新疆准噶尔盆地周边晚石炭世的珊瑚*

新疆北部准噶尔盆地周边石炭系广泛出露, 其中上石炭统发育海相火山—沉积序列, 包括西准噶尔地区的哈拉阿拉特组、阿腊德依克赛组, 东准噶尔地区的石钱滩组以及盆地南部的祁家沟组、奥尔吐组等。本文研究在上述各地层的灰岩层或夹层、碎屑岩中获得的四射珊瑚9属17种和床板珊瑚2属3种, 对石钱滩组中的3个新种进行了详细的系统古生物学描述。上述珊瑚化石的地质时代主要为巴什基尔期至莫斯科期。在珊瑚动物群的组成上, 哈拉阿拉特组中新发现Caninophyllum属分子, 结合盆地东、西部共同产出的床板珊瑚Cystodendropora 属分子, 说明整个准噶尔盆地周边的动物群面貌大致类似, 而西准噶尔地区的化石丰度、分异度显著低于盆地东部和东南部。综合前人资料, 目前在准噶尔盆地周边发现的珊瑚化石有约一半为地方性分子。本文认为研究区珊瑚化石的分布和组成特征与晚石炭世准噶尔洋走向封闭或半封闭的演化趋势密切相关。     

新疆准噶尔盆地周边晚石炭世的珊瑚*

新疆北部准噶尔盆地周边石炭系广泛出露, 其中上石炭统发育海相火山—沉积序列, 包括西准噶尔地区的哈拉阿拉特组、阿腊德依克赛组, 东准噶尔地区的石钱滩组以及盆地南部的祁家沟组、奥尔吐组等。本文研究在上述各地层的灰岩层或夹层、碎屑岩中获得的四射珊瑚9属17种和床板珊瑚2属3种, 对石钱滩组中的3个新种进行了详细的系统古生物学描述。上述珊瑚化石的地质时代主要为巴什基尔期至莫斯科期。在珊瑚动物群的组成上, 哈拉阿拉特组中新发现Caninophyllum属分子, 结合盆地东、西部共同产出的床板珊瑚Cystodendropora 属分子, 说明整个准噶尔盆地周边的动物群面貌大致类似, 而西准噶尔地区的化石丰度、分异度显著低于盆地东部和东南部。综合前人资料, 目前在准噶尔盆地周边发现的珊瑚化石有约一半为地方性分子。本文认为研究区珊瑚化石的分布和组成特征与晚石炭世准噶尔洋走向封闭或半封闭的演化趋势密切相关。     

Posidonia becheri Bronn, 1828 from the Tournaisian of SE Turkey: A palaeobiogeographic enigma

The posidoniform bivalve species Posidonia becheri Bronn, 1828, has been identified for the first time in the Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) sandy limestone-dark grey shale deposits of Hakkari Province, south-eastern Turkey. Palaeogeographically, this area was located at the northern tip of the Gondwanan Arabian Palaeozoic platform at the southern Palaeotethyan margin during the Carboniferous. The closest localities to this new occurrence are the Lower Carboniferous of northern England, Germany (Kulm Basin), Poland (Walbrzych Basin), Northwest Belgium, Spain (Cantabrian Mountains), Portugal, and Northwest Turkey (Zonguldak Basin). All these locations are considered parts of the Avalonian or Perigondwanan terranes, and were located NW of the Palaeotethys. Hence, our new finding from the SE Palaeotethyan margin, together with the data from Morocco, indicates that this posidoniid bivalve had probably been transported by oceanic currents in its larval stage to lower palaeolatitudes (about 50° S) within the Palaeotethyan Ocean during the Early Carboniferous, or alternatively, the northern Arabian platform margin was located in lower latitudes than previously suggested.     

Carboniferous biogeography of the bryozoan Archimedes in North America

The fenestrate bryozoan genus Archimedes apparently originated and then diversified in Early Carboniferous seas of eastern North America. Its highest species richness and greatest abundance are reached in uppermost Lower to lowest Upper Carboniferous (Chesterian) rocks of eastern North America. Following the unconformity that marks the mid‐Carboniferous eustatic event, however, it is known in North America only in Upper Carboniferous basinal deposits of the Oquirrh Mountains and in nearby regions of Utah and Nevada. It is hypothesized that Archimedes’ life‐history patterns caused the biogeographical change: dependence on fragmentation as a means of recruitment did not allow Archimedes to keep up with its rapidly migrating preferred back‐barrier environment during the numerous eustatic transgressive and regressive cycles that caused the shoreline to sweep across North America during the Late Carboniferous. The persistence of Archimedes in the Oquirrh Basin and vicinity is inferred to have resulted from its preferred back‐barrier environment migrating only locally along the relatively steep basinal slope present there during the Late Carboniferous eustatic cycles.     

Arachnids from the Carboniferous of Russia and Ukraine,and the Permian of Kazakhstan

New finds of Late Palaeozoic arachnids, based on three well-preserved carapaces from the Carboniferous of Russia and Ukraine and one complete, albeit poorly preserved, specimen from the Permian of Kazakhstan, are described. The spider genus Arthrolycosa is reported from the Late Carboniferous (Late Pennsylvanian: Kasimovian–Gzhelian) of Chunya in the Tunguska Basin of Siberia; it is the first find of a spider outside the Carboniferous tropics. Another fossil assigned to the same genus comes from the Late Carboniferous (Early Pennsylvanian: Bashkirian) of Kamensk–Shakhtinsky in the Donets Basin of Russia; it is probably the oldest fossil spider known. A thelyphonid (whip scorpion) carapace is described from the Late Carboniferous (Late Pennsylvanian: Kasimovian) of the adjacent Lugansk Province of the Donets Basin of Ukraine.     

Early Carboniferous spiriferoid brachiopods from the Qaidam Basin,Northwest China: Taxonomy,biostratigraphy and biogeography

Six Early Carboniferous brachiopod species in four genera of the Superfamily Spiriferoidea are described from the Qaidam Basin, northwestern China, including a new genus, Qaidamospirifer, and two new species: Grandispirifer qaidamensis and Qaidamospirifer elongatus. Additionally, a new genus, Triangulospirifer, is also proposed to replace Triangularia Poletaev, 2001 that was preoccupied by a Devonian molluscan genus.On the basis of the new material as well as published information, we have reviewed the taxonomic composition and the stratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic distributions of the three previously established genera from the viewpoint of palaeobiogeography. The study reveals that Grandispirifer has a relatively long stratigraphic range from the late Tournaisian to Serpukhovian. During this interval, the genus attained a wide geographical distribution, reaching Northwest China, western Yunnan of West China, Japan, as well as Iran and North Africa. Angiospirifer first occurred in western Europe in the Viséan, and later migrated to North Africa during the late Viséan. In the Serpukhovian, it migrated eastward, reaching the Donets Basin of Ukraine and the Qaidam Basin in Northwest China. Anthracothyrina evolved from Brachythyrina in North Africa in late Viséan, then dispersed north-westward to western and eastern Europe and, further eastward to the Qaidam Basin during the Serpukhovian.     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚石炭世孢粉组合

本文报道了鄂尔多斯盆地晚石炭世太原组的孢粉组合,共计68属,148种(类型)。本文描述了其中的9个新种,2个新组合和4个未定种,并建立一个组合带,即 Pseudolyosporaradialis-Gulisporites discersus-Thymospora thiessenit。根据孢粉组合情况,可看出盆地东部更接近于华北,西部则发生区系上的变化。整个孢粉组合可与盆地北缘、华北地区的太原组以及欧美等地区的维斯法期 C-D 和斯蒂芬期的孢粉组合比较。地质时代当属晚石炭世。     

华北上新世-更新世过渡期植被、气候与大气CO_2研究进展

上新世-更新世过渡期是新生代全球气候变化的重要拐点之一,此期气候经历了由"暖室"向"冰室"的转变。研究该气候转型期的特征可为科学界和国家层面应对现在和未来的全球气候变暖提供理论基础和实践指导。通过深入研究中国华北山西榆社盆地张村组上新世-更新世过渡期地层中保存的植物大化石、孢粉以及硅藻组合,为重建该时段陆地生态系统中植被演替和气候变化提供坚实的生物学证据。在综合回顾张村组化石植物研究历史的基础上,侧重介绍最近5年在古植被、古气候、古环境以及古大气CO2浓度重建等方面的最新进展。这些新成果定性及定量地刻画了第三纪-第四纪之交中国北方黄土高原东南缘气候变干、变凉的转型过程及其陆地生态系统中大气CO2浓度先升后降的变化趋势。     

Microfossil assemblage from the Late of Middle Carboniferous in Western Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin,Northwest China

In this paper, some results of the study on the sporepollen of the Yanghugou Formation in the western Shaan-Gan-Ning (Ordos) Basin of Northwest China axe reported. Plenty of well preserved microfossil, which 136 types belong to 62 microspore genera and one megaspore genus, including 2 new genera , 13 new species, I Acritarch (Chamosphaera pseudozonatus gen. et sp. nov.), from 8 bore-holes and outcrop have been discribed. In generally, the microfiora of the Yanghugou Formation is similar to the Taiyuan Formation (Upper Carboniferous). According to the spore-pollen assemblage of Yanghugou Formation may correlate with those in the Middle Carboniferous of Great Britain, Belgium the north of France, German and North America. Besides, the assemblage are similar to Middle Carboniferous of Nortth Shandong and Hengshanbu of Ningxia in the microfossil assemblage. The geological age of the beds is considered to Late of Middle Carboniferous.     

Ultrastructure and affinity of Lower Carboniferous megaspores from the Moscow Basin, Russia

Ten megaspore species isolated from Moscow Basin lignites of Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) age have been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). These species belong to seven megaspore genera: Lagenicula, Sublagenicula, Crassilagenicula, Setosisporites, Zonalesporites, Caudatosporites, and Cystosporites. Megaspores of the genus Caudatosporites have only been described previously from the Duckmantian (Westphalian B); a new species is duly erected. The ultrastructure of megaspore walls from the genera Crassilagenicula and Zonalesporites has not been previously described. This study also places them in context with other contemporaneous megaspores. The study shows that during the Viséan, in the Moscow Basin, megaspores expressed a similar wall ultrastructure despite large differences in external appearance. The genus Crassilagenicula may represent a group of megaspores from plants that had evolved from those bearing gulate megaspores here typified by Lagenicula acuminata, Setosisporites brevispinosus, and Sublagenicula hirsutoida. Zonalesporites brasserti also appears to show affinities to this group, and may be representative of a plant species in a transitional state between the Lagenicula bearing lycopsids and those more isoetalean in nature.     

柴达木盆地石炭纪古生物地理归属研究

柴达木盆地石炭纪的Ｔｉｎｇ类,珊瑚和腕足动物的代表属与中国其它代表地区－塔里木盆地,准噶尔盆地,陕甘宁地区,华北地区,华南地区,西藏北部地区可以进行对比,在计算大Ｚｏｎｇ相似系数的基础上,进行Ｑ型聚类分析,得出古生物地理分区结果,则解决柴达木盆地石炭纪古生物地理归属问题,研究结果表明,早石炭世可划分为：柴达木－华南－陕甘宁生物区;塔里木－藏北生物区和准噶尔生物区,柴达木属于柴达木－华南生物亚区,晚     

河南固始下石炭统杨山组华夏木一新种

描述河南固始杨山煤矿下石炭统杨山组的一个华夏木新种Cathaysiodendronyangshanensesp.nov.,这是近年来继在甘肃靖远早石炭世臭牛沟组中发现华夏木之后该属在早石炭世地层中的又一发现。华夏木属是华夏植物群的特有分子,它在早石炭世的发现对探讨华夏植物群的起源有重要意义。     

河北唐山西域山晚寒武世长山组的树形笔石

本文对东秦岭南部湖北郧西地区早石炭世四射珊瑚进行了研究,系统描述了11科中的24属和39种,其中包含2新属和21新种。本区早石炭世四射珊瑚拟划分为4个组合带:范家坪组上部Palaeosmilia-Lithostrotion组合带,下部Yuanophyllum组合带。袁家沟组上部Shennongia majus组合带,下部Zaphrentoides组合带。范家坪组是新建的组名。文中也讨论了Cystophrentis的分布时限,及其与Shennongia的亲缘关系。此外,Neoclisiophyllum在本区与岩关期的Shennongia共生,出现的时间早于华南各地。     

横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫

横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪海相沉积分布非常广泛,在早石炭世杜内期至晚二叠世各沉积中均含有大量有孔虫化石,其中尤以维宪期和长兴期沉积中的有孔虫化石最为丰富和保存极佳。本文描述了较为常见和特征的分子共11科30属65种,其中8个为新种,根据分析和比较,横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫动物群的组合面貌和特征与我国华南地区同期地层中所见有孔虫动物基本一致,同属“南方型”生物群,同时也与特提斯海域同期地层中有孔虫动物群非常近似,因此可以说明横断山地区当时的海水不仅与我国华南海域及特提斯海域都是相通的,同时都繁衍着大致相同的有孔虫动物群,它们均生活在温暖和盐度较为正常的浅海水域中。     

Early Carboniferous plants of the Arkhangelsk Region,Russia

Eight species of fossil plants are described for the first time from the Lower Carboniferous of the Arkhangelsk Region. One of these species, Adiantites lisitzynii O. Orlova et Jurina, is new. The taxonomic composition of the assemblage of 20 species indicates a woody vegetation of the Euramerian aspect. The rich assemblage recovered for the first time from terrigenous deposits of the Arkhangelsk Region dates them to the Visean (Early Carboniferous).     

FEDEKURTZIA,A NEW CARBONIFEROUS FROND FROM GONDWANALAND AND ITS FRUCTIFICATION

Fedekurtzia gen. nov. is proposed for specimens referred to Archaeopteris argentina (Kurtz, 1921) from middle Carboniferous strata of the Paganzo Basin in Argentina. Similar materials from the same area were assigned to at least six different genera by later authors. A revision of specimens from various collections shows that they all belong to a single type of polymorph frond. A progymnospermous affinity is suggested by the small fructifications resembling spikes which are attached to main rachides, as well as by the helicoidal insertion and bilateral disposition of the pinnae on the main axis. Similar fronds and fructifications have been found in Australia. These are referred in part to the new genus which seems to have had a wide distribution over Gondwanaland. Paleoclimatic and palaeogeographic evidence is considered for the Carboniferous in the Gondwana Realm. Rather poor and primitive palaeofloristic associations are usually found.     

栽培茶树的驯化起源与传播

茶作为世界上最重要的饮品之一, 其栽培类型的驯化起源一直是人们关注的热点。本文总结了近年相关研究的进展, 讨论了存在的问题, 并对未来的研究方向提出建议。长江流域及以南地区分布有众多栽培茶树的野生近缘种, 特别集中于云南、贵州、广西等地; 一方面南方各族语言中“茶”发音的相似, 暗示了茶知识起源的单一性, 最可能起源于古代的巴蜀或云南, 另一方面遗传分析揭示栽培的茶存在多个起源中心, 即使Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze的几个栽培变种也可能起源于不同的地区; 文献记载, 茶的栽培中心曾经从西向东再向南迁移, 遗传多样性的变化也揭示了这一可能性, 但考古发现却提示最早的栽培茶可能出现在长江流域的最东部。我们推测在茶知识及栽培品种的传播过程中, 各地野生近缘植物的基因渗入栽培类型中, 或各地居民直接用当地野生茶培育出新的栽培茶类型, 从而导致遗传上的复杂性和语言上的一致性并存。茶树的祖先类型、起源地点、起源时间以及栽培品种的演变历程都还需要更为明确的证据, 未来应该以整个茶组植物为对象, 将茶文化、群体遗传学、谱系地理、人类学、气候变化、考古等多学科研究进行整合分析。     

Phylogeography of the widespread Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)

Aim To investigate the phylogeographic structure of the widespread freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense, within and between major Australian drainage basins using mitochondrial sequence data. This will enable the investigation of historical connections between major drainages and examination of hypotheses of biogeographic associations among Australian freshwater basins. Location Inland, eastern and northern Australia. Methods Sequencing 16S rRNA and ATPase 6 protein coding mitochondrial DNA genes from M. australiense from 19 locations from inland, eastern and northern Australia. Results Within drainage basins, haplotype trees are monophyletic, with the exception of the Finke River from the Lake Eyre Basin. Macrobrachium australiense from the two main inland drainages, the Murray–Darling and Lake Eyre Basin are divergent from each other and do not form a monophyletic group, instead the Murray–Darling Basin haplotypes clade with eastern coastal haplotypes. Haplotypes from neighbouring eastern coastal drainages were found to be quite divergent from each other. Main conclusions The phylogeographic relationships among M. australiense suggest that the two major inland drainages, the Murray–Darling Basin and the Lake Eyre Basin, are not biogeographically closely associated to each other. Instead the Murray–Darling Basin is more closely allied with the eastern coastal drainages across the Great Dividing Range. Despite their proximity the neighbouring southeast Queensland coastal Mary and Brisbane Rivers are also biogeographically divergent from each other. The results also indicate that the Finke River appears to have been isolated from the remainder of the Lake Eyre Basin catchment for a significant period of time.     

Palynological evidence of Early Carboniferous sedimentation in the Llanos Orientales Basin, Colombia

Early Carboniferous palynological assemblages from the SM-4 well located in the Llanos Orientales Basin constitute the only definitively geological evidence of Carboniferous strata in this Basin. Stratigraphically significant species include: Anapiculatisporites concinnus, Apiculiretusispora mutiseta, Grandispora spiculifera, Indotriradites dolianitii morphon, Spelaeotriletes pretiosus and Prolycospora rugulosa. The presence of scarce acritarchs indicates a shallow marine environment. A Tournaisian age, probably reaching the Viséan, is proposed for the interval 2010-2340 ft based on the presence of distinctive spore species with previous records in the Viséan and Tournaisian of Western Europe and Western Gondwana. This report increases the knowledge about the distribution and composition of the Early Carboniferous palynological assemblages in Northern Gondwana.     

The stratigraphically oldest eryopoid temnospondyl from the Permo-Carboniferous Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany

An isolated mandible of a large temnospondyl from Theisbergstegen, Rhineland-Palatinate, is described that is derived from the Late Carboniferous Remigiusberg Formation of the Saar-Nahe Basin, southwestern Germany. The mandible is well preserved and exposed in lingual view, showing typical characteristics of basal eryopoids (i.e., eryopids plus stereospondylomorphs) such as the small size of the postglenoid area formed by the surangular and articular and the rather small Meckelian fenestra that fails to contact the postsplenial. It can be distinguished from the mandibles of all other known eryopoids from the Saar-Nahe Basin by characters such as a distinctly higher surangular process, higher, more strongly curved marginal teeth and the presence of a symphyseal lamina with at least one large parasymphyseal tooth. The mandible resembles those of eryopids rather than stereospondylomorphs in the angle of jaw being located on the level of the anterior portion of the surangular process and the dorsal edge of the mandibular ramus being dorsally concave. The described mandible is unequivocally the earliest known eryopoid from the Saar-Nahe Basin and shows that also large temnospondyls invaded the lakes of the Saar-Nahe Basin already during the “Remigiusberg invasion” in the Late Carboniferous.