Modulation of zebrafish pitx3 expression in the primordia of the pituitary, lens, olfactory epithelium and cranial ganglia by hedgehog and nodal signaling

In this article we report the isolation of a novel zebrafish gene, pitx3, which plays an important role in the formation of several placode-derived structures. In wildtype embryos, pitx3 is first expressed in a crescent-shaped area in the anterior end of the embryo. At later stages, the primordia of the anterior pituitary, the lens, the olfactory sensory epithelium, and cranial ganglia express this gene. Pitx3 is not expressed in the more posterior preplacodal region that gives rise to the epibranchial, otic, and lateral line placodes. The dynamics of pitx3 in the anterior region of wildtype embryos suggests that pitx3 expression marks a common step in the formation of the pituitary, lens, olfactory placode as well as the trigeminal placode. Analysis of pitx3 expression in mutants lacking the hedgehog or nodal function demonstrates the differential dependence of pitx3 expression in these structures on nodal and hedgehog signaling. While the lens and trigeminal placodes express pitx3 in the absence of hedgehog and nodal signaling, there is no expression of pitx3 in the anteriormost ectoderm adjacent to the neural plate from which the anterior pituitary would derive. In mutants with impaired hedgehog signaling, the lens placode frequently extends into more anterior ventral regions of the embryo.     

Expression and characterization of a brain-specific protein kinase BSK146 from zebrafish

We have previously identified a novel protein kinase, pk146, in the brain of Tetraodon. In the present study, we cloned the homologous protein kinase gene encoding a protein of 385 amino acid residues from zebrafish. The overall amino acid sequence and the kinase domain of zebrafish BSK146 shows 48% and 69% identity to that of rat sbk, a SH3-containing serine/threonine protein kinase. By whole-mount in situ hybridization and RT-PCR, the expression of bsk146 mRNA was mainly in the brain. To explore the in vivo function of BSK146 during zebrafish development, we used morpholino knockdown approach and found that BSK146 morphants displayed enlarged hindbrain ventricle and smaller eyes. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was further performed to analyze the brain defects in BSK146-MO-injected embryos. The expression of brain-specific markers, such as otx2, pax2.1, and krox20, was found normal in morphant embryos at 24hpf, while expression of pax2.1 exerted changes in midbrain-hindbrain boundary and hindbrain in morphant embryos at 48hpf. These data suggest that BSK146 may play an important role in later ventricle expansion in zebrafish brain development. Although the recombinant BSK146 protein produced in insect cells was active and could phosphorylate both histone H1 and histone 2B, the endogenous substrate of BSK146 in the embryonic brain of zebrafish is not clear at the present time and needs further investigation.     

斑马鱼akt3 基因的克隆及其表达图谱与过表达分析

采用RT-PCR 和RACE 相结合的方法, 克隆得到了斑马鱼的akt3/pkb 基因, 其cDNA 全长为2874 bp,编码479 个氨基酸。斑马鱼akt3 具有akt 家族成员间保守的PH 结构域、催化活性结构域和调节结构域以及两个保守的磷酸化位点Thr305 和Ser472。与已发表的人、大鼠、小鼠的akt3 氨基酸序列比较, 相似性分别为95.8%、94.7%和95.4%。对斑马鱼早期胚胎进行RT-PCR 检测显示, akt3 在0-4hpf(hours post fertilization)含量水平较高, 6hpf 到12hpf 降低至较低水平, 16hpf 后表达量开始逐渐上升, 60hpf 至96hpf 则稳定在较高水平。原位杂交结果表明: akt3 在2hpf 至96hpf 的胚胎中整体都有表达, 没有组织特异性。在成鱼中, 除鳃部外, akt3 在所检测的其他各组织器官中均有表达, 在脑部和卵巢表达量较高; 利用显微注射持续表达myr-akt3 mRNA 研究其功能充分性时结果显示, 过量表达斑马鱼akt3 mRNA 能使斑马鱼胚胎发育滞后且伴随着尾部短粗、体节模糊、尾末端膨大甚至严重缩短等不同程度畸形。而在斑马鱼myr-akt3 注射组发育至24hpf 时观察(以排除akt3 造成的发育延迟的影响), 发现注射过akt3 的斑马鱼胚胎的脑部厚度较对照组显著增大, 表明akt3 对斑马鱼胚胎脑部尺寸发育有影响。       

Neph3 associates with regulation of glomerular and neural development in zebrafish

Neph3 (filtrin) is a membrane protein expressed in the glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes), but its role in the glomerulus is still largely unknown. To characterize the function of Neph3 in the glomerulus, we employed the zebrafish as a model system. Here we show that the expression of neph3 in pronephros starts before the onset of nephrin and podocin expression, peaks when the nephron primordium differentiates into glomerulus and tubulus, and is then downregulated upon glomerular maturation. By histology, we found that neph3 is specifically expressed in pronephric podocytes at 36 hpf. Furthermore, disruption of neph3 expression by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides results in distorted body curvature and transient pericardial edema, the latter likely reflecting perturbation of glomerular osmoregulatory function. Histological analysis of neph3 morphants reveals altered glomerular morphology and dilated pronephric tubules. The phenotype of neph3 morphants, curved body and pericardial edema, is rescued by wild-type zebrafish neph3 mRNA. In addition to glomerulus, neph3 is highly expressed in the developing brain and specific regions of mature midbrain and hindbrain. In line with this, neph3 morphants show aberrant brain morphology. Collectively, the expression of neph3 in glomerulus and brain together with the morphant phenotype imply that neph3 is a pleiotropic gene active during distinct stages of tissue differentiation and associates directly in the regulation of both glomerular and neural development.     

Knockdown of zebrafish crim1 results in a bent tail phenotype with defects in somite and vascular development

The Crim1 gene encodes a transmembrane protein containing six cysteine-rich repeats similar to those found in the BMP antagonist, chordin (chd). To investigate its physiological role, zebrafish crim1 was cloned and shown to be both maternally and zygotically expressed during zebrafish development in sites including the vasculature, intermediate cell mass, notochord, and otic vesicle. Bent or hooked tails with U-shaped somites were observed in 85% of morphants from 12 hpf. This was accompanied by a loss of muscle pioneer cells. While morpholino knockdown of crim1 showed some evidence of ventralisation, including expansion of the intermediate cell mass (ICM), reduction in head size bent tails and disruption to the somites and notochord, this did not mimic the classically ventralised phenotype, as assessed by the pattern of expression of the dorsal markers chordin, otx2 and the ventral markers eve1, pax2.1, tal1 and gata1 between 75% epiboly and six-somites. From 24 hpf, morphants displayed an expansion of the ventral mesoderm-derived ICM, as evidenced by expansion of tal1, lmo2 and crim1 itself. Analysis of the crim1 morphant phenotype in Tg(fli:EGFP) fish showed a clear reduction in the endothelial cells forming the intersegmental vessels and a loss of the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV). Hence, the primary role of zebrafish crim1 is likely to be the regulation of somitic and vascular development.     

Retina development in zebrafish requires the heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin

Recent studies from our laboratory have begun to elucidate the role of agrin in zebrafish development. One agrin morphant phenotype that results from agrin knockdown is microphthalmia (reduced eye size). To begin to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of agrin in eye development, we have analyzed retina development in agrin morphants. Retinal differentiation is impaired in agrin morphants, with retinal lamination being disrupted following agrin morpholino treatment. Pax 6.1 and Mbx1 gene expression, markers of eye development, are markedly reduced in agrin morphants. Formation of the optic fiber layer of the zebrafish retina is also impaired, exhibited as both reduced size of the optic fiber layer, and disruption of retinal ganglion cell axon growth to the optic tectum. The retinotectal topographic projection to the optic tectum is perturbed in agrin morphants in association with a marked loss of heparan sulfate expression in the retinotectal pathway, with this phenotype resembling retinotectal phenotypes observed in mutant zebrafish lacking enzymes for heparan sulfate synthesis. Treatment of agrin morphants with a fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) receptor inhibitor, rescue of the retinal lamination phenotype by transplantation of Fgf8-coated beads, and disruption of both the expression of Fgf-dependent genes and activation of ERK in agrin morphants provides evidence that agrin modulation of Fgf function contributes to retina development. Collectively, these agrin morphant phenotypes provide support for a crucial role of agrin in retina development and formation of an ordered retinotectal topographic map in the optic tectum of zebrafish.     

微小染色体维系蛋白3基因在斑马鱼早期胚胎发育过程中的表达

目的:制备地高辛标记的微小染色体维系蛋白3(MCM3)基因的RNA探针,研究MCM3在斑马鱼早期发育中的时空表达。方法:收集并固定受精后24 h时期的野生型斑马鱼胚胎,提取总RNA,制备DIG标记的MCM3 RNA反义探针,整胚原位杂交,研究MCM3在斑马鱼胚胎早期发育过程的表达。结果:斑马鱼的MCM3氨基酸序列与小鼠、人具有高度同源性,通过不同时期胚胎的原位杂交,发现MCM3在早期发育过程中普遍性表达,胚胎受精后0~2 hMCM3在增殖性区域泛表达,受精后14~22 h在中枢神经系统、发育未成熟的眼部、体节及增殖性区域表达,受精后24 h在血液、中枢神经、翼板中脑、视觉盖及增殖性区域表达,受精后48 h在头部及肛门增殖性区域表达。结论:明确了MCM3在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中的表达模式,证明其与早期斑马鱼发育细胞增殖密切相关,为研究该基因功能提供了一定的理论基础。     

Target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling controls epithelial morphogenesis in the vertebrate intestine

The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway regulates cell growth and proliferation, however the extent to which TOR signaling mediates particular organogenesis programs remains to be determined. Here we report an examination of TOR signaling during zebrafish development, using a combination of small molecule treatment and morpholino-mediated gene knockdown. First, we amplified and sequenced the full-length cDNA for the zebrafish TOR ortholog (ztor). By in situ hybridization, we found that ztor is expressed ubiquitously in the early embryo, but displays a dynamic pattern in the gut between 48 and 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). Treatment of zebrafish embryos with rapamycin induced only a mild general developmental delay up to 72 hpf, but digestive tract development became arrested at the primitive gut tube stage. Rapamycin inhibited intestinal epithelial growth, morphogenesis and differentiation. Using morpholino-mediated gene knockdown of TOR pathway components, we show that this effect is mediated specifically by the rapamycin-sensitive TOR complex 1 (TORC1). Thus, in addition to regulating cell growth and proliferation, TOR signaling controls the developmental program guiding epithelial morphogenesis in the vertebrate intestine.     

Shroom3 and a Pitx2-N-cadherin pathway function cooperatively to generate asymmetric cell shape changes during gut morphogenesis

The cytoskeletal protein Shroom3 is a potent inducer of epithelial cell shape change and is required for lens and neural plate morphogenesis. Analysis of gut morphogenesis in Shroom3 deficient mouse embryos revealed that the direction of gut rotation is also disrupted. It was recently established that Pitx2-dependent, asymmetrical cellular behaviors in the dorsal mesentery (DM) of the early mid-gut, a structure connecting the gut-tube to the rest of the embryo, contribute to the direction of gut rotation in chicken embryos by influencing the direction of the dorsal mesenteric tilt. Asymmetric cell shapes in the DM epithelium are hypothesized to contribute to the tilt, however, it is unclear what lies downstream of Pitx2 to alter epithelial cell shape. The cells of the left DM epithelium in either Pitx2 or Shroom3 deficient embryos are shorter and wider than those in control embryos and resemble the shape of those on the right, demonstrating that like Pitx2, Shroom3 is required for cell shape asymmetry and the leftward DM tilt. Because N-cadherin expression is specific to the left side and is Pitx2 dependent, we determined whether Shroom3 and N-cadherin function together to regulate cell shape in the left DM epithelium. Analysis of mouse embryos lacking one allele of both Shroom3 and N-cadherin revealed that they possess shorter and wider left epithelial DM cells when compared with Shroom3 or N-cadherin heterozygous embryos. This indicates a genetic interaction. Together these data provide evidence that Shroom3 and N-cadherin function cooperatively downstream of Pitx2 to directly regulate cell shape changes necessary for early gut tube morphogenesis.     

Inhibition of Plk1 induces mitotic infidelity and embryonic growth defects in developing zebrafish embryos

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is central to cell division. Here, we report that Plk1 is critical for mitosis in the embryonic development of zebrafish. Using a combination of several cell biology tools, including single-cell live imaging applied to whole embryos, we show that Plk1 is essential for progression into mitosis during embryonic development. Plk1 morphant cells displayed mitotic infidelity, such as abnormal centrosomes, irregular spindle assembly, hypercondensed chromosomes, and a failure of chromosome arm separation. Consequently, depletion of Plk1 resulted in mitotic arrest and finally death by 6 days post-fertilization. In comparison, Plk2 or Plk3 morphant embryos did not display any significant abnormalities. Treatment of embryos with the Plk1 inhibitor, BI 2536, caused a block in mitosis, which was more severe when used to treat plk1 morphants. Finally, using an assay to rescue the Plk1 morphant phenotype, we found that the kinase domain and PBD domains are both necessary for Plk1 function in zebrafish development. Our studies demonstrate that Plk1 is required for embryonic proliferation because its activity is crucial for mitotic integrity. Furthermore, our study suggests that zebrafish will be an efficient and economical in vivo system for the validation of anti-mitotic drugs.     

Forkhead Foxe3 maps to the dysgenetic lens locus and is critical in lens development and differentiation

Here we report the isolation of a novel forkhead gene, Foxe3, that plays an important role in lens formation. During development Foxe3 is expressed in all undifferentiated lens tissues, and is turned off upon fiber cell differentiation. Foxe3 maps to a chromosomal region containing the dysgenetic lens (dyl) mutation. Mice homozygous for dyl display several defects in lens development. dyl mice also show altered patterns of crystallin expression suggesting a dysregulation of lens differentiation. We have identified mutations in Foxe3 that cosegregate with the dyl phenotype and are a likely cause of the mutant phenotype. Head ectoderm expression of Foxe3 is absent in Rx-/- and Small eye embryos indicating that Rx and Pax6 activity are necessary for Foxe3 expression.