不同有机无机复混肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与化肥对常优1号水稻产量、氮素利用效率、土壤供氮特征以及土壤微生物多样性的影响.结果表明：各施氮肥处理的稻谷产量（7918.8～9449.2 kg·hm^-2）均显著高于对照（6947.9 kg·hm^-2）,其中有机无机复混肥处理的稻谷产量(8532.0～9449.2 kg·hm^-2)显著高于化肥处理（7918.8 kg·hm^-2）,比化肥处理增产7.7%～19.3%;菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理的氮素积累量、氮素转运率、氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用效率及生理利用效率均显著高于化肥处理;有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质氮含量,改善了土壤供氮特性,提高了氮利用率;对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析显示：5个处理土壤样品可分为三大族群,化肥与对照处理为第一族群,猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥处理为第二族群,菜粕堆肥处理属第三族群.表明施入外源有机物质(菜粕、猪粪与中药渣)可能会改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小.     

猪粪配施化肥对稻-麦轮作系统籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过大田试验,以水稻(品种‘F优498’)-小麦(品种‘内麦863’)轮作体系为研究对象,根据成都平原稻麦种植体系常规施氮水平,设7个不同猪粪施用处理:对照(CK,无化学氮肥,无猪粪)、常规化肥(T₁,无猪粪)、化肥减量25%+猪粪2500 kg·hm^-2(T₂)、化肥减量50%+猪粪5000 kg·hm^-2(T₃)、猪粪10000 kg·hm^-2(T₄)、猪粪15000 kg·hm^-2(T₅)和猪粪20000 kg·hm^-2(T₆),研究添加猪粪对稻麦干物质、氮素积累及分配特征、籽粒产量和氮素利用率等的影响.结果表明: 猪粪配施化肥对稻麦各生育期干物质积累均有促进作用,稻麦成熟期作物地上部干物质积累量均以高量猪粪施用处理(T₆)最高,但其干物质积累及氮素分配向茎叶富集,且籽粒干物质积累及氮积累分配率显著低于T₂处理;随着配施猪粪用量的增加,稻麦氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、籽粒产量均呈现先增加后减少趋势,其中水稻季以T₃处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高11.4%、55.4%、11.4%,小麦季则以T₂处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高14.0%、29.1%、14.0%.本试验条件下,2500～5000 kg·hm^-2猪粪+化肥减量25%～50%处理,有利于促进稻麦干物质积累、氮素向籽粒运移,达到增产及提高氮素利用率的效果,超量施用猪粪(15000～20000 kg·hm^-2)后,土壤氮素供应过量,干物质向经济器官运移受阻,氮素向茎秆富集,贪青晚熟现象严重,稻麦籽粒产量显著下降.     

覆盖旱作方式和施氮水平对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响

在成都平原通过 3a的田间试验研究了水稻覆盖 (地膜和麦秸 )旱作和施氮水平对稻麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响。结果表明 :在施氮量为水稻季 15 0 kg/hm2 ,小麦季 12 0 kg/hm2 的条件下 ,覆盖旱作和传统淹水体系均能达到较高的产量水平。再增加施氮量对产量的影响不大 ,但使氮盈余急剧增加。不施氮或低量施氮会造成作物产量的显著下降和土壤氮素亏缺。水稻覆膜旱作对稻麦轮作的系统生产力 (水稻 小麦 )没有显著影响 ;但水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下系统的生产力有降低的趋势 ,主要由于水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下 ,水稻产量下降 ,而麦秸覆盖在小麦季的后效作用不足以弥补水稻产量的下降程度。水稻、小麦的氮素吸收表现出与作物产量类似的规律。水稻季土壤很难累积无机氮 ,而且与施肥和覆盖旱作与否没有关系。小麦季土壤中积累了较多的无机氮 ,而且随施氮水平的增加而明显增加     

江汉平原不同氮肥运筹模式下豆麦和稻/麦轮作系统小麦产量和经济效益差异

研究江汉平原豆麦(大豆/小麦)和稻麦(水稻/小麦)轮作系统中冬小麦生长规律对氮肥运筹模式的响应,可为缩小两种轮作模式下的小麦产量差异提供理论依据。试验设置传统施肥(70%底肥,30%越冬期追肥)和优化施肥(1/3底肥,1/3越冬期追肥,1/3拔节期追肥)2个处理,并以不施氮处理为对照,分析了豆麦和稻麦轮作系统中冬小麦的生长规律、产量及产量构成因素、肥料利用率和施肥效益等。结果表明: 施氮和轮作模式均对小麦产量有显著影响,优化施肥产量显著高于传统施肥,两者产量差异在豆麦轮作系统下为920 kg·hm^-2,在稻麦轮作系统下为2195 kg·hm^-2。相同轮作模式下,传统施肥冬季、春季群体茎蘖数高于优化施肥,而优化施肥在整个生育期干物质总积累量较传统施肥高5%~31%(豆麦)和14%~28%(稻麦)。传统施肥下豆茬小麦产量较高的原因是穗数、成穗率、群体干物质积累量等均高于稻茬小麦;优化施肥下稻茬小麦产量较豆茬小麦增加幅度更大,表明优化氮肥模式可缩小豆麦与稻麦轮作中小麦的产量差异。两种轮作模式中小麦花后粒重分别呈现“慢-快-中”(豆麦)和“中-快-慢”(稻麦)的增加趋势;氮肥农学效率、小麦季纯收益等指标均以稻麦轮作优化施肥处理最高。综上,在江汉平原地区,稻麦轮作优化施肥处理下小麦群体结构合理,干物质积累量较高,产量和施肥效益增加显著,是江汉平原地区兼顾产量与施肥效益的最佳模式。     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

育秧箱全量施肥对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响

采用育秧箱全量施肥技术,通过2年田间小区试验,研究中量控释氮肥(80 kg N·hm-2)、高量控释氮肥(120kgN·hm-2)和常规施肥(300 kg N·hm-2)处理对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响.结果表明:与常规施肥相比,高量控释氮肥处理的水稻产量未显著降低.常规施肥处理2年平均氮素利用率为33.2％,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的平均氮素利用率分别比常规施肥处理提高26.2％和20.7％.常规施肥处理田面水的总氮含量在施肥后1～3d达最大值,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的高峰期为施肥后7～9d,全生育期内,中量和高量控释氮肥处理田面水的总氮含量均显著低于常规施肥处理.常规施肥处理的氮素渗漏流失主要在分蘖期,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的氮素渗漏流失后移至分蘖-开花期.各处理硝态氮流失量占总氮流失量的59.7％～64.2％,高量控释氮肥处理的总氮净流失量比常规施肥处理减少51.8％.     

种植密度和施氮水平对小麦吸收利用土壤氮素的影响

2011-2013小麦季,在大田条件下设置2个氮肥水平(180和240kgN· hm-2)和3个种植密度(135、270和405万·hm-2),并将15N-尿素分别标记在20、60和100 cm土层处,研究种植密度-施氮互作对小麦吸收、利用土壤氮素及硝态氮残留量的影响.结果表明:种植密度从135万·hm-2增加至405万·hm-2,小麦在20、60和100 cm土层的15N吸收量分别增加1.86、2.28和2.51 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量和吸收效率分别提高12.6％和12.6％,氮素利用效率降低5.4％;施氮量由240 kg N·hm-2降至180 kg N·hm-2,小麦在20、60 cm土层的15N吸收量分别降低4.11和1.21 kg·hm-2,在100 cm土层的15N吸收量增加1.02 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量平均降低13.5％,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高9.4％和12.2％.施氮180kg N·hm-2+种植密度为405万·hm-2处理与施氮240 kg N·hm-2+种植密度为270或405万·hm-2处理相比,其籽粒产量无显著差异,深层土壤氮素的吸收量显著提高,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高13.4％和11.9％,O～ 200 cm土层的硝态氮积累量及100～ 200 cm土层硝态氮分布比例降低.在适当降低氮肥用量条件下,通过增加种植密度可以促进小麦吸收深层土壤氮素,减少土壤氮素残留,并保持较高的产量水平.     

施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

不同有机类肥料对小麦和水稻根际土壤线虫的影响

国内外对土壤线虫的研究绝大部分都是基于旱地的非根际土壤,对水田土壤,尤其是水旱轮作下根际土壤线虫对有机肥的响应研究非常地有限。因此,探讨在稻麦轮作体系中以猪粪堆肥和秸秆为原料的不同有机类肥料,对水稻和小麦根际土壤线虫的影响。田间试验处理为:CK(不施肥)、F(100%化肥)、PF(猪粪堆肥+50%化肥)、SF(秸秆全量还田+100%化肥)、PSF(猪粪堆肥+秸秆全量还田+50%化肥)、PMF(猪粪商品有机无机复合肥)。结果表明:小麦根际主要线虫优势属为头叶属(Cephalobus)、拟丽突属(Acrobeloides)和丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus);水稻根际则为杆咽属(Rhabdolaimus)、潜根属(Hirschmanniella)和丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)。小麦根际土壤线虫总数显著高于水稻根际;SF和PSF对两季土壤线虫总数的提高显著高于PF和PMF,F对线虫总数没有显著影响。线虫营养类群表现为小麦根际食真菌线虫相对丰度显著高于水稻根际,植食性线虫和杂食/捕食性线虫丰度显著低于水稻根际。有机肥对稻季线虫群落的影响远大于麦季,秸秆配施有机肥显著提高麦季瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI);施肥均显著提高稻季的多样性指数(H'),降低优势度指数(λ)。土壤线虫对肥料的响应取决于作物及肥料的质量和养分含量;在稻麦轮作系统下,同时添加秸秆和猪粪对提高土壤线虫数量和食微线虫丰度更有益。     

Efficacy of water hyacinth compost in nursery ponds for larval rearing of Indian major carp,Labeo rohita

The use of water hyacinth compost as manure in nursery ponds for larval rearing of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita was studied. Better performance with regard to growth and survivability of the larvae was recorded in the ponds treated with water hyacinth compost (Group A) than in either the ponds treated with inorganic fertilizers (Group B) or the ponds where no treatment was applied (Group C). The average percentages of survival in Groups A, B and C were 14.3, 11.2 and 5.0, respectively. Thus about 186% increase in the survivability was recorded in the ponds treated with water hyacinth compost (P < 0.01), whereas the increase was about 124% in the ponds treated with only inorganic fertilizers, when compared with the ponds which were without any treatment.     

Organic and inorganic fertilizer effects on a degraded Patagonian rangeland

The forest-steppe ecotone in NW Patagonia is a semiarid ecosystem affected by natural and anthropogenic fires, and overgrazing by sheep. Following a wild fire in the driest portion of this ecotone, a 3-year study was conducted to assess the impacts of a single application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil and vegetation recovery. Organic fertilizers were composts derived from biosolids and municipal solid wastes. Six treatments were evaluated: screened and unscreened biosolids compost and municipal solid wastes compost (40 Mg ha^?1), inorganic fertilizer (100 kg N and 35 kg P ha^?1), and no application. Soils were chemically characterized, and soil microbial activity was assessed as potential respiration and N-mineralization. Vegetation responses included plant cover, composition, phytomass, and N resorption prior to abscission, and leaf litter quality of the dominant species. Organic fertilizers increased soil organic matter, nutrients and microbial activity. Plant cover and aboveground phytomass, dominated by the native perennial tussock grass Poa ligularis, showed a higher increase with inorganic than with organic fertilization. While vegetation responded more to inorganic fertilizer, due to its higher initial pulse of available N, organic fertilizers had a positive impact on soil chemical and biological properties.     

不同有机肥源及其与化肥配施对稻田

比较了不同施肥方式对江苏金坛(31°39′41.8″ N, 119°28′23.5″ E)稻麦轮作体系下稻季土壤线虫群落结构的影响.试验共设CK(不施肥)、F(100%化肥)、PF(猪粪堆肥配施50%化肥)、SF(秸秆全量还田配施100%化肥)、PSF(猪粪堆肥和秸秆全量还田配施50%化肥)和PMF(猪粪商品有机无机复合肥)6个处理,在秋季水稻收获后进行采样.连续两年的试验结果表明: 线虫种群在不同处理和年份间存在变化.配施有机肥能够增加线虫总数,降低食细菌线虫的丰度,显著提高杂食/捕食性线虫的丰度;各处理食真菌线虫的丰度无显著差异;单施化肥和猪粪商品有机无机复合肥对植食性线虫的抑制作用不明显.第二年配施有机肥的食细菌线虫丰度较第一年相对提高,植食性线虫(潜根属Hirschmanniella)丰度相对降低.从土壤线虫生态学指数来看,配施有机肥处理第二年的土壤线虫多样性均显著提高,丰富度指数有上升的趋势,而线虫通路比值几乎没有变化.第二年瓦斯乐斯卡指数较第一年相对提高,而植食性线虫成熟指数相对降低.施用有机肥能够提高土壤食微线虫的丰度,使土壤环境趋于健康.     

Changes in cropland topsoil organic carbon with different fertilizations under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments across mainland China

Topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006. The data set comprised 481 observations (135 rice paddies and 346 dry croplands) of SOC under different fertilization schemes at 70 experimental sites (28 rice paddies and 42 dry croplands). The data set covered 16 dominant soil types found in croplands across 23 provinces of mainland China. The fertilization schemes were grouped into six categories: N (inorganic nitrogen fertilizer only), NP (compound inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers), NPK (compound inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers), O (organic fertilizers only), OF (combined inorganic/organic fertilization) and Others (other unbalanced fertilizations such as P only, K only, P plus K and N plus K). Relative change in SOC content was analyzed, and rice paddies and dry croplands soils were compared. There was an overall temporal increase in topsoil SOC content, and relative annual change (RAC, g kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) ranged −0.14–0.60 (0.13 on average) for dry cropland soils and −0.12–0.70 (0.19 on average) for rice paddies. SOC content increase was higher in rice paddies than in dry croplands. SOC increased across experimental sites, but was higher under organic fertilization and combined organic/inorganic fertilizations than chemical fertilizations. SOC increase was higher under balanced chemical fertilizations with compound N, P and K fertilizers than unbalanced fertilizations such as N only, N plus P, and N plus K. The effects of specific rational fertilizations on SOC increase persisted for 15 years in dry croplands and 20 years in rice paddies, although RAC values decreased generally as the experiment duration increased. Therefore, the extension of rational fertilization in China’s croplands may offer a technical option to enhance C sequestration potential and to sustain long-term crop productivity.     

长期施肥对红壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物碳源利用的影响

采集湖南省祁阳县红壤长期定位施肥19年的土壤样品,分析长期不同施肥红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,以揭示长期施肥对红壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明：施肥19年后,有机肥单施或与化肥配合施用均显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率.单施有机肥的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别为231和81 mg·kg^-1,化肥有机肥配施分别为148和73 mg·kg^-1,均显著高于化肥配施秸秆、不施肥和单施化肥;施用有机肥和化肥配施秸秆的土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例平均为6.0%,显著高于单施化肥和不施肥.Biolog-ECO分析中,平均吸光值(AWCD)的大小为：化肥有机肥配施、单施有机肥>对照>单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆.单施有机肥或与化肥有机肥配施增加了红壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;化肥配施有机肥的红壤微生物对聚合物类碳源利用率最高,化肥配施秸秆的红壤微生物对碳水化合物类碳源的利用率最高.表明施用有机肥能显著提高红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,提高红壤肥力,保持作物高产.     

有机肥和无机肥对稻田养分循环的影响

一、引言研究养分在农田生态系统中的循环,是农业生态学的重要内容之一。对有机肥和无机肥肥效及其对农作物产量的影响曾有过不少研究。虽然大量研究表明有机肥对水稻产量的作用与化肥一样有效,甚至更好,也有许多试验,尤其是一些长期对比试验表明有机肥对作物产量的作用不及化肥,只是使用有机肥的试验小区有很长的残效,连续使用20年家畜肥的小区停肥40年后,大麦产量仍为对照化肥小     

Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China

The long-term application of excessive chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degeneration of soil quality parameters such as soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content, which in turn affects crop health, productivity, and soil sustainable productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient solution for rehabilitating degraded cropland soils by precisely quantifying soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or its combination during maize growth. We investigated dynamic impacts on soil microbial count, biomass, basal respiration, community structure diversity, and enzyme activity using six different treatments [no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer (NB), manure compost (M), manure compost + bacterial fertilizer (MB), and bacterial fertilizer (B)] in the plowed layer (0–20 cm) of potted soil during various maize growth stages in a temperate cropland of eastern China. Denaturing gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis showed that the structure and composition of bacterial and fungi communities in the six fertilizer treatments varied at different levels. The Shannon index of bacterial and fungi communities displayed the highest value in the MB treatments and the lowest in the N treatment at the maize mature stage. Changes in soil microorganism community structure and diversity after different fertilizer treatments resulted in different microbial properties. Adding manure compost significantly increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, thus enhancing soil respiration and enzyme activities (p<0.01), whereas N treatment showed the opposite results (p<0.01). However, B and NB treatments minimally increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, with no obvious influence on community structure and soil enzymes. Our findings indicate that the application of manure compost plus bacterial fertilizers can immediately improve the microbial community structure and diversity of degraded cropland soils.     

长期施用不同无机肥对旱地红壤线虫群落的影响

红壤生态系统中土壤生物群落对于维持土壤功能的正常发挥具有重要作用.本研究基于持续25年的红壤旱地化肥定位试验,研究不同无机肥组合,包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾补充石膏(NPKCaS)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)和磷钾(PK)对花生生长季土壤线虫群落的影响.结果表明： 土壤线虫总数、营养类群以及各生态指数在处理间差异显著(P<0.01).线虫总数由高到低的顺序为PK>NPKCaS>NPK>NP>NK.除5月外,NPK、NP、NK处理的线虫总数均显著低于NPKCaS和PK处理.NPKCaS处理的优势类群为食细菌线虫,平均丰度为42.1%,其他处理均以植食性线虫为优势营养类群,其平均丰度为38%~65%.NPKCaS处理线虫群落较高的成熟度指数、瓦斯乐斯卡指数和结构指数说明土壤食物网结构较为成熟和稳定,同时表明氮磷钾补充石膏通过缓解土壤酸化创建了良好的土壤健康状况.仅施氮钾的处理则相反.本研究证实了施用石膏和磷肥是改善红壤质量的有效措施,土壤线虫群落分析能较好地反映不同无机肥对红壤旱地生态系统的影响.
     

Response of soil nematode communities to long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in the black soil of Northeast China

The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China,where no fertilizer (CK),N fertilizer (N),combined application of N and P (NP),combined application of N and K (NK),and combined application of N,P and K (NPK) were compared.The results showed that the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment.The numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment,and those of fungivores and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment.The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity were higher than in other treatments.The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers,as indicated by the change in MI values under different treatments.The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic fertilizers applied.