化产生木栓形成层,以后形成周皮.周皮、次生维管束、射线和髓共同构成根状茎的次生结构.     

尾穗苋茎的异常加厚

尾穗苋茎中多轮散生维管束的产生是由起源于原形成层的异常形成层连续活动的结果。异常形成层由１─２层细胞组成,在早期的活动中,通常以单向方式向内交替产生维管束原束和薄壁结合组织;而后期则以双向活动方式向内产生木质部和其间的厚壁结合组织,韧皮部较晚在异常形成层的外缘发生。原形成层束分化为具束中形成层的外韧维管束,但无束间形成层分化。中央维管束和各轮异常维管束中的束中形成层能产生一些次生维管组织。     

药用植物商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)根中异常次生结构的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了药用植物商陆根中异常次生结构的发生和发育过程。商陆根的初生结构和早期的次生结构都是正常的。但是,后来在维管柱的外围以离心的顺序先后产生5-7轮异常形成层.第一轮异常形成层起源于次生韧皮薄壁细胞和射线细胞。后一轮异常形成层在前一轮异常形成层向外产生的薄壁结合组织中发生。各轮异常形成层都以正常的活动方式产生同心环状排列的异常维管束以及它们之间丰富的薄壁结合组织,从而使根变成肉质状。薄壁结合组织细胞以及异常维管束内的薄壁组织细胞中贮藏有淀粉粒。     

药用植物川牛膝根中异常次生结构的发育解剖学研究

药用植物川牛膝的根内具有异常的次生结构。其异常的次生生长是由维管柱外围发生的异常形成层通过正常的活动方式完成的。后一轮异常形成层起源于前一轮异常形成层向外产生的薄壁组织细胞,位于韧皮部的外侧。每一轮异常形成层向内产生木质部,向外产生韧皮部,组成异常维管束。其中,木质部最先开始分化。异常维管束排成螺旋状,分散在结合组织中。除最外轮一些木质部束之间的结合组织是厚壁组织外,其余结合组织都是薄壁的。由于初生结构和早期的次生结构是正常的,所以,这种异常结构可能是后起的特征。     

牛膝茎的发育解剖学研究

应用植物解剖学方法研究了牛膝茎的发育过程。研究结果表明,牛膝茎的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构、次生结构和三生生长5个发育阶段。原分生组织具有典型分生组织的细胞特征;初生分生组织包括原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层。在茎的发育过程中,初生生长和早期的次生生长是正常的,但在次生生长过程中,次生维管组织仅有束中形成层产生,而没有束间形成层的分化和活动。茎的三生生长是由维管柱外侧保留的原形成层细胞发生的额外形成层的活动产生的。额外形成层开始只向内交替产生三生木质部和其间的结合组织,后来向外产生三生韧皮部,形成一轮三生维管束。牛膝茎内的韧皮纤维来源于原形成层,应属于原生韧皮部性质。牛膝茎中的2个外韧型髓维管束也来源于原形成层,与正常维管束在位置上没有相关性。但其结构类型具有多样性,有时可形成不完全的周木型髓维管束。     

药用植物牛滕根中异常次生结构的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了药用植物牛滕根的异常次生生长。其初生结构和早期的次生结构类似于一般的草本双子叶植物根。后来,在维管柱的外围以离心的顺序发生多轮异常形成层。第一轮异常形成层起源于次生韧皮部的薄壁组织细胞和射线细胞。以后的每一轮由前一轮向外衍生的薄壁组织细胞产生。新的形成层常常以弧状片段与前一轮维管束之间的形成层相连接。每一轮形成层向内产生木质部,向外产生韧皮部,组成异常维管束。这些束排成不规则的同心环,包埋在薄壁结合组织中。     

牛膝（苋科）轴器官中异常结构的研究

应用植物解剖学方法研究了牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata Blume)轴器官中异常结构的发育过程.研究结果表明,在牛膝根的发育过程中,其初生生长和早期的次生生长类似于一般双子叶植物.以后在正常维管柱的外围发生4～5轮额外形成层,并以双向活动方式形成同心环状排列的三生维管束和其间的薄壁结合组织.而在牛膝的茎中存在两种不同类型的异常结构.在茎的发育过程中,当次生维管束分化将完成时,由其外侧保留的1～2层原形成层细胞恢复分裂能力产生一轮额外形成层,额外形成层活动形成一轮三生维管束.茎中的2个外韧型髓维管束也来源于原形成层,与正常维管束在位置上没有相关性,但其结构类型存在多样性,有时可形成不完全的周木型髓维管束.     

管花肉苁蓉茎异常结构的发育解剖学研究

管花肉苁蓉茎内存在类似于单子叶植物的散生初生维管束。它由散生在基本分生组织中的原形成层束分化而成。在原形成层来分化的过程中,每个原形成层束可通过分离形成2—7个初生维管束,使初生维管束的数目迅速增加。当初生维管束开始正常次生生长时,正常维管束韧皮部外方的薄壁组织细胞或远离维管柬的薄壁组织细胞转变为异常形成层束。异常次生维管束与正常维管束以韧皮部相对或韧皮部并列的方式排列,或异常次生维管束单个存在于薄壁组织中。     

银州柴胡根的发育解剖学研究

本研究采用常规石蜡切片结合荧光显微镜技术对银州柴胡根的发育解剖学进行了研究。结果表明:（1）银州柴胡根顶端分生组织由原分生组织及其衍生的初生分生组织组成。原生分生组织细胞体积小、排列紧密、细胞质浓厚、细胞核大而明显，具有典型的分生组织的特点；（2）初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成。在根发育过程中，表皮、皮层和维管柱共同组成其初生结构。银州柴胡根初生木质部为二原型或三原型，外始式；同时在根表皮细胞的径向壁观察到径向壁的细胞壁加厚；（3）在根次生生长过程中，位于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的原形成层恢复分裂能力产生维管形成层，维管形成层不断地向外产生次生韧皮部，向内产生次生木质部；同时位于根内皮层内方的中柱鞘细胞恢复分裂能力产生木栓形成层，木栓形成层向外形成木栓层，向内形成栓内层。在维管形成层和木栓形成层分裂的过程中，在次生韧皮部和中柱鞘组织中产生形态大小不同的分泌道，均为次生的裂生型分泌道。研究认为，银州柴胡根的结构类似于药典收录的北柴胡和红柴胡根的结构特点，但其根表皮细胞径向壁加厚、木纤维的分布、分泌道的大小和数量等有别于柴胡属其它植物，可作为柴胡属植物重要的分类鉴定依据。     

何首乌块根中异常结构的形成过程

何首乌的块根是一种常用的中药,块根内具有异常的次生结构。在块根的横切面上,自外至内依次为周皮、薄壁组织、排列成一圈大小不等的异常周韧维管束和中央维管柱。在块根形成以前,根的初生和次生结构都是正常的。以后,通常由围绕在初生韧皮纤维束周围的中柱鞘和次生韧皮薄壁组织细胞形成异常形成层,产生异常维管束。此外,还发现少数由中央维管柱分支而成。在块根膨大过程中,束内外以及维管柱次生木质部的薄壁组织细胞也分裂并增大。从而使块根中薄壁组织占80%左右。上述变化过程在不定根的中部开始,向上、下两     

Structure and identification of root bark of Quercus robur L.

The root bark structure of Quercus robur L. was analysed at different stages of root development and compared to the structure of stem bark. Root bark thickness varied considerably between different roots. Sclereid quantity decreased with increasing distance from the stem, which means it increased with age. Visible growth increments diminished with increasing distance from the stem. In lateral roots crystal quantity decreased with increasing distance from the stem. In lateral roots secondary phloem fibre length, sieve tube member length, and sieve tube diameter showed no regular trend. There were only a few basic structural differences between root and stem bark. The zone of cell differentiation (cell expansion, lignification) was wider in root bark; sieve tube collapse was delayed. In lateral root bark fewer sclereids were formed. The first-formed periderm often originated from deeper cell layers. Thus, primary elements were lacking after periderm formation. In root bark the phellem cell walls were of equal thickness. Thus, phellem lacked visible growth increments. Root bark phellem cells were slightly larger. The root phelloderm was more distinct. The secondary phloem fibres were slightly shorter than those in stem bark. Sieve tube members of stem and root bark were of similar length and diameter. The qualitative bark anatomical characters of oak root bark are suitable for root identifications. Due to minor structural differences between root and stem bark the characters must be used with care.     

黄连体内黄连素的组织器官定位和根尖屏障结构特征研究

黄连(Coptis chinensis)是毛茛科著名药材,该文研究了黄连体内黄连素在组织器官中的分布规律和根尖屏障结构特征。在白光和荧光显微镜下,组织器官中黄连素在蓝色激发光下自发黄色荧光,黄连素-苯胺兰对染研究细胞壁凯氏带和木质化,苏丹7B染色栓质层,间苯三酚-盐酸染色木质化。结果表明:黄连不定根初生结构为维管柱、内皮层、皮层、外皮层和表皮组成;次生结构以次生木质部为主、次生韧皮部和木栓层组成。黄连根茎初生结构由角质层,皮层和维管柱组成;次生结构由木栓层、皮层和维管柱组成,以皮层和维管柱为主。叶柄结构为髓、含维管束的厚壁组织层、皮层和角质层。黄连不定根的屏障结构初生结构时期由栓质化和木质化的内皮层、外皮层;次生结构时期为木栓层组成;根状茎的为角质层和木栓层。黄连素主要沉积分布在不定根和茎的木质部,叶柄的厚壁组织层,木质部和厚壁组织是鉴别黄连品质的重要部位。黄连根尖外皮层及早发育,同时初生木质部有黄连素沉积结合,可能造成水和矿质吸收和运输的阻碍,也是黄连适应阴生环境的重要原因。     

PHLOEM OF SPHENOPHYLLUM

The phloem of most fossil plants, including that of Sphenophyllum, is very poorly known. Sphenophyllum was a relatively small type of fossil arthrophyte with jointed stems bearing whorls of leaves ranging in form from wedge or fan-shaped to bifid, to linear. The aerial stem systems of the plant exhibited determinate growth involving progressive reduction in the dimensions of the stem primary bodies, fewer leaves per whorl, and smaller and simpler leaves distally. The primary phloem occurs in three areas alternating in position with the arms of the triarch centrally placed primary xylem. Cells of the primary phloem, presumably sieve elements, are axially elongate with horizontal to slightly tapered end walls. In larger stems with abundant secondary xylem and secondary cortex or periderm, a zone of secondary phloem occurs whose structure varies in the three areas opposite the arms of the primary xylem, as opposed to the three areas lying opposite the concave sides of the primary xylem. The axial system of the secondary phloem consists of vertical series of sieve elements with horizontal end walls. In the areas opposite the protoxylem the parenchyma is present as a prominent ray system showing dilation peripherally. Sieve elements in the areas opposite the protoxylem arms have relatively small diameters. In the areas between the protoxylem poles the secondary phloem sieve elements have large diameters and are less obviously in radial files, while the parenchyma resembles that of the secondary xylem in these areas in that it consists of strands of cells extending both radially and tangentially. An actively meristematic vascular cambium has not been found, indicating that this layer changed histologically after the cessation of growth in the determinate aerial stem systems and was replaced by a post-meristematic parenchyma sheath made up of axially elongate parenchyma lacking cells indicative of being either fusiform or ray initials. A phellogen arose early in development in a tissue believed to represent pericycle and produced tissue comparable to phellem externally. Normally, derivatives of the phellogen underwent one division prior to the maturation of the cells. Concentric bands of cells with dark contents apparently represent secretory tissue in the periderm and cell arrangements indicate that a single persistent phellogen was present. Sphenophyllum is compared with other arthrophytes as to phloem structure and is at present the best documented example of a plant with a functionally bifacial vascular cambium in any exclusively non-seed group of vascular plants.     

Structural and Histochemical Features of the Slow-Growing Perennial <i>Coptis chinensis</i> Franch. (Ranunculaceae)

Huanglian (Coptis chinensis Franch.) is a slow-growing perennial medicinal herb with considerable economic value. This study aimed to determine the structural characteristics and the levels of berberine deposits in the organs and tissues of Huanglian using light and epifluorescence microscopy. The adventitious roots are composed of primary and secondary structures with endodermis, exodermis, and phellem. The rhizome structures are composed of primary and secondary structures with cuticle and phellem. The leaves are composed of sclerenchymatous rings, isolateral mesophyll, and thin cuticles. We detected berberine in the xylem walls of the roots and rhizomes as well as in the sclerenchymatous rings of the petioles. We postulate that as the exodermis is developed, the deposition of berberine in the xylem closest to the root tips may affect water and nutrient absorption and transfer. Leaf blades had a thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll, suggesting shade tolerance. These structural and histochemical features suggest that Huanglian is adapted to the slow growing nature of a shady environment.     

黄芩根的解剖学研究

用常规石蜡切片方法对黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)一、二年生主根的发育及结构进行解剖学研究。结果表明,黄芩根的发育可分为原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生结构和次生生长等4个阶段。原分生组织由3群原始细胞组成,其细胞具有典型分生组织的细胞学特征;初生分生组织包括根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原,其中根冠原和表皮原具有相同的起源。初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱组成。初生木质部为二原型。次生生长主要是由维管形成层和木栓形成层的活动完成,木栓形成层起源于中柱鞘细胞。二年生黄芩主根的主要结构与一年生的基本相同,其不同之处为:二年生主根的周皮增厚,次生木质部中木纤维成群分布,出现木间木栓;维管射线为多列且明显;在近周皮的韧皮部内出现包围石细胞的木栓环组织。