腾冲嗜热厌氧菌葡萄糖激酶在不同温度下的表达和催化活性

尽管在腾冲嗜热厌氧菌的基因组注释中缺乏葡萄糖激酶(Glucokinase,GLK)(EC 2.7.1.2),但是该菌的蛋白质表达谱分析表明,TTE0090可能是一种新型的葡萄糖激酶。利用体外克隆表达的方法,表达了重组TTE0090;此蛋白质不仅具备使葡萄糖磷酸化的催化活性,同时在高温下也能参与反应。采用Western blot和阴离子交换层析的方法进一步检验了TTE0090在腾冲嗜热厌氧菌体内的蛋白质表达及其催化活性,发现体内TTE0090蛋白表达量随温度的升高而降低,而酶比活力却与生长温度呈正相关。这可能预示不同温度下腾冲嗜热厌氧菌中的糖酵解途径的催化通量是相对恒定的。实验数据均表明,TTE0090是存在于腾冲嗜热厌氧菌中的一种新型的葡萄糖激酶。TTE0090基因和其蛋白产物的研究工作,将进一步加深人们对嗜热菌的温度适应性以及它们的生存机理的了解。     

腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌tte0732基因的表达及生物信息学分析

腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌tte0732(Galu)基因编码的TTE0732是温度依赖性蛋白。为研究其在热适应中的作用,应用PCR技术克隆腾冲嗜热厌氧菌tte0732基因,构建原核表达载体pET-28a::tte0732并在大肠埃希菌BL21表达TTE0732;通过qRT-PCR分析tte0732基因在50、60、75和80℃的RNA表达量;应用生物信息学软件分析Galu在嗜热菌和常温菌中编码氨基酸的基本理化性质。成功构建了原核表达载体pET-28a::tte0732并在大肠埃希菌BL21中得到高效表达,TTE0732分子质量大小为35 ku,主要以可溶性形式存在;qRT-PCR显示tte0732 mRNA在75和80℃高表达;生物信息学分析得出tte0732基因完整的ORF全长909 bp,编码302个氨基酸,其中Ile(I)、Leu(L)含量高于常温菌,编码蛋白为酸性亲水性蛋白,等电点为5.22,含有18个潜在的磷酸化位点,不存在跨膜结构、信号肽和糖基化位点。预测其蛋白质二级空间结构以α-螺旋、无规则卷曲、β-折叠为主。腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌TTE0732蛋白是一种亲水性蛋白,在原核系统能高效表达,本研究结果对嗜热蛋白质的热稳定性机制的研究具有一定的参考。     

腾冲嗜热厌氧菌6-磷酸果糖激酶的克隆、表达及其生物活性

6_磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)是糖酵解途径一个关键酶。基于腾冲嗜热厌氧菌基因组中的注释,基因TTE1816可能是PFK的一种,但是,它是否确有生物活性还必须有实验数据的支持。腾冲嗜热厌氧菌在最适温度培养后,提取细菌全蛋白,并采用双向电泳将可溶性蛋白质分离,然后运用质谱鉴定若干染色斑点。实验表明,TTE1816在高温条件下能够表达蛋白质。将TTE1816基因体外克隆至细菌表达载体,并在BL_21大肠杆菌中表达为可溶性蛋白。酶动力学实验表明,重组蛋白TTE1816具有PFK的催化活性,最适反应温度在60℃。它还能够催化葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖和6_磷酸葡萄糖的磷酸化反应。另外,在高底物浓度和酶浓度的条件下,TTE1816还表现果糖二磷酸酶的特性。结果证明,TTE1816是腾冲嗜热厌氧菌中PFK家族的一个新成员。     

腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌Cas2原核表达及生物信息学分析

为研究CRISPR/Cas系统及其相关蛋白Cas2(TTE2657)在腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌热适应中的作用,应用PCR技术构建了原核重组质粒pET-28a::cas2,并在大肠埃希菌BL21表达Cas2蛋白;结合生物信息学软件对cas2编码蛋白的基本理化性质、氨基酸同源性、空间结构及蛋白质相互作用网络进行预测和分析。结果显示,成功构建了原核表达载体pET-28a::cas2并在大肠埃希菌BL21中得到表达,Cas2分子质量大小为9.9 ku,主要以可溶性形式存在;qRT-PCR显示cas2 mRNA在60℃和75℃高表达;生物信息学分析显示cas2基因其完整的ORF全长264 bp,编码88个氨基酸,其中Ile(14)、Ser(14)、Phe (12)含量较高,等电点为9.31,不存在跨膜结构。其蛋白质二级空间结构以α-螺旋、无规则卷曲、β-折叠为主,蛋白互作预测网络显示Cas2与Cas3、Cas5、Cas7等其家族大部分蛋白存在相互作用。进化树分析显示腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌cas2基因与厌氧菌芽胞杆菌B7M1同源性最高(39.5%)。腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌cas2编码蛋白是一种亲水性蛋白,在原核系统能高效表达。本研究为嗜热蛋白质的热稳定性机制的研究提供参考。     

马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白基因Ld-HSP60的克隆、序列分析及温度胁迫下的表达

【目的】马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata是一种世界性检疫害虫,对温度胁迫具有极强的适应性,为进一步明确其对温度胁迫适应性的分子机制,研究了热激蛋白HSP60在马铃薯甲虫温度胁迫应答过程中的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因的cDNA全长序列;利用生物信息学软件分析该基因及其编码蛋白质的序列特性;运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在温度胁迫下的表达模式。【结果】克隆得到马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因,命名为Ld-HSP60(Gen Bank登录号:KC556801),其cDNA全长2 234 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 731 bp,编码576个氨基酸,相对分子量约为61.27 kD,理论等电点为5.51,5'端非翻译区(UTR)长101 bp,3'UTR长402 bp。氨基酸序列中含有HSP60家族典型的特征序列。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,低温胁迫(-10和0℃)下未检测到马铃薯甲虫雌雄成虫中Ld-HSP60的诱导表达;高温胁迫(38和44℃)诱导马铃薯甲虫雄成虫Ld-HSP60上调表达,随着胁迫温度的升高LdHSP60表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,38℃高温胁迫下表达量最高,胁迫时间越长Ld-HSP60表达量也越高。【结论】相比其他热激蛋白,HSP60对温度敏感性较低,推测HSP60可能在马铃薯甲虫雄成虫抵御高温胁迫中发挥作用。     

热作用下成骨细胞HSP70 mRNA的表达变化及其对破骨细胞增殖的影响

目的:研究不同温度热作用对小鼠成骨细胞系中HSP70 mRNA表达水平的影响及其培养液对小鼠破骨细胞增殖的影响.方法:取小鼠成骨细胞系MC3T3,不同温度(37℃-39℃-41℃-42.5℃)作用其一周,RT PCR方法观察其HSP70表达水平变化,同时取其培养液上清与小鼠破骨前体细胞RAW264.7共培养,MTT法观察其增殖情况.结果:经不同温度热(37℃-39℃-41℃-42.5℃)处理后,MC3T3细胞系中HSP70表达水平明显增加,并且呈现与温度梯度依赖性,其处理后的上清液分别与小鼠破故前体细胞系RAW264.7共培养,MTT法测定其增值水平,结果其增殖受到抑制,且抑制水平与温度呈梯度依赖关系.结论:热刺激可以促进成骨细胞中HSP70的表达,促使成骨细胞抑制破骨细胞增殖,HSP70可能是参与调控成骨细胞与破骨细胞平衡的重要因子.     

热休克蛋白60与肿瘤关系的研究进展

HSP60是一类进化上高度保守的蛋白质家族,生理状态时协助多肽或蛋白质的正确转位,折叠和装配,起“分子伴侣”的作用,在应激状态下,HSP60过表达或异位表达,作为一种自身抗原被免疫系统识别,诱发机体的保护性免疫应答,也可作为一种信号分子,在信号转导中发挥作用,近年来研究证实HSP60在自然免疫性疾病、传染病、动脉粥样硬化及慢性感染的发病中均发挥重要的作用。     

热休克蛋白在高温致神经管畸形中的表达

目的：检测热休克蛋白在高温致神经管畸形中的表达状况,以探讨高温致神经管畸形的机制。方法：在高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的动物模型上,利用免疫组织化学(SABC法)方法,检测高温致神经管畸形中,热休克蛋白(HSP70和HSP90)在神经上皮细胞及周围间充质细胞中的表达状况;同时利用地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针进行原位杂交,检测HSP70 mRNA和HSP90 mRNA在神经上皮细胞及周围间充质细胞中的转录状况。结果：高温处理后2h,鼠胚神经上皮细胞及周围间充质细胞HSP70、HSP90的表达与正常对照组相比明显增强,8h和16h的表达达到高峰,24h后与对照组水平一致。原位杂交结果显示,高温处理后2h神经上皮细胞及周围间充质细胞中出现HSP70 mRNA及HSP90mRNA杂交阳性信号,8h阳性信号最强,16h后阳性信号减弱,至24h后未见阳性信号。结论：高温可引起神经上皮细胞及其周围间充质细胞HSP70和HSP90应激性表达,这可能是胚胎受到高温作用后发生的一种保护性反应。     

极端嗜热古菌的热休克蛋白

随着生物工程产业对于耐高温酶和菌体的需求, 极端嗜热古菌热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs)的研究更受重视, 其热休克蛋白体系非常简洁, 不含HSP100s和HSP90s, 就是HSP70(DnaK)、HSP40、(DnaJ)和GrpE等嗜温古菌可能含有的在极端嗜热古菌中几乎不含有, 即仅包括HSP60, sHSP, prefoldin和AAA+蛋白四大类, 因此对其结构、功能和作用机制的研究在理论和实践上都特别有意义。系统地介绍了这四大类组分的结构、功能和作用机制和协同作用的研究进展, 论述了极端嗜热古菌热休克蛋白的系列研究难点和困惑, 展望了进一步的研究方向和重点。     

二化螟热休克蛋白70基因的克隆及热胁迫下的表达分析

热休克蛋白70是已知热休克蛋白家族中最重要的一种, 它在细胞内的大量表达可以明显改善细胞的生存能力, 提高对环境胁迫的耐受性。为探讨热胁迫对二化螟Chilo suppressalis幼虫热休克蛋白70表达的影响, 采用RT-PCR及RACE技术从二化螟血淋巴细胞中克隆了热休克蛋白70基因全长cDNA序列。该基因全长2 102 bp, 开放阅读框 (open reading frame, ORF)为1 959 bp, 编码652个氨基酸; 5′非编码区（untranslated region, UTR)为81 bp, 3′UTR为62 bp。从该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他昆虫的同源序列比较有很高的相似性（73%~97%)。实时定量PCR显示二化螟HSP70基因能被热胁迫诱导表达, 幼虫血淋巴细胞的HSP70基因在36℃时表达量最高。流式细胞术研究发现HSP70在蛋白质水平上的表达变化与在mRNA水平上高度一致, 说明二化螟HSP70基因在转录及翻译水平上受到热应激的调节。     

Mutations altering heat shock specific subunit of RNA polymerase suppress major cellular defects of E. coli mutants lacking the DnaK chaperone.

An Escherichia coli mutant lacking HSP70 function, delta dnaK52, is unable to grow at both high and low temperatures and, at intermediate temperature (30 degrees C), displays defects in major cellular processes such as cell division, chromosome segregation and regulation of heat shock gene expression that lead to poor growth and genetic instability of the cells. In an effort to understand the roles of molecular chaperones such as DnaK in cellular metabolism, we analyzed secondary mutations (sid) that suppress the growth defects of delta dnaK52 mutants at 30 degrees C and also permit growth at low temperature. Of the five suppressors we analyzed, four were of the sidB class and mapped within rpoH, which encodes the heat shock specific sigma subunit (sigma 32) of RNA polymerase. The sidB mutations affected four different regions of the sigma 32 protein and, in one case, resulted in a several fold reduction in the cellular concentration of sigma 32. Presence of any of the sidB mutations in delta dnaK52 mutants as well as in dnaK+ cells caused down-regulation of heat shock gene expression at 30 degrees C and decreased induction of the heat shock response after shift to 43.5 degrees C. These findings suggest that the physiologically most significant function of DnaK in the metabolism of unstressed cells is its function in heat shock gene regulation.     

Expression of heat shock and cold shock proteins in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata

In this study, we analyzed the response of the temperate, shallow-water gorgonian, Leptogorgia virgulata, to temperature stress. Proteins were pulse labeled with (35)S-methionine/cysteine for 1 h to 2 h at 22 degrees C (control), or 38 degrees C, or for 4 h at 12.5 degrees C. Heat shock induced synthesis of unique proteins of 112, 89, and 74 kDa, with 102, 98 and 56 kDa proteins present in the control as well. Cold shock from 22 degrees C-12.5 degrees C induced the synthesis of a 25 kDa protein, with a 44 kDa protein present in the control as well. Control samples expressed unique proteins of 38, and 33 kDa. Non-radioactive proteins expressed under the same conditions as above, as well as natural field conditions, were tested for reactivity with antibodies to heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSP60 was the major protein found in L. virgulata. Although HSP47, HSP60, and HSP104 were present in all samples, the expression of HSP60 was enhanced in heat stressed colonies, while HSP47 and HSP104 expression were greatest in cold shocked samples. Inducible HSP70 was expressed in cold-shocked, heat-shocked, and field samples. Constitutively expressed HSP70 was absent from all samples. The expression of HSP90 was limited to heat shocked colonies. The expression of both HSP70 and HSP104 suggests that the organism may also develop a stress tolerance response.     

Heat-induced increases in endothelial NO synthase expression and activity and endothelial NO release

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) is regulated by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a heat-inducible protein; however, the effect of heat shock on eNOS expression and eNO release is unknown. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C, 42 degrees C, or 45 degrees C and cell lysates were evaluated with the use of Western blotting. We observed a 2.1 +/- 0.1-fold increase in eNOS protein content, but no change in HSP90 content, HSP70 content, or HSP90/eNOS association, 24 h after heat shock at 42 degrees C. We also observed a 7.7 +/- 1.5-fold increase in HSP70 protein content, but did not observe a change in eNOS or HSP90 24 h after heat shock at 45 degrees C. eNOS activity and maximal bradykinin-stimulated NO release was significantly increased 24 h after heat shock at 42 degrees C. Heat shock in rats (core temperature: 42 degrees C, 15 min) resulted in a significant increase in aortic eNOS, HSP90, and HSP70 protein content. The aorta from heat-shocked rats exhibited a decreased maximal contractile response to phenylephrine, which was abolished by preincubation with NG-nitro-l-arginine. We conclude that prior heat shock is a physical stimulus of increased eNOS expression and is associated with an increase in eNOS activity, agonist-stimulated NO release, and a decreased vasoconstrictor response.     

Translational regulation of the synthesis of a major heat shock protein in HeLa cells

The synthesis of a major heat shock protein (HSP 70) was measured in HeLa cells incubated at 42.5 degrees C and then transferred to 37 degrees C or 30 degrees C. After 90 min, synthesis of HSP 70 decreased by 54 and 85%, respectively, whereas HSP 70 mRNA was reduced at most by 20%. Therefore, the reduced synthesis of HSP 70 could not be accounted for by mRNA turnover. HSP 70 was associated with large polyribosomes (6-10 ribosomes) in cells kept at 42.5 degrees C, but with medium or small polyribosomes in cells transferred to 37 degrees C or 30 degrees C (5-6 or 2-3 ribosomes, respectively). Addition of puromycin to these cells resulted in the release of all ribosomes from HSP 70 mRNA, indicating that they were translationally active. The regulation of HSP 70 synthesis was investigated in cell-free systems prepared from heat-shocked or control cells and incubated at 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C. After 5 min at 42 degrees C, the cell-free system from heat-shocked cells synthesized protein at 3 times the rate of the control cell-free system. This difference was in large part due to synthesis of HSP 70. Addition of HSP mRNA to the control cell-free system stimulated protein synthesis at 42 degrees C, but not at 30 degrees C. These findings suggest that translation of HSP 70 mRNA is specifically promoted at high temperature and repressed during recovery from heat shock by regulatory mechanisms active at the level of initiation.     

HSP70 and other possible heat shock or oxidative stress proteins are induced in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver during exercise

Exercise causes heat shock (muscle temperatures of up to 45 degrees C, core temperatures of up to 44 degrees C) and oxidative stress (generation of O2- and H2O2), and exercise training promotes mitochondrial biogenesis (2-3-fold increases in muscle mitochondria). The concentrations of at least 15 possible heat shock or oxidative stress proteins (including one with a molecular weight of 70 kDa) were increased, in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver, by exercise. Soleus, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles exhibited differential protein synthetic responses ([3H]leucine incorporation) to heat shock and oxidative stress in vitro but five proteins (particularly a 70 kDa protein and a 106 kDa protein) were common to both stresses. HSP70 mRNA levels were next analyzed by Northern transfer, using a [32P]-labeled HSP70 cDNA probe. HSP70 mRNA levels were increased, in skeletal and cardiac muscle, by exercise and by both heat shock and oxidative stress. Skeletal muscle HSP70 mRNA levels peaked 30-60 min following exercise, and appeared to decline slowly towards control levels by 6 h postexercise. Two distinct HSP70 mRNA species were observed in cardiac muscle; a 2.3 kb mRNA which returned to control levels within 2-3 h postexercise, and a 3.5 kb mRNA species which remained at elevated concentrations for some 6 h postexercise. The induction of HSP70 appears to be a physiological response to the heat shock and oxidative stress of exercise. Exercise hyperthermia may actually cause oxidative stress since we also found that muscle mitochondria undergo progressive uncoupling and increased O2- generation with increasing temperatures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Structure and expression of the human gene encoding major heat shock protein HSP70.

We have cloned a human gene encoding the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein (HSP70) from a human genomic library, using the Drosophila HSP70 gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The human recombinant clone hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase polyadenylated mRNA from HeLa cells exposed to 43 degrees C for 2 h. The 2.6-kilobase mRNA was shown to direct the translation in vitro of a 70,000-dalton protein similar in electrophoretic mobility to the HSP70 synthesized in vivo. From the analysis of S1 nuclease-resistant mRNA-DNA hybrids, the HSP70 gene appears to be transcribed as an uninterrupted mRNA of 2.3 kilobases. We show that the cloned HSP70 gene contains the sequences necessary for heat shock-induced expression by two criteria. First, hamster cells transfected with a subclone containing the HSP70 gene and flanking sequences synthesized a HSP70-like protein upon heat shock. Second, human cells transfected with a chimeric gene containing the 5' flanking sequences of the HSP70 gene and the coding sequences of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene transcribed the chimeric gene upon heat shock. We show that the HSP70 mRNA transcribed in an adenovirus 5 transformed human cell line (293 cells) is identical to the HSP70 mRNA induced by heat shock.