爵床的甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的生物活性作用

为探明爵床(Justicia procumbens)甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的生物活性,采用室内生测法测定了爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾的触杀、拒食、胃毒、生长发育抑制和产卵忌避作用。结果表明,爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强的触杀、拒食、胃毒和生长发育抑制活性,对小菜蛾成虫具有较强的产卵忌避活性。在触杀试验中,药后1、2 d和3 d爵床甲醇提取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为5.17、4.05和3.06 mg/m L;在拒食试验中,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为2.64和3.13 mg/m L,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为3.70、4.54 mg/m L;在胃毒试验中,药后4、5、6 d和7 d提取物对3龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为8.13、3.65、2.88、2.23 mg/m L;在生长发育抑制试验中,药后1 d和2 d提取物对3龄幼虫的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为2.02、1.40 mg/m L;在产卵忌避试验中,药后1、2 d和3 d提取物对小菜蛾成虫的选择性产卵忌避中浓度(AOC50)分别为2.61、3.66、4.58 mg/m L,药后1、2和3 d提取物对小菜蛾成虫的非选择性产卵忌避中浓度(AOC50)分别为3.19、4.52、5.65 mg/m L。由此证实,爵床提取物对小菜蛾具有显著的毒杀活性,具有开发为新型高效、低毒植物源农药的潜在价值。     

杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的生物活性

采用95%乙醇对杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)根皮进行热提取,以叶片浸渍法和点滴法测定了提取液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)的杀虫活性及其作用方式.结果显示,杠柳乙醇提取液稀释100倍处理对小菜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫24 h后的非选择性拒食率分别为87.3%和96.3%;100倍液浸叶饲喂处理对小菜蛾2龄幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率为80%,对小菜蛾3龄幼虫24 h和48 h后的生长抑制率为100%.杠柳乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高的生物活性,其作用方式包括拒食作用、胃毒作用和生长抑制作用.此外,乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫还有一定的触杀和内吸效应,并对小菜蛾成虫产卵有明显的忌避活性,但对小菜蛾卵没有杀伤作用.     

颗粒体病毒在小菜蛾种群中的垂直传播方式的初步观察

在室内观察了小菜蛾颗粒体病毒PlutellaxylostellaGranulosisVirus(RxGV)在小菜蛾种群水平上可能的垂直传播途径。结果表明 :(1 )上代小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L .)幼虫期饲毒不能将小菜蛾颗粒体病垂直传递到下代 ;(2 )取食病毒的雌蛾产的卵所孵化的幼虫中 ,没病毒感染出现 ,说明病毒不能经小菜蛾成虫体内传播到下一代。 (3 )用小菜蛾颗粒体病毒处理卵卡时 ,其初孵幼虫有少量被病毒感染死亡 ,浓度高时感染率也较高 ,但感染率均在 1 0 %以下 ,说明小菜蛾颗粒体病毒能经卵表垂直传递给下代 ,但传递效率不高。但当用病毒处理叶片上的卵时 ,初孵幼虫死亡率高达 77 73 % ,而且孵化出的幼虫大多数染病且死于 3龄以前 ,因此田间病毒的施用时间可提早到卵高峰期。     

龙柏精油对小菜蛾的生物活性

龙柏精油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)的室内生物活性测定结果表明,熏蒸作用是龙柏精油对小菜蛾的主要作用方式,熏蒸实验中当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L2、.50 mg/L时,处理后48 h小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为92.33%、80.29%。龙柏精油对小菜蛾具有较强的非选择性拒食作用和产卵忌避作用,但由于精油的挥发性效果不持久。当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L和2.50 mg/L时,24 h小菜蛾的产卵忌避率分别为80.45%和77.42%;而48 h则降为72.30%和61.79%。当龙柏精油浓度为5.00,2.50和1.25 mg/L时,24 h的非选择性拒食率分别为86.70,74.36和70.93%,48 h的非选择性拒食率分别降为82.36,71.40和60.40%。龙柏精油对小菜蛾具有一定的触杀活性,当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L时效果最好,24 h和48 h的校正死亡率分别为60.00%和76.67%。     

成虫期饲毒对小菜蛾试验种群当代与子代繁殖力的影响

为研究成虫期饲毒对小菜蛾种群繁殖力的影响,将氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和溴虫腈3种药剂用10％蜂蜜水分别配制成终浓度为250 mg/L、125 mg/L和229.25 mg/L的溶液,饲喂敏感品系小菜蛾成虫,观察对成虫寿命及产卵量的影响;在此基础上,配制终浓度分别为50、20、10和5 mg/L的氯虫苯甲酰胺浓度蜂蜜水溶液,研究对小菜蛾成虫交配率、成虫寿命、产卵量及卵孵化率的影响;并通过建立子代幼虫生命表,分析摄入不同浓度药剂后对子代幼虫存活和生殖力的影响.结果表明,高剂量杀虫剂的摄入,对小菜蛾成虫具有直接毒杀作用;降低杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺摄入剂量后,成虫交配率和产卵量与对照相比显著降低(P＜0.05);雌成虫平均寿命出现一定程度下降,下降幅度与处理浓度呈正相关;分析子代幼虫生命表,发现子代成虫产卵量仍显著减少(P＜0.05).计算各处理对子代幼虫种群控制作用干扰指数(IIPC),结果表明小菜蛾成虫摄入杀虫剂后,至少2代内子代种群发展产生较强的干扰.     

闹羊花素-Ⅲ对斜纹夜蛾和小菜蛾的杀虫活性研究

报道了闹羊花素 Ⅲ对斜纹夜蛾和小菜蛾的杀虫活性。结果表明 ,闹羊花素 Ⅲ对斜纹夜蛾 5龄幼虫处理后 2 4h、48h和 72h的拒食中浓度分别为 16 93μg·ml-1、19 31μg·ml-1和 16 96 μg·ml-1,10 0 μg·ml-1浓度的闹羊花素 Ⅲ处理斜纹夜蛾幼虫 ,幼虫的平均发育历期为 2 2 .36d ,存活率为39 72 % ,化蛹率为 33 95 % ,处理后 72h的雌蛹重为 0 .2 96 g/头 ,均明显低于对照。以 5 0 0 μg·ml-1浓度的闹羊花素 Ⅲ处理小菜蛾幼虫 ,1d后的拒食率为 70 43% ,处理后 5d的化蛹率为 16 6 7% ,羽化率为 6 6 6 7% ,均明显低于对照     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

三叶蔓荆子提取物对小菜蛾的拒食活性

室内测定了三叶蔓荆子(Vitex trifolia(L.))叶片提取物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)3龄幼虫的拒食活性。非选择性试验结果表明,三叶蔓荆子的不同溶剂(乙酸乙酯、石油醚、氯仿和乙醇)提取物对小菜蛾均有一定的拒食作用。4种提取物对小菜蛾的毒力顺序为:乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>氯仿提取物>乙醇提取物。选择性试验表明,乙酸乙酯提取物对小菜蛾24、48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为2 520、3240mg.L-1。室内盆栽试验结果表明,施用乙酸乙酯提取物(10000mg.L-1)3d后甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata)植株上3龄小菜蛾的虫口减退率可达72.76%。     

马缨丹总岩茨烯对小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的拒食作用

从马缨丹叶片中提取总岩茨烯,测定总岩茨烯对小菜蛾2龄幼虫和斜纹夜蛾1、2龄幼虫的拒食作用.结果表明,在非选择性试验中,1.6 mg·ml^-1的总岩茨烯对小菜蛾2龄幼虫和斜纹夜蛾1龄幼虫有拒食作用,8 h的拒食率分别为62.%和31.1%;在选择性试验中,0.4 mg·ml^-1的总岩茨烯即对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有拒食作用,0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·ml^-1浓度处理下的拒食率分别为52.7%、55.5%和78.9%;总岩茨烯只有在高浓度(1.6 mg·ml^-1)时,才对斜纹夜蛾1龄幼虫有拒食作用,拒食率仅为33.0%.在选择性和非选择性试验中,总岩茨烯对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫均无拒食作用.     

三种植物提取物对菜青虫拒食活性的研究

本文测定了胡椒?葱?川楝子3种植物的石油醚和丙酮提取物对菜青虫3龄幼虫的拒食作用,结果表明,3种供试植物提取物5~40 mg/mL浓度处理24 h对菜青虫幼虫均有一定拒食作用,拒食率达到31.8%~99.8%。其中胡椒的石油醚提取液拒食作用最大,浓度为40 mg/mL的处理效果最好,拒食率达99.8%。总体上看,3种供试植物的石油醚提取物拒食作用大于丙酮提取物,24 h的拒食效果的优于48 h。     

EFFECTS OF CYASTERONE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH,PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.)*

Abstract Cyasterone is the main phytoecdysteroid component from cultured plants of Ajuga nipponensis, and common in other Ajuga species. Results showed that when treated with 50 mg/L cyasterone, the egg hatching of diamondback moth was retarded. The total percentage of eggs hatched in treatment was 94.7%, significantly less than that in control, which was 100%. Low toxicity and good antifeeding activity to the 3rd instar larvae were exhibited, which are dependent upon concentration. The growth and development of diamondback moth were affected by cyasterone. It was found that, at concentrations higher than 50 mg/L cyasterone, the larval growth and egg production were inhibited; while promoted at lower concentrations. This dual role of cyasterone might be attributed to its hormonal activity and antifeeding activity, which resulted in poor nutrition. The pupation and eclosion were hindered by treatment of larvae. This insect species was more susceptible to cyasterone than 20‐hydroxyecdysone.     

Efficacy of Leptospermum petersonii oil, on Plutella xylostella, and its parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum

The efficacy of lemon-scented tea tree oil (LSO), Leptospermum petersonii (FM. Bailey), was evaluated against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) under laboratory conditions. Feeding activity and development of larval stages were significantly reduced on broccoli leaves that had been dipped in LSO. Oviposition deterrence was also found when an adult stage was exposed to treated leaves. Fecundity dropped by >50% at concentrations >0.5%. The LC50 value for third instar larvae was estimated to be 2.93% 7 d after treatment. Experiments were also conducted under greenhouse conditions to assess the efficacy of LSO against the diamond-back moth. Our results suggest that LSO has modest potential for development as a botanical insecticide. The oil was also tested at concentrations from 0.5 to 6% for oviposition deterrence of an egg parasitoid of the diamondback moth, Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley). LSO deterred parasitization in choice tests but not in no-choice tests. LSO did not cause mortality of T. pretiosum during 24 h in a contact toxicity test. We conclude that LSO had no significant effects on the parasitoid, and therefore LSO is compatible with this biocontrol agent for integrated management of the diamondback moth.     

茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的药效（英文）

化学防治是世界各地防治小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)的主要方法。选择对小菜蛾各发育阶段高效的杀虫剂有助于很好地控制这一害虫。本研究用浸叶法测定了茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒性。茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵的LC₅₀值分别为201.40 和 37.32 mg/L。茚虫威和六伏隆对3龄幼虫也有很好的毒性（茚虫威的LC₅₀ 为 4.82 mg/L; 六伏隆的LC₅₀ 为1.48 mg/L)。对成虫的毒性结果表明, 这两种杀虫剂对成虫均没有理想的毒性（茚虫威的LC₅₀ 为845.20 mg/L; 六伏隆的LC₅₀ 为3 438 mg/L)。根据计算的LC₅₀值, 六伏隆对小菜蛾卵和幼虫的毒性比茚虫威高, 但是茚虫威对成虫的毒性更高。     

亚精胺对小菜蛾幼虫生长及保护酶活力的影响

在实验室条件下测定经亚精胺处理后,对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.3龄幼虫取食量、存活、羽化率、蛹重及保护酶活力的影响。结果表明,亚精胺对小菜蛾幼虫的取食量、存活、羽化及保护酶活力均有明显的影响。经过亚精胺处理后的大部分时间段,3龄幼虫的取食量、存活率、化蛹率及体内SOD和POD活力均明显高于蒸馏水对照;对处理后24和36h CAT活力也有明显的促进作用;但亚精胺对其蛹重、蛹的羽化率却无明显的影响。     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水／氯仿（1：1,v／v）萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL．3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg／头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82．22％和92．59％,显著高于触杀死亡率58．89％和68．15％。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

Effect of insecticides on the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides to adult Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and its host the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Leaf-dip and direct-dip bioassays for diamondback moth larvae and residual bioassays for adults of diamondback moth and D. insulare were used to assess mortalities. Larval mortalities at field rates were significantly higher with carbaryl, permethrin, spinosad, and tebufenozide when compared with Bacillus thuringiensis, or imidacloprid in the larval-dip bioassay 72 h after treatment. In the leaf-dip and residual bioassays, both permethrin and spinosad caused 100% mortalities to diamondback moth larvae and adults, respectively, 72 h after treatment. Of all the materials tested, only B. thuringiensis and tebufenozide were not toxic to D. insulare 24 h after treatment. Spinosad was not toxic to D. insulare 30 min after treatment. However, 100% mortality was observed 8 h after treatment.     

亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响

亚麻荠是一种很少有害虫危害的油料作物。用室内生测和Y 型嗅觉仪研究了亚麻荠对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫取食和成虫行 为反应的影响。以甘蓝作对照,用亚麻荠叶片喂养的小菜蛾初孵幼虫3天后校正死亡率为79 .2%,显示了较强的致死作用;喂养小菜蛾3龄幼虫至化蛹,其存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及成 虫寿命都显著降低,表明亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育有不利影响。在幼虫的取食选择实 验中,有甘蓝叶供选择时,小菜蛾幼虫不取食亚麻荠;在无可选择的情况下,小菜蛾幼虫也 取 食亚麻荠叶片,但取食量很小,与取食甘蓝叶的量相比,差异极显著。行为反应测试表明, 小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和亚麻荠植株的挥发物都有明显的趋性反应,与对照（净化空气）相比, 差异极显著,而在甘蓝和亚麻荠之间无选择性。说明小菜蛾成虫对亚麻荠植株的挥发物具有 较强的定向反应。     

苦豆子提取物与埃玛菌素混用对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

将苦豆子甲醇和水提取物分别与埃玛菌素混合,在室内测定了两混合物对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:苦豆子甲醇提取物 埃玛菌素和苦豆子水提取物 埃玛菌素对小菜蛾3龄幼虫口服毒力明显高于埃玛菌素,其LC50值分别为0.19、0.32和0.51 mg.L-1;用两混合物以及埃玛菌素亚致死剂量处理3龄幼虫,试虫化蛹率、羽化率和成虫的繁殖力均呈现明显不良影响.