Genetic diversify among Balkan trout populations based on RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the population structure and phylogenetic relationships among samples of the Salmo trutta complex that inhabit the Balkan Peninsula. Five random oligodecamers were selected to amplify DNA from 140 fish from seven populations. Using these primers, 55 discernible DNA fragments were generated, of which 50 (90.91%) were polymorphic. The statistical results indicated that there was low genetic diversity within populations (with an average percentage of polymorphic bands (P) of 11.69% and a Nei’s genetic diversity index (h) of 0.035), but at the same time high genetic differentiation among populations (F _ST = 0.89). The distribution of genetic diversity among Balkan trout may result from their evolutionary history and reflects genetic drift coupled with bottleneck phenomena. Overall, RAPDs proved valuable tools for quick and reliable stock discrimination and provided information that might be useful regarding conservation and management of trout.     

濒危灌木长叶红砂遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD分子标记对濒危灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种群遗传多样性进行了分析.应用18条随机引物对长叶红砂5个种群的95个个体进行扩增,检测到118个位点,其中多态位点105个.结果表明:长叶红砂种群的多态位点比率(P)为88.98%,显示出长叶红砂种群存在较高的遗传多样性.Shannon多样性指数(0.4966)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.3303)和基因分化系数(Gst=0.1425)的分析结果显示,长叶红砂种群遗传变异大多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化占14.25%.聚类分析表明,长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无直接相关关系.遗传多样性水平与物种特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低.     

中华水韭遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD方法对珍稀濒危植物中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis)4个自然居群的48个样品进行了DNA多态性分析。从60个随机引物中筛选出14个有效引物,共产生124条DNA片段,其中72条为多态性条带,总的多态位点百分率(PPB)为58．06％。各居群间多态位点百分率差异显著(0．81％-12．90％)。AMOVA分析结果表明,4个居群间基因分化系数Фst=0．5894,即遗传变异中有相当一部分来源于群体间(58．94％)。日益缩小的种群规模而导致的居群内近交和遗传漂变的发生以及居群间有限的基因交流可能是中华水韭目前遗传结构的主要成因。鉴于目前中华水韭居群内个体数偏少、遗传多样性较低的现状,建议对其进行就地保护并保护尽可能多的生境,对不同自然居群内的个体进行植株相互移栽和育苗移栽,以提高不同居群间的基因交流,尽可能地保护中华水韭的遗传多样性。     

广西地不容种质资源的ISSR分析

采用简单序列重复区间扩增(ISSR)分子标记技术对广西地不容3个野生居群和1个引种居群共92个个体进行了遗传多样性研究。10个引物共扩增出61条带,其中60条具多态性,多态性位点百分率为98.36%。4个居群多态性百分率在73.77%～86.89%。Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.3379,Shannon信息多样性指数(Ⅰ)为0.5055。3个野生居群Nei’s遗传分化系数(Gst)表明:83.87%遗传变异分布在居群内,16.13%的遗传变异分布在居群间。引种居群与3个野生居群间的遗传一致度达0.8846。引种居群有效地保护了广西地不容的遗传多样性。     

内蒙古中东部不同草原地带羊草种群遗传分化

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古不同草原地带分布的 5个羊草种群 (共 10 0个个体 )的遗传多样性进行分析。 31个随机引物(10 nt)在 5个羊草种群中共检测到 4 96个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 4 89个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 98.6 %。利用 Nei指数和Shannon指数估算了 5个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离运用 UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :无论是种群内还是种群间 ,羊草均存在较高的遗传变异 ,大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 (Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算结果分别为 85 .4 %和 72 .5 % ) ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ;不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ,各种群的遗传多样性与其所处的地理位置具有显著的相关性 ;5个种群的平均遗传距离为 0 .5 0 95 ,变异范围为 0 .4 6 84～ 0 .5 4 76 ;聚类分析结果显示地理距离较近的种群遗传距离较小 ,首先聚在一起 ,而地理距离较远的种群遗传距离较大 ,说明羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离存在一定相关性 ;但地理距离最近的两个种群并未最先聚集 ,说明羊草种群间的分化还与其生境的异质性有关     

ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau endemic Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia (Crassulaceae)

Inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR) were used to estimate genetic diversity within and among 10 populations of Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia along Nianqingtangula Mountains and Brahmaputra, a species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and an endangered medicinal plant. Of the 100 primers screened, 13 produced highly polymorphic DNA fragments. Using these primers, 116 discernible DNA fragments were generated of which 104 (89.7%) were polymorphic, indicating substantial genetic diversity at the species level. Genetic diversity measured by the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) at the population level ranged from 21.97% to 48.8%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was found mainly among populations (77.3%), but no regional differentiation was discernible. Variance within populations was only 22.7%. The main factor responsible for this high level of differentiation among populations is probably the historical geographical and genetic isolation of populations in a harsh mountainous environment. Concerning the management of R. chrysanthemifolia, the high genetic differentiation of populations indicates the necessity of conserving the maximum possible number of populations.     

有性生殖对栗疫病菌群体结构的影响

采用RAPD方法对来源于栗疫病菌8个不同子囊壳的子囊孢子后代和无性生殖的对照群体各23个菌株进行了群体结构的比较。从RAPD随机引物中筛选出扩增多态性丰富的4条引物,共扩增出条带73条,多态性检测率为100%。研究结果表明,在8个子囊壳和无性生殖群体中的基因多样性,64.27%由群体内部引起,只有35.73%的多样性由群体之间的基因差异引起。各子囊壳群体间存在的基因流动很小(Nm=0.8994)。有性群体和无性群体之间的遗传距离为0.1389,基因流动值为3.4212,说明子囊壳群体和无性生殖群体之间存在一定的系统关系。分析表明栗疫病菌子囊孢子后代在自然界的传播对自然界的病菌的多样性起重要的作用。     

苹果属山荆子遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记对东北、华北地区山荆子8个天然居群的137株个体进行了遗传多样性研究,10个引物共得到72个扩增位点,其中多态性位点63个.多态位点百分率为87.50%,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.602 1,Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.338 6,Shannon信息指数(J)为0.496 1,表明山荆子遗传多样性水平较高.基因流(Nm)为1.735 3,说明山荆子各居群间存在一定的基因交流.居群间基因分化系数(Gst)值为0.223 7,说明虽然山荆子居群的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,但各居群间也存在着较高的遗传分化.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Hepatacodium miconioides at different altitude in Tiantal Mountain,Zhejiang Province,China and its relationship with environmental factors

The genetic diversity within and among populations of Hepatacodium miconioides collected at three different altitudes in Tiantai Mountain,Zhejiang Province and its relationships to environmental factors were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique.Amplification using 12 random primers of 60 plants and 122 repetitive loci were produced.The percentage of polymorphic loci of three populations ranged from 18.85% to 23.77% with an average of 21.86%,indicating the relatively low genetic diversity of H.miconioides.The average Shannon index of phenotypic diversity(0.1329)and Nei index(0.0925)within populations were relatively low.A distinct genetic differentiation existed among populations Of H miconioides in spite of the relatively small geographical distribufion.The average genetic diversity within populations of H.miconioides accounted for 33.58% of the total genetic diversity while the genetic diversity among populations accounted for 66.42% as estimated by the Shannon index of phenotypic diversity,The genetic differentiation among populations of H.miconioides was 0.6546,as estimated by Nei index.The gene flow estimated from Gsr was only 0.2656 and it indicated that gene flow among populations of H.miconioides was relatively low.The mean value of the genetic identity among populations of H.miconioides was 0.7126 and the average of genetic distance of H.miconioides was 0.3412.The genetic identity between populations at the elevation of 990m and at the elevation of 780 m was the highest.The genetic identity between population at the elevation 500 m and other two populations was relatively low.The correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity within populations was significantly related with the soil total nitrogen.     

大别山山核桃天然群体遗传结构的初步分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术检测了大别山山核桃3个天然居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。20条10 bp随机引物共检测到238个扩增位点,其中多态性位点162个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为68.1%。居群水平Shannon’s多态性信息指数(I)介于0.2651~0.2801之间;居群水平Ne i’s基因多样性指数(H)介于0.1789~0.1890之间。遗传变异计算显示大别山山核桃居群间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.4063,分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明居群间基因分化水平为0.4177,居群间基因流(Nm)为0.7306,说明大别山山核桃大部分变异存在于居群内,居群间基因交流相对较少。这一结果符合大别山山核桃风媒、异交的繁育系统特点,但其居群间基因分化程度明显高于异交植物的平均水平(Gst=0.1930)。地理隔离、居群内近交及居群间基因流受阻可能是形成目前大别山山核桃天然群体遗传结构的主要因素。     

长筒石蒜居群遗传多样性RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记对长筒石蒜3个居群的遗传多样性及分化程度进行了研究。12条随机引物扩增出94个可分析位点,多态位点比率(PPB)为65.96%,表明长筒石蒜具有比较高的遗传多样性。经POP-GENE32分析表明:Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)为0.1897,香农多样性指数(Ⅰ)为0.2945,基因分化系数(GST)为0.1191,基因流(Nm)为3.6980。经WINAMOVA分析表明:居群内遗传变异占71.75%,而居群间只占28.25%。遗传多样性分析表明,各居群的遗传多样性水平由高到低为琅琊山居群>宝华山居群>盱眙居群。遗传分化表明:长筒石蒜各居群间遗传分化程度较低;大部分遗传变异存在于居群内部,表明其具有较强的进化潜力,自然情况下不会处于濒危状态,野生种质资源的破坏,主要来自于人为干扰。     

Genetic divergence among native trout Salmo trutta populations from southern Balkans based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation

The genetic structure and the phylogenetic relationships among five Balkan populations of trout Salmo trutta that have been classified earlier into five different taxa were studied, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. The pattern of population differentiation observed at microsatellites differed to that depicted by mtDNA variation, yet both methods indicated a very strong partitioning of the genetic variation among sampling locations. Results thus suggest that conservation strategies should be directed towards preserving the genetic integrity and uniqueness of each population.     

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic origin of brown trout Salmo trutta populations in eastern Balkans

The study focuses on the phylogenetic origin and genetic diversity of brown trout in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It further aims to reveal the impact of human-mediated transfers and stocking with non-indigenous trout on the populations in this area. For these purposes, mtDNA control region and microsatellite variation of 204 individuals from 16 populations were analysed. The results indicate that mtDNA haplotypes from the lower Danube basin and southern Black Sea basins differ substantially from a subclade of the Danubian lineage consisting of haplotypes found so far in the most of the Danube basin and in the Caspian and Aral Sea basins. Considering also the results of demographic analyses, this study evidences a complex evolutionary history of brown trout in the southern and western parts of the Black Sea basin. In the Aegean Sea basin, a high frequency of the central haplotype of Adriatic mtDNA lineage has been found. The other Adriatic lineage haplotypes found in this basin differ from the central haplotype by one mutational step only, indicating a recent evolution of the Adriatic lineage in the Aegean Sea basin. Substantial genetic differentiation among populations and basins was revealed. The hybridization with Atlantic brown trout was indicated in both sea basins, but especially in the Danube basin. Compared to other European regions, it can be inferred that the introgression of exogenous brown trout in the eastern Balkan populations is rather low.     

水杉栽培居群的遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术,对9个水杉(Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)栽培居群的遗传多样性进行了初步研究。用10bp的随机引物16条,共扩增出103个位点,其中37个为多态位点,占35.92%。各居群的多态位点百分率在16.50%~33.01%之间。POPGENEversion1.31软件处理结果如下:居群的Shannon’s信息指数为0.1930。遗传距离在0.0130~0.0650之间,遗传一致度在0.9370~0.9871之间。AMOVA分析结果显示遗传变异主要存在于居群内,占89.05%,居群之间有一定的分化。上述结果表明水杉栽培居群的遗传多样性略低于自然居群,涵盖了自然居群近80%的遗传多样性。由此可以确认栽培水杉的种源是经过混合的,它们在相当程度上代表了自然居群的遗传多样性水平。采自潜江的9株丛枝水杉(Metasequoiaglyptostroboidesvar.caespitosa)没有扩增出特有位点,将其视为一个居群根据遗传一致度作UPGMA聚类分析时,该居群和湖北的3个居群及南京(NJ)、成都(CD)居群聚在一起;单株聚类时丛枝水杉也没有聚成独立的一支,而是比较分散,因此不支持将丛枝水杉作为水杉的一个变种的分类处理。从亲缘关系上看,丛枝水杉应当归属于湖北潜江蚌湖种子园(BH)和湖北潜江广华(GH)居群,这与其分布现状也是吻合的。     

Phylogeographic study of brown trout from Serbia,based on mitochondrial DNA control region analysis

In order to illuminate the phylogeography of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in the Balkan state of Serbia, the 561 bp 5''-end of mtDNA control region of 101 individuals originating from upland tributaries of the Danubian, Aegean and Adriatic drainages were sequenced and compared to corresponding brown trout sequences obtained in previous studies. Among 15 haplotypes found, 14 were considered native, representing the Danubian and Adriatic lineages of the brown trout, while one haplotype (ATcs1), found only in two individuals originating from two stocked rivers, corresponded to the Atlantic lineage and was considered introduced. Native haplotypes exhibited a strong geographic pattern of distribution: the Danubian haplotypes were strictly confined to the Danubian drainage, while the Adriatic haplotypes dominated in the Aegean and Adriatic drainages; most of the total molecular variance (69%) was attributed to differences among the drainages. Phylogenetic reconstruction, supplemented with seven haplotypes newly described in this study, suggested a sister position of the Atlantic-Danubian and Adriatic-Mediterranean-marmoratus ("southern") phylogenetic group, and pointed to the existence of a distinct clade, detected within the "southern" group. The data obtained confirmed our expectation of the existence of high genetic diversity in Balkan trout populations, and we recommend more widespread surveys covering trout stocks from the region.     

濒危植物长叶榧群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

借助随机扩增多态DNA方法,分析了中国特有的濒危植物长叶榧的遗传多样性和遗传分化．结果表明：12个随机引物在9个长叶榧自然群体180个样品中可检测到180个可重复位点,其中多态位点119个．长叶榧物种水平的遗传多样性较高,多态位点百分率（P）为66．11％,Shannon信息指数（,）为0．3087,Nei指数（h）为0．2015;而群体水平的遗传多样性较低,P、I和h分别平均为23．76％、0．1221和0．0813．AMOVA分子变异显示,42．57％变异来源于群体内,57．43％变异来源于群体间,群体间的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0．5965,群体间的遗传分化程度高．长叶榧群体间的基因流很低,为0．3382．瓶颈效应、群体隔离和群体间基因流低等因素都加剧了长叶榧群体间的遗传分化．9个长叶榧群体间的平均遗传距离为0．1630．通过UPGMA进行聚类,可将9个长叶榧群体分为浙江和福建两大类群．建议在迁地保护时应尽量避免在群体之间实施种质迁移．     

不同生境夏蜡梅群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对天台大雷山4个不同生境：灌丛、常绿阔叶林、杉木林和竹林中的夏蜡梅群体进行遗传多样性研究。12个随机引物在80个个体中共检测到182个可重复的位点,其中多态位点为49个,总的多态位点百分率为26.92%。4个群体的多态位点百分率在6.04%~11.54%之间,平均为8.93%,其中竹林群体最高,常绿阔叶林群体最低,大小顺序为竹林群体＞灌丛群体＞杉木林群体＞常绿阔叶林群体,Shannon指数和Nei指数估算结果为灌丛群体最高,其次是竹林群体,第三是杉木林群体,最低的是常绿阔叶林群体。AMOVA分子差异分析表明夏蜡梅群体间遗传分化程度高,71.91%的变异存在于群体间,28.09%的变异存在于群体内,群体间的基因分化系数（G_ST）为0.627 4。夏蜡梅群体间的基因流很低,N_m=0. 297 0。聚类分析结果表明杉木林群体和灌丛群体最先聚在一起,再与常绿阔叶林群体相聚,最后与竹林群体聚在一起。可见,夏蜡梅在各生境间有着不同的遗传多样性,且在各生境间发生了明显的遗传分化。     

濒危植物三棱栎遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态DNA (RAPD)标记对 5个三棱栎 (Trigonobalanusdoichangensis)居群共 99个个体进行遗传多样性和居群遗传结构分析。 16个引物共检测到 15 7个位点 ,其中多态位点 83个 ,占 5 2 87%。物种水平Shannon多样性指数I =0 2 4 31,Nei基因多样度h =0 15 95 ,种内总遗传变异量Ht=0 16 0 0 ,居群内遗传变异量Hs =0 0 74 9,居群间变异量大于居群内变异量 ,表明三棱栎的遗传变异主要存在于居群之间。与同科植物相比 ,三棱栎遗传多样性较低 ,遗传分化系数Gst =0 5 32 0 ,说明居群间的遗传变异占 5 3 2 0 % ,居群间已出现强烈的遗传分化。当地人的强烈活动造成的生境破碎化和居群隔离 ,以及三棱栎演化过程中的地史变化对其种群发展的影响等 ,可能是造成其居群间强烈的遗传分化和较低遗传多样性的原因。基于本研究结果 ,提出了三棱栎遗传多样性的保护策略。     

7种川产淫羊藿属植物遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记对7种12居群的川产淫羊藿属植物进行遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析。结果发现23个ISSR随机引物共扩增194条清晰条带,其中169条具多态性,平均多态性位点比率为87.11%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.534 2,Nei基因多样性指数H=0.314 4,Shannon多样性指数I=0.469 7,表明物种间遗传多样性丰富。7种川产淫羊藿属植物间的遗传相似系数为0.653 2～0.748 9,聚类分析和主成分分析直观的显示出12份供试材料间的亲缘关系,并将其分为两类。表明ISSR分子标记技术可以用于川产淫羊藿属植物的遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。     

大王马先蒿云南五个居群遗传变异研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法,对大王马先蒿(PedicularisrexL.)分布在云南中甸、丽江、大理、武定和昆明的5个居群(其中中甸居群有3个亚居群)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,大王马先蒿居群具有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率P、Shannon表型多样性指数I和Nei的基因多样性指数h分别为82.0%、0.361和0.240,遗传多样性水平与居群的地理分布范围相关;大王马先蒿居群间的遗传变异较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群之间,而不是居群内部;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.747,遗传分化明显,居群间基因交流较少。居群间的遗传距离与居群间的相对地理距离具有一定的相关性。对云南西北部中甸居群的3个亚居群的遗传多样性分析表明,居群的遗传多样性水平与海拔高度有一定的相关性。居群间遗传变异较高可能是由于大王马先蒿为短命多年生植物,繁育系统为混交型,且自交占较大比例等原因造成的。