基于谱域光学相干层析系统中光谱涨落的指纹获取

指纹因其特异性和稳定性等特点而被称为"证据之首",在案件侦破中起着极其重要的作用。多种物理学、化学和光学技术都可以用于获取现场遗留的指纹,然而这些方法存在一些缺点,如会对指纹造成破坏、潜在的毒副作用、在现场留有痕迹等。利用谱域光学相干层析(spectral domain optical coherence tomography,简记为SD-OCT)技术进行指纹探测具有非接触、对指纹无损伤和高灵敏度的优势,利用OCT系统的相位敏感性我们可以在低对比条件下再现遗留在物体表面的指纹,但处理结果受指纹所在表面高低起伏影响,使得指纹信息对比度降低,难以被分离和提取。本文提出了一种基于干涉光谱涨落的指纹获取方法,只需对OCT系统得到的干涉光谱的涨落进行处理分析,即可得到遗留在物体表面的指纹图案,不需进行相位和表面轮廓高度的求取,算法简单、处理速度快,处理结果不受样品表面高低起伏的影响。实验结果表明,在起伏表面上,使用该方法也能较好地显现遗留在物体表面的指纹图案。     

植物叶片的相位解析光声光谱和光声相位谱

用相位解析法获得的未损伤植物叶片叶肉组织的光声光谱,与叶片的光声相位谱进行了比较．发现植物叶片的光声相位谱与叶绿体光吸收带之间呈现互补关系．叶片表皮的光声相位谱存在持有的波谷结构．不同调制频率的光声相位谱有较大的差异．这些现象表明光声相位谱与光声光谱一样,也可对未损伤的层状生物样品作深度剖面分析．     

蝴蝶花无性系在不同光强度下表现结构的研究

本文以四川缙云山的克隆草本蝴蝶花为对象,对其在竹林和针阔叶混交林林窗地带不同的光变化生境中的表现结构进行了研究。经对蝴蝶花无性系小株的高度、基径、叶片数以及地上和地下生物量的统计分析,结果表明：从林窗→林缘→林下,随着光照强度的减弱,蝴蝶花的高度、基径和地上生物量相应减小,在林下达到最小,而地下生物量在林下却最大,叶片数目没有明显变化。文章分析和讨论了蝴蝶花所表现出的结构变化,并分别对株高和地上生物量与基径的关系拟合了回归方程。     

三维成像及其表示类型概述

与平面图像比较,三维成像能够更好地识别并理解物体结构与大规模空间关系的连续性,不同的三维成像技巧在展示物体的不同结构、部位及其相互关系方面各有侧重,本文介绍了目前流行的以及正在逐步投入使用的几种三维显示方法与技术,并比较了它们在成像过程中的优与劣。     

猪动脉内皮细胞胞膜小窝的电子断层三维结构分析

利用电子断层三维重构技术对猪动脉内皮细胞 (porcine aorta endothelial cell,PAE cell) 胞膜小窝的三维结构进行了初步研究,发现胞膜小窝在细胞膜表面呈不均匀分布并在局部形成聚集,胞膜小窝膜内外表面都由宽度约14～16 nm的条纹状结构所环绕,推测该条纹状结构主要由小窝蛋白和胆固醇构成,狭窄的胞膜小窝颈部区域存在高密度的丝状结构．三维结构显示胞膜小窝与纤维丝体网络(推测为微管网络)相互作用,暗示了细胞内吞可能的运输途径．     

杨树木质素合成酶CCR基因的序列分析及蛋白结构预测

利用RT—PCR从欧美杨107次生木质部中克隆出-961bp的CCR基因片段。通过生物信息学软件对该序列的核苷酸序列、拟翻译的氨基酸序列的疏水性、残基带电量及表面暴露区、蛋白质二级结构、亚细胞定位及三维结构等进行了初步分析预测。结果表明该CCR基因含一个编码301个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框,其成熟蛋白为亲水性的、主要存在于细胞膜,具有大多数植物CCR蛋白普遍存在的KNWYCYGK的保守性基序,其二级结构中共包含12个α螺旋,20个β折叠,11个卷曲,并构建了其三维结构图。     

染色体三维结构重建方法研究

染色体三维结构重构问题是近年生物领域中基因组学的热点研究问题,是以二维交互频率数据为基础来预测其三维空间结构。最新相关实验表明染色质的三维空间结构对于基因表达、调控等方面都具有重要意义。而Hi-c数据能利用染色质交互信息形成二维接触矩阵重构出染色体三维结构。本综述以染色体三维结构重建方法为研究对象,通过对染色体三维结构重建方法进行比较分析,综述了目前基于Hi-c数据在染色体三维结构重建中的经典方法,系统介绍了染色体三维结构重建技术的发展脉络,以促进染色体三维结构重建的进一步研究。     

核磁共振波谱法在蛋白质三维结构解析中的应用

蛋白质特定的三维结构与其生物功能密切相关,因此,研究蛋白质的三维结构有助于揭示其生物功能机制。将核磁共振（NMR）波谱法应用于研究溶液状态下蛋白质的三维结构,能够更加准确地揭示蛋白质结构与生物功能之间的关系。本文综述了NMR解析蛋白质三维结构的理论和技术方法,以及NMR结合其他生物物理手段,并辅以分子建模计算法研究蛋白质三维结构的研究进展和最新方法,为精准解析蛋白质的三维结构提供思路及策略。     

重力与脊椎动物形态结构的进化

脊椎动物从鱼类开始,经过两栖类、爬行类、鸟类直到哺乳类,在进化过程中要经过一个生活环境的大改变,从水生环境到陆生环境;因而其自身也就出现一个形态结构的变化,从不具备承受重力的形态结构到具备承受重力的形态结构。地球对于地球表面的任何物体都有一个引力,这个引力就是重力。生物就是在重力的持续作用下进化的,因此,脊椎动物形态结构的进化是抗拒和适应重力的结果。     

液晶空间光调制器在生物光学显微中的应用

利用液晶空间光调制器(LCSLM)对光学显微中的成像光进行实时的相位/振幅调制,不仅可以实现各种传统的生物样品相位显微,而且能够以更复杂的相位调制方式,如螺旋相位滤波,得到新的显微图像。该方式已经和荧光显微、光镊技术结合,丰富了生物显微技术。     

Formation of a Plasmonic Surface Optical Vortex by Evanescent Bessel Light

The total internal reflection of an optical mode with a phase singularity, such as a Bessel beam, can generate evanescent light that displays a rotational property. Notably, using a metallic layer surface, field components extending into the vacuum region have vortex properties besides surface plasmonic features. This vortex retains the phase singularity of the original light, and also maps its associated orbital angular momentum of incident Bessel light of the order ?? >?0. Additionally to a two-dimensional patterning on the metallic surface, the strongly restricted intensity distribution decays with distance vertical to the metallic surface. The detailed characteristics of this vortex structure depend on the input light parameters and the dielectric mismatch of the media. As well as this, they can be controlled by varying the incident angle and the order of Bessel light.     

Liposomes, disks, and spherical micelles: aggregate structure in mixtures of gel phase phosphatidylcholines and poly(ethylene glycol)-phospholipids

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) decorated lipid bilayers are widely used in biomembrane and pharmaceutical research. The success of PEG-lipid stabilized liposomes in drug delivery is one of the key factors for the interest in these polymer/lipid systems. From a more fundamental point of view, it is essential to understand the effect of the surface grafted polymers on the physical-chemical properties of the lipid bilayer. Herein we have used cryo-transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering to characterize the aggregate structure and phase behavior of mixtures of PEG-lipids and distearoylphosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The PEG-lipids contain PEG of molecular weight 2000 or 5000. We show that the transition from a dispersed lamellar phase (liposomes) to a micellar phase consisting of small spherical micelles occurs via the formation of small discoidal micelles. The onset of disk formation already takes place at low PEG-lipid concentrations (<5 mol %) and the size of the disks decreases as more PEG-lipid is added to the lipid mixture. We show that the results from cryo-transmission electron microscopy correlate well with those obtained from dynamic light scattering and that the disks are well described by an ideal disk model. Increasing the temperature, from 25 degrees C to above the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature for the respective lipid mixtures, has a relatively small effect on the aggregate structure.     

Formation of liquid crystalline phase of actin filament solutions and its dependence on filament length as studied by optical birefringence.

We studied the formation and structure of liquid crystalline phase of F-actin solutions by polarized light photometry, assuming that a small domain of the liquid crystalline phase works as a linear retardation plate. Transmittance of polarized light due to the birefringence of liquid crystalline phase appeared above a threshold concentration of F-actin. The threshold increased with a decrease in filament length, which was regulated by calcium-activated gelsolin. The intensity increased linearly with increasing concentrations until it reached a stationary value. The deviation of optical axis direction of the putative retardation plate was estimated 7-15 degrees. These results indicate that:(a) the liquid crystalline phase is formed above a threshold concentration of F-actin; (b) the threshold is proportional to the inverse of filament length; (c) the ordered phase coexists with the isotropic one, increasing the volume fraction with increasing concentrations until all filaments take the liquid crystalline structure; (d) the filaments in liquid crystalline phase take a highly ordered array. These results can be attributed to the excluded volume effect of rod-like molecules on the formation of liquid crystalline structure.     

Plasmonic Focusing in Nanostructures

In this review, we show that by designing the metallic nanostructures, the surface plasmon (SP) focusing has been achieved, with the focusing spot at a subwavelength scale. The central idea is based on the principle of optical interference that the constructive superposition of SPs with phase matching can result in a considerable electric-field enhancement of SPs in the near field, exhibiting a pronounced focusing spot. We first reviewed several new designs for surface plasmon focusing by controlling the metallic geometry or incident light polarization: We made an in-plane plasmonic Fresnel zone plates, a counterpart in optics, which produces an obvious SP focusing effect; We also fabricated the symmetry broken nanocorrals which can provide the spatial phase difference for SPs, and then we propose another plasmon focusing approach by using semicircular nanoslits, which gives rise to the phase difference through changing refractive index of the medium in the nanoslits. Further, we showed that the spiral metallic nanostructure can be severed as plasmonic lens to control the plasmon focusing under a linearly polarized light with different angles.

     

Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation at the Interface of a Metal and an Ambichiral Nanostructured Medium

The propagation of a surface plasmon polariton wave at the interface of a metal and an ambichiral nanostructured medium was theoretically investigated in the Kretschmann configuration using transfer matrix method. The dependence of optical absorption linear polarization on structural parameters was reported. The results were compared with those obtained from the interface of a metal and a chiral dielectric medium as a reference structure. We found that multiple plasmon modes are excited at the interface of metal and ambichiral dielectric medium. Our calculations revealed that there exist five plasmon modes for chiral, trigonal, and tetragonal structures; three plasmon modes for pentagonal structure; two plasmon modes for hexagonal structure; and one plasmon mode for dodecagonal structure that propagate with different phase speeds. The obtained results showed that only one plasmon mode occurs at all pitches, while other modes exist at some of the pitches of anisotropic chiral and ambichiral dielectric mediums. The time-averaged Poynting vector versus the thickness of metal film confirmed that the energy of photons of incident light is transferred to surface plasmon polariton quasiparticles and the surface plasmon polariton wave is localized at the interface of metal and ambichiral dielectric medium.     

Solar-absorber antireflector on the eye of an Eocene fly (45 Ma)

Antireflection structures on eyes potentially increase visual efficiency through increased photon capture for a given stimulus condition. We report an unusual surface grating on the compound eyes of an Eocene dolichopodid dipteran (45 Ma) known only from Baltic amber. By measuring the reflective properties of a flat model of this grating constructed from material of appropriate refractive index we show that this ''fly eye grating'' is an efficient antireflector of white light at angles up to 60 degrees, and a relatively good antireflector for angles beyond 60 degrees. We calculate that such a grating would be particularly useful on a curved corneal surface as it would increase the transmission of incident light through the cornea compared with a smooth surface. This structure is also reported on the curved regions of the corneas of at least two extant dipterans. We argue that this grating probably derives from the previously described moth eye antireflection structure, which we also report here to occur in a silverfish, a ''primitive'' insect. The fly eye grating is a more efficient antireflector than the moth eye structure only at angles greater than about 10 degrees from the surface normal. A comparable antireflector is employed on solar absorbers.     

Guided Plasmon Modes of a Graphene-Coated Kerr Slab

We study analytically propagating surface plasmon modes of a Kerr slab sandwiched between two graphene layers. We show that some of the modes that propagate forward at low field intensities start propagating with negative slope of dispersion and positive flux of energy (fast-light surface plasmons) when the field intensity becomes high. We also discover that our structure supports an additional branch of low-intensity fast-light guided modes. The possibility of dynamically switching between the forward and the fast-light plasmon modes by changing the intensity of the excitation light or the chemical potential of the graphene layers opens up wide opportunities for controlling light with light and electrical signals on the nanoscale.     

Plasmonic Planar Lens Based on Slanted Nanoslit Array

The novel plasmonic lenses based on slanted nanoslits have been proposed theoretically. The slanted nanoslits with different slant angles can provide unequal propagation distances for the surface plasmon polaritons excited by incident light. The phase retardation for wavefront shaping can be obtained to realize constructive interference on a preset single spot. We can actively modulate the position of the optical focus by adjusting the slits slant angles properly. The simulation results of the finite element method are used to verify our proposals.     

A Surface Design for Enhancement of Light Trapping Efficiencies in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells

We report on a surface design of thin film silicon solar cells based on silver nanoparticle arrays and blazed grating arrays. The light transmittance is increased at the front surface of the cells, utilizing the surface plasmon resonance effect induced by silver nanoparticle arrays. As a reflection layer structure, blazed gratings are placed at the rear surface to increase the light reflectance at bottom of the thin film cells. With the combination of the silver nanoparticle arrays and the blazed gratings, the light trapping efficiency of the thin film solar cell is characterized by its light absorptance, which is determined from the transmittance at front surface and the reflectance at bottom, via the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical simulation method. The results reveal that the light trapping efficiency is enhanced as the structural parameters are optimized. This work also shows that the surface plasmon resonance effect induced by the silver nanoparticles and the grating characteristics of the blazed gratings play crucial roles in the design of the thin film silicon solar cells.     

Nonspecific effect of morphine on the erythrocyte membrane

The effect of low morphine concentrations on the plasmatic membranes of erythrocytes without opiate receptors was investigated. It was shown that the ATPase activity and hemolytic stability of erythrocytes, which characterize the state of cell membranes and the mobility of the near-membrane water phase, depend on the concentration of morphine, and this dependence is wave-like. The nonmonotonous dependence of the biological response was suggested to be due to changes in the structure of water hydrogen links near the membrane surface, induced by opiate molecules. The hypothesis was confirmed by the results of studies of morphine water solutions using the methods of fluorescent probe and light scattering. It was found that the intensity of light scattering by water and the mobility of its molecules considerably increase in the presence of strictly specified concentrations of morphine.