昆虫多次交配的策略和利益

简要回顾昆虫交配系统的研究历史,并简述Bateman的性选择原理,讨论雌雄昆虫在交配过程中的角色和性选择压力的相对关系。一般而言,由于雌雄两性在交配过程中的角色和对后代投入的不同,往往是雄虫试图与尽可能多的雌虫交配,即雄虫使自己被尽可能多的雌虫接受,雌虫选择最好的雄虫进行交配,即雌虫选择交配对象。雄虫因而发展出各种类型的交配策略,以获取与更多雌虫的交配机会;而雌虫也通过交配选择权,选择对自己更有利的雄虫进行交配,雌虫在交配过程中除了可以获得基因利益,还可以获取物质利益。文章分别就昆虫的交配策略和利益展开叙述和讨论。     

延迟交配对昆虫生殖行为的影响以及与性信息素防治害虫的关系

对鳞翅目昆虫延迟交配对昆虫生殖力、卵孵化率、交配成功率、成虫寿命等进行了总结。雌虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率及与雄虫成功交配率,但可以延长雌虫寿命。雄虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率、产卵时间,雄虫的精子质量下降但寿命有所增加。已发现延迟交配在迷向法中控制害虫起着重要的作用,对进一步认识迷向法中不同作用机理以及延迟交配在迷向法防治害虫中的潜力进行了探讨。     

昆虫雄性生殖腺分泌物的功能

昆虫两性成功交配后,雄性生殖腺分泌物使雌性昆虫的生理和行为都发生了巨大的改变。昆虫雄性生殖腺分泌物含有多种具有生物活性的分子,这些生物活性分子通过成功交配转移到雌虫生殖道后,对雌虫的生殖活动产生影响,使交配雌虫一段时间内不再交配,使已转移的精子易于在雌虫生殖道内储藏,使卵与精子完成受精过程,还可刺激雌虫产卵和卵的发育,调控排卵和产卵等生殖过程。在精子的转移过程中,雄性生殖腺分泌物中的抗菌媒介质能使雌虫的生殖导管提供友好的环境。此外,一些昆虫的雄性生殖腺分泌物还含有一些有毒的化学物质,保护已产下的卵不被天敌取食和病原体侵染。     

同时而非先后一雌多雄交配增加不同温度下食蚜瓢虫的适合度（英文）

【目的】尽管一雌多雄在瓢虫科中常见,但各研究中获得的数据不足以解释雌虫多次交配和一雌多雄的一般适应性意义或适合度后果。本研究以温度为胁迫因子,旨在评价一雌多雄的某些益处（如增加的适合度）是否可传递给后代。【方法】本研究检测了黄斑盘瓢虫Coelophora saucia (Mulsant) 3种交配处理中的适合度：一雌一雄（与同一雄虫交配5次,1次/d）,先后一雌多雄（与5头不同的雄虫依次交配5次,即每天与新的雄虫交配1次）,以及同时一雌多雄（放进5头雄虫,任由雌虫选择雄虫,交配5次,1次/d）。观察了各交配处理不同温度下（25, 27和 30℃）繁殖力、卵的育性、后代发育和存活。【结果】结果表明,经历一雌多雄然后进行交配选择或竞争的雌性的繁殖能力最强,后代能在更广温度范围内最好地适应发育和存活。但先后一雌多雄交配的雌性与一雌一雄交配的雌性的繁殖能力相似。【结论】结果说明,在无交配选择或雄性竞争的条件下,一雌多雄的益处不明显。这可能是由于在依次射精的雄性间存在精子竞争,或由于雌性的隐性选择。据我们所知,本研究中观察发现的无交配选择时不表现一雌多雄的益处的现象,之前在昆虫中未观察到过。     

粘虫(Leucania separata Walker)交配的研究方法

一般鳞翅目昆虫雌雄成虫交配时,雄虫将一个含有精液的精包(spermatophore)射入雌虫交配囊内。[Petersen (1907),Norris(1932),Khalifa(1950),Srivastava(1957).Callahan and Chapin(1960)及何继龙(1963)等]。 因此,历来就有许多作者利用交配囊内精包的数目来判断鳞翅目昆虫交配次数及交配时期:Williams(1931,1941)对鳞翅目中许多种类精包的形态作了鉴定,并且认为雌体交配囊内有几个精包,可以说明重复交配几次。(1932),Schulrz(1921)根据解剖观察雌虫交配囊内的精包数,判断切根夜蛾雌     

昆虫雄性附腺功能蛋白研究进展

昆虫雄性附腺蛋白是精液蛋白的主要来源,对雌雄虫生殖过程具有重要生理功能,按功能可分为精包结构蛋白和功能蛋白两类。精包结构蛋白参与精包的形成;功能蛋白在交配过程中随精子一起转移到雌虫体内,导致雌虫行为和生理的深刻变化,如降低雌虫再交配率、提高产卵量、促进精子转移、储存和竞争等。随着对昆虫雄性附腺功能蛋白研究的深入,特别对果蝇附腺功能蛋白的详细研究,从分子水平上阐述蛋白质序列与功能的关系,明确其作用机制,可为进一步阐明昆虫生殖和进化机制等提供新依据。     

细纹豆芫菁交配与繁殖力的关系

将采自野外的细纹豆芫菁EpicautamannerhimiMkl的雌雄成虫各50头在室内进行人工随机配对,共发生75次交配,平均交配1.5次。雄虫1生可交配0～4次,雌虫0～2次。交配持续时间为(188±55)min,交配持续时间与交配次数之间、交配持续时间与繁殖力之间均无相关性。交配次数与两性的繁殖力呈负相关。交配后有36头雌虫43次产卵,其中有35次产卵发生在本次交配后,有8次产卵发生在连续2次交配后。作者认为雌虫在性感受性上的差异,与不育雄虫参与雌虫的前次交配有关。雄虫能否产生足够数量的交配因子来抑制雌虫的性感受性,是决定雌虫在产卵前交配次数的重要因素。     

扶桑绵粉蚧交配行为及能力的研究

本文对扶桑绵粉蚧的交配行为及交配能力进行观察,以期明确其交配行为和交配能力。研究发现,发现扶桑绵粉蚧雌雄虫均能多次交配,雄虫交配能力大于雌虫。雄虫交配次数为3～10次不等,平均为6.9次,以交配6次所占的比率最大,为26.7%。雌虫的交配次数为1～4次不等,平均为2.3次,以交配2次所占的比率最大,为40.0%。扶桑绵粉蚧的交配持续时间差异较大,从1.8 min到76.5 min不等,平均每次交配时间为11.5 min,其中以在10 min以内最多,为68.8%。上述研究为了解扶桑绵粉蚧的交配行为和研究昆虫性信息素提供了科学的依据。     

番茄潜叶蛾求偶与交配节律研究

明确昆虫求偶及交配等生殖行为的节律,对于性信息素引诱剂的研发与田间合理应用具有重要的指导意义。本研究对番茄潜叶蛾雌虫的求偶行为和雌雄成虫的交配行为节律进行了探究。结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾雌虫主要在亮期进行求偶,亮期开始前少数个体出现求偶现象,亮期开始求偶率迅速增加,在0.5 h内达到高峰期,高峰期平均求偶率达80%以上。不同日龄求偶率不同,2～3日龄为该虫求偶最活跃龄期。番茄潜叶蛾雌雄间交配主要发生在亮期,亮期0.5 h到达高峰期,交配率达90%,与雌虫求偶高峰期吻合。番茄潜叶蛾雌、雄虫一生均可进行多次交配,雌虫7 d内最高交配4次。相对于雌雄比1∶1,雌雄比1∶2的交配率有所降低,而雌雄比2∶1的交配率和平均交配时长均有所上升。本研究证实了番茄潜叶蛾主要在亮期进行求偶和交配,且求偶和交配行为存在明显的节律性,雌、雄蛾一生均可进行多次交配。     

广聚萤叶甲成虫的繁殖习性和活动规律初步观察

广聚萤叶甲Ophraella communa是豚草Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.的一种重要专一性天敌昆虫,对豚草抑制作用显著。本文在室内对广聚萤叶甲成虫交配和产卵活动进行观察,结果表明广聚萤叶甲成虫一生多次交配多次产卵,雄虫交配前期为2.7d,明显长于雌虫的0.9d。交配雌虫有产卵前期,然后开始产卵。成虫交配活动主要在8:00-21:00,一般产卵高峰在12:00-16:00,在交配后的前16天,雌虫产卵处在高峰期,随后产卵逐渐减少。本论文为进一步开展广聚萤叶甲繁殖生物学研究和大量繁殖提供基础。     

Co-Evolution of the Mating Position and Male Genitalia in Insects: A Case Study of a Hangingfly

Hangingflies are unique for the male providing a nuptial gift to the female during mating and taking a face-to-face hanging copulation with the female. Their male genitalia are peculiar for an extremely elongated penisfilum, a pair of well-developed epandrial lobes (9th tergum), and a pair of degenerated gonostyli. However, the co-evolution of their face-to-face copulation behavior and the male genitalia has rarely been studied hitherto. In this paper the mating behavior of the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949 was observed under laboratory conditions, and the morphology of the male and female external genitalia was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The male provides an insect prey as a nuptial gift to the female in courtship and mating process, and commits a face-to-face copulation. During copulation, the male abdomen twists temporarily about 180° to accommodate their face-to-face mating position. The aedeagal complex has an extremely elongated penisfilum, corresponding to the elongated spermathecal duct of the female. The well-developed epandrial lobes serve as claspers to grasp the female subgenital plate during copulation, replacing the function of gonostyli, which are greatly reduced in Bittacidae. The modified proctiger assists the penisfilum to stretch and to enter into the female spermathecal duct. The possible reasons why this species might mate face-to-face are briefly discussed.     

The effects of male harassment on mating duration in the seed bug,Togo hemipterus

Harassment on mating pairs by solitary males is usually considered an attempt by the male to (1) take over the female, (2) guard the female against further insemination (when the solitary male has previously copulated with this female), or (3) influence mating duration. Paired males of a seed bug repel harassment on mating pairs by solitary males by firmly grasping females using their legs and/or genital claspers; in this way, mating duration is prolonged. Male fertilization success increases as mating duration increases. Males of the seed bug, Togo hemipterus (Scott) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), use seminal substances to inhibit female remating. These substances induce protracted female refractory periods and are transferred to the females in a time‐dependent manner. Consequently, mating duration has important effects on fitness in this species. We observed harassment on T. hemipterus mating pairs by solitary males, and examined conflicts between paired and solitary males over mating duration. None of the solitary males were able to take over a mating female, and this may be due to the unique male genital structure in this species. All conflicts over mating duration resulted in wins by the paired males over the solitary males. Paired males prolonged mating durations, whereas severe harassment on mating pairs by solitary males shortened durations. We show that even though there is no immediate reward for the solitary male (i.e., it is unable to take over the mating female), this harassment behavior may be adaptive.     

橘小实蝇交配行为观察

在实验室内对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）的交配行为进行了观察。描述了橘小实蝇交配中雄虫的“求偶场”,雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇时的相互反应,雌雄虫的交配行为与交配后行为。     

Male copulatory patterns in the lesser bushbaby (Galago moholi) in captivity

I observed seven pairs of sexually mature, captiveGalago moholi during the females’ ovarian cycles to determine the pattern of male copulatory behavior and its relationship to female receptivity. In this species, a copulatory lock was not apparent, a variety of thrusting patterns was displayed, and the male was capable of ejaculating following a single mount and intromission and may have ejaculated more than once during the 30-min test. Male mating indices did not differ significantly on consecutive days of the mating period, though declines in certain mating latencies on the second and third days of mating suggested increased female receptivity. Mating indices did not differ notably between the first and the second copulation within a test, though both showed some differences compared to the third copulation. InG. moholi, male copulatory behavior is typical of a prosimian species with a dispersed — nongregarious — mating system, in which copulation has a single prolonged intromission that extends into the postejaculatory period. This is characteristic of species in which more than one male has access to an estrous female.     

Observations on the mating behavior of the alfalfa blotch leafminer,Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and evidence of a female sex pheromone

The mating behavior of Agromyza frontella was studied under laboratory conditions. Adults were able to mate on the day of emergence, with no evident periodicity throughout the photophase. The host plant was essential for mating to occur, its presence affecting female receptivity rather than male copulatory behavior. Males generally entered a stationary phase once in the proximity of a female, before undertaking a final approach. This stationary behavior frequently resulted in male aggregations around a female, and under such conditions males exhibited a characteristic wing vibrating behavior. As male wing vibration was not an essential behavior for successful mating, and rarely occurred during male encounters in the absence of females or when only one male was near a female, it was considered as being primarily a male-male signal. The majority of females that mated exhibited an ovipositor pumping behavior that stimulated the male approach. However, such behavior was not essential to attract mates, as dead females elicited the entire sequence of male mating behavior. This suggested the presence of a cuticular sex pheromone, as reported for other species of higher Diptera. Whole virgin female (<24- h or 3- day-old) hexane extracts applied to male cadavers increased the time males spent on the plant, the number of contacts with the treated cadavers, the incidence of attempted copulations, and the wing vibrating behavior between males compared with controls using untreated cadavers. The results obtained indicate that females control copulation in A. frontella and that both semiochemical and visual cues are important in eliciting male mating behavior.     

Female Fitness Optimum at Intermediate Mating Rates under Traumatic Mating

Traumatic mating behaviors often bear signatures of sexual conflict and are then typically considered a male strategy to circumvent female choice mechanisms. In an extravagant mating ritual, the hermaphroditic sea slug Siphopteron quadrispinosum pierces the integument of their mating partners with a syringe-like penile stylet that injects prostate fluids. Traumatic injection is followed by the insertion of a spiny penis into the partner's gonopore to transfer sperm. Despite traumatic mating, field mating rates exceed those required for female fertilization insurance, possibly because costs imposed on females are balanced by direct or indirect benefits of multiple sperm receipt. To test this idea, we exposed animals to a relevant range of mating opportunity regimes and assessed the effects on mating behavior and proxies of female fitness. We find penis intromission duration to decrease with mating rates, and a female fecundity maximum at intermediate mating rates. The latter finding indicates that benefits beyond fertilization insurance can make higher mating rates also beneficial from a female perspective in this traumatically mating species.     

Male mate choice and the potential for complex mating dynamics in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus)

A growing body of literature is recognizing that males may also play a role in the mating process by behaving non‐randomly toward potential female mates during courtship. In numerous species, discrete color polymorphisms in males are inferred to represent alternative mating tactics, which often correspond with concomitant asymmetries in ecology and behavior. In terms of their mating behavior, these ecological outcomes of a color polymorphism should affect a morph's likelihood and frequency of encountering females in a population, possibly favoring the evolution of morph‐specific mating preferences. Knowledge of how male morphs contribute to a species’ overall mating dynamics will improve our understanding of how sexual selection shapes phenotypic diversity in color polymorphic systems. We conducted a mate choice experiment to evaluate the extent and morph specificity of non‐random mating preferences by male ornate tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. We observed the behavior of blue and yellow males in an experimental arena in response to a choice between an orange or yellow female. We found that blue males preferred yellow females over orange females, and although yellow males visited females more often than blue males overall, their attention was not morph‐specific. Given male morph differences in choosiness, and their differences in social dominance, we conclude that female throat color may be partly under sexual selection in U. ornatus. However, a lack of concordance between male and female mating preferences (drawn from an earlier study) suggests that overall mating dynamics may serve to maintain, rather than enhance, color morph differences in this species.     

Mating behavior ofXylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). VI mating system

Observations made in an outdoor cage showed that most pairings of the grape borerXylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates were formed via inflight orientation of females towards pheromone-releasing males. The male sex pheromone induced orientation behavior in flying females, as well as walking approaches and prolonged lingering periods near the pheromone source in alighting females. When an approaching female failed to elicit any response in a male (e.g., when the male was copulating), she touched and sometimes mounted him. This behavior stimulated the males and often resulted in successful copulation. The male usually inseminated the second female, and the male's fitness increased when the second mating occurred more than 5 min after the start of the firt mating. These results suggest that male-like behavior in females (i.e., approaching and mounting behavior) has biological significance. The grape borer sometimes forms pairs via incidental encounters of the sexes. This is the same as the prevailing mating system of cerambycids. It is suggested that the male sex pheromonemediated mating system of the grape borer developed from the prevailing system of cerambycid groups.     

雌性信息素在麻点豹天牛成虫交尾行为中的作用

通过对麻点豹天牛Coscinesthes salicisGressitt成虫交尾行为的观察,发现雌、雄成虫间明显存在着性引诱物质的诱导现象,作者采用溶剂从雌虫体上提取出该物质,并对其生物活性及雄虫的感应方式进行检测,结果证明该信息素提取物在成虫的交尾行为中起着较为关键的作用,雄虫依靠此信息物来寻找和识别雌虫。应用提取物对雄虫所诱发的交尾行为反应与正常状态下的行为相似,经测定雄虫对该性信息素提取物的感应方式主要是接触感应。     

Mating increases plasma levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha in female garter snakes

Plasma levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) were measured at intervals after mating or exposure to males. PGF2 alpha levels increased significantly within 15 minutes of mating and peaked 6-24 hr after mating. Females that did not mate, but received similar amounts of male courtship, had levels of PGF2 alpha significantly lower than those of females that mated. These results extend previous findings that unmated female garter snakes injected with PGF2 alpha exhibit sexual behavior characteristic of females that have mated. Together these data indicate that female garter snakes elaborate PGF2 alpha in response to stimuli associated with mating and that PGF2 alpha has a functional role in inducing post-mating declines in sexual behavior of this species.