填埋场氯代烃生物降解过程的机制转化与调控研究及展望

明晰氯代烃在复杂污染体系中的生物转化机制对强化污染物原位生物修复有重要意义。填埋场属典型复合污染场地,本文对不同地区填埋场填埋气中氯代烃种类、含量和其在覆盖层中的降解情况进行统计分析,发现填埋气中主要包括氯代烷烃和氯代烯烃两大类污染物,其浓度分别为0.20–32.45μg/m~3和0.50–32.45μg/m~3;覆盖土对氯代烃降解速率随着氯原子取代的增多而降低。基于覆盖层中微生物种类多、生长底物复杂多样和不同梯度氧气含量差异等特点,总结得出氯代烃在覆盖土中的降解途径主要是好氧共代谢、直接氧化和厌氧还原脱氯;并基于不同工况特点构建了氯代烃在填埋场覆盖层底部扩散至大气界面过程的生物转化机制模型。最后就复杂环境体系中氯代烃类污染物的去除进行了展望。     

多氯联苯微生物脱氯研究进展

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是环境中典型的氯代持久性有机污染物.微生物脱氯是一种氯代有机物自然降解模式,对全球PCBs特别是高氯代同系物消减起到至关重要的作用.厌氧条件下高氯代PCBs能够发生脱氯反应,使其毒性大大降低,脱氯后形成的低氯代化合物可以进一步好氧降解,直至完全矿化.本文综述了PCBs生物脱氯的研究进展,介绍了微生物脱氯反应的机理和特征、参与微生物脱氯过程的专性脱氯菌等,探讨了该微生物过程的影响因素及厌氧脱氯与好氧降解耦合的意义,并对脱氯微生物群落的复杂代谢网络研究、专性脱氯新菌种筛选及其污染地实际修复应用等未来研究方向进行了展望.     

厌氧丁草胺降解菌BAD-20的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

【目的】分离并鉴定能够降解除草剂丁草胺的厌氧微生物菌株,研究其厌氧降解丁草胺的特性和代谢途径,为深入研究丁草胺厌氧降解机制提供依据。【方法】以丁草胺为碳源作为选择压力从水稻田土壤中富集驯化丁草胺降解菌,利用16S rRNA基因系统发育分析结合菌株培养特征对降解菌株进行初步鉴定,利用液相色谱-时间飞行质谱(LC-TOF-MS)检测菌株降解丁草胺的代谢产物。【结果】筛选到一株降解丁草胺的厌氧细菌,命名为BAD-20,初步鉴定为嗜蛋白质菌属(Proteiniphilum),菌株BAD-20降解丁草胺的最适条件为温度30–35℃、pH 7.5–8.0和0–0.5%NaCl,在有氧条件下该菌不能降解丁草胺。最适条件下,菌株BAD-20在10d降解90%的20mg/L丁草胺。菌株BAD-20还能降解甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺,降解效率从高到低依次为甲草胺乙草胺丙草胺丁草胺,对这些氯乙酰胺除草剂的降解动力学符合一级动力学方程。鉴定到2个丁草胺降解代谢产物,分别是N-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-N-(丁氧甲基)乙酰胺(DEPBMA)和N-(2,6-二乙基苯基)乙酰胺(DEPA),表明菌株BAD-20降解丁草胺的起始步骤为脱氯,随后脱去N-丁氧甲基。【结论】本研究富集分离到一株降解丁草胺的厌氧细菌嗜蛋白质菌属(Proteiniphilum) BAD-20,为深入研究丁草胺厌氧降解机制及研发含丁草胺废水厌氧生物处理技术提供依据。     

好氧反硝化细菌及其在微污染水源水修复中的应用研究进展

相比于氨氮,天然水体中的硝酸盐氮通常更稳定,导致更难将其从水中去除。由于好氧反硝化可以在有氧环境下进行反硝化作用去除硝酸盐氮,该过程对含有较高溶解氧的天然水体中硝酸盐氮处理有重要作用。本文综述了好氧反硝化菌的分离纯化现状、微生物代谢机制和环境影响因子,并介绍了功能菌群在微污染饮用水源水生物修复的应用研究进展。与一般的厌氧反硝化类似,好氧反硝化菌的种属分布较广,常见的如假单胞菌属(Pseudomoas)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等所属部分微生物均有好氧反硝化能力。大部分好氧反硝化菌株在最佳生长条件下(25–37℃、溶解氧浓度为3–5mg/L、pH为7–8、碳氮比为5–10)具有高效的脱氮效率。但目前好氧反硝化作用在微污染饮用水源水的生物修复方面的应用仍有着脱氮性能不稳定、菌剂流失等不足。此外,目前较少相关中试及实际工程应用的研究,需要进一步的深入探究。     

贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能

甲烷氧化菌是一类能够以甲烷作为唯一碳源和能量维持生存的微生物,其活动与生态系统中物质循环及能量流动密切相关。【目的】了解阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌群落结构及代谢功能。【方法】采用宏基因组技术对环湖沉积物和湖心沉积物进行研究。【结果】水库沉积物中主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (0.37%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (0.12%),主要的厌氧甲烷氧化菌是Candidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%),属于NC10门细菌中的亚硝酸盐反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌,其中好氧甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因为6.16×10⁷ copies/g,反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的16S rRNA基因为2.84×10⁷ copies/g。4种代谢的功能基因多样性表现为氮代谢>碳代谢>硫代谢>甲烷代谢,基于京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)基因库进行注释得到6大类功能,发现18条与碳(包括甲烷)、氮、硫代谢有关的完整代谢途径。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)显示环湖沉积物与湖心沉积物之间的甲烷氧化菌种类和功能存在显著差异。影响甲烷氧化菌分布的主要环境因子为氧化还原电位、电导率和硫酸根。【结论】阿哈湖水库甲烷氧化菌以Ⅰ型好氧甲烷氧化菌为主,甲烷氧化菌群落代谢途径丰富,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌在对O₂的适应性上有显著差异。相关研究可为湖泊水生态环境的保护和微生物资源的开发利用等方面提供一定的理论支撑。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯代有机化合物厌氧降解研究进展

多氯代有机化合物(PCOCs)是土壤和沉积物中的典型污染物,厌氧条件下PCOCs能够发生脱氯发应,从而使其毒性大大降低,脱氯后形成的低氯代化合物可以进一步好氧降解,直至完全矿化。从PCOCs的降解过程出发,重点综述了几种典型PCOCs的厌氧脱氯机理以及几种重要影响因素;阐明了脱氯反应是PCOCs厌氧降解的关键步骤,反应的发生必须有还原剂提供电子,微生物的参与尤为重要;同时展望了同位素示踪法在研究PCOCs降解机制上的应用,以及开发高效降解PCOCs微生物的必要性等。     

光合细菌对芳香族化合物厌氧降解的研究进展

许多被有毒性的芳香族化合物污染的环境实际上是缺氧的 ,因此芳香族化合物的厌氧降解逐渐引起人们的兴趣。芳香族化合物的厌氧还原降解机制从根本上不同于好氧条件下的氧化降解机制 ,而光合细菌一直以来是研究芳香族化合物厌氧降解的模式菌株。因此 ,从生理学、酶学及分子生物学角度出发概括了对光合细菌厌氧降解芳香族化合物的研究动态。     

氯酚类化合物的微生物降解研究进展

综述了近年在具有降解氯酚类化合物能力的微生物的筛选、氯酚类化合物的好氧和厌氧降解机制以及现代生物技术的开发利用研究．阐述了氯酚类化合物在不同条件下的降解路径．在好氧条件下,单氯酚和二氯酚在氧化酶的攻击下形成氯代邻二酚,邻二酚开环生成相应的氯代粘康酸或半醛,粘康酸内酯化过程中释放氯离子;高度氯代的化合物则是在氢氧化酶作用下生成氯代醌,并逐步脱去所有的氯原子生成苯酚后才开环．在厌氧或缺氧条件下,氯酚进行还原脱氯,在得到电子的同时去掉一个氯取代基．     

厌氧氨氧化体的组成、结构与功能

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)是微生物和环境领域的研究热点之一。厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)是Anammox的功能载体。不同于大部分原核微生物,AnAOB具有独特的细胞器——厌氧氨氧化体,它是进行Anammox代谢的场所。研究厌氧氨氧化体有助于探明厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢特性。本文综述了厌氧氨氧化体的组成、结构与功能,以期为从事Anammox研究的同行提供参考。     

甲烷氧化菌及其在环境治理中的应用

甲烷的生物氧化包括好氧氧化和厌氧氧化两种,分别由好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌完成.由于该过程是减少自然环境中温室气体甲烷排放的重要途径,越来越受到各国学者的重视.本文主要对当前甲烷氧化菌的研究现状进行了综述,对好氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与氧化甲烷的关键酶,厌氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与的微生物菌种以及氧化机理进行了论述,并对这两类微生物在温室气体减排、污染物治理、废水生物脱氮、硫及金属元素回收等方面的应用现状及前景进行了分析.     

西藏农作物病原真菌的区域分化初探*

在西藏农作物病原真菌调查基础上,综合分析西藏自然环境条件和社会经济条件对病原真菌分布的影响,将西藏病原真菌分布划分为5个区:(1) 喜马拉雅南侧暖热湿润区; (2)藏东温暖半湿润区; (3)藏南温暖半干旱区; (4) 西喜马拉雅温凉干旱区; (5) 藏北羌塘高寒区;     

Tension versus ecological zones in a two-locus system

Previous theories show that tension and ecological zones are indistinguishable in terms of gene frequency clines. Here I analytically show that these two types of zones can be distinguished in terms of genetic statistics other than gene frequency. A two-locus cline model is examined with the assumptions of random mating, weak selection, no drift, no mutation, and multiplicative viabilities. The genetic statistics for distinguishing the two types of zones are the deviations of one- or two-locus genotypic frequencies from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) or from random association of gametes (RAG), and the deviations of additive and dominance variances from the values at HWE. These deviations have a discontinuous distribution in space and different extents of interruptions in the ecological zone with a sharp boundary, but exhibit a continuous distribution in the tension zone. Linkage disequilibrium enhances the difference between the deviations from HWE and from RAG for any two-locus genotypic frequency.     

玉米幼苗根不同发育区细胞中高尔基体的变化

玉米根细胞的三个发育区——分裂区、延伸区和成熟区高尔基体的变化:分裂区先由部分内质网碎片转化为潴泡,再由潴泡叠加构成具六个潴泡结构的高尔基器;延伸区高尔基器进行大量合成分泌物质,使大部分潴泡变成分泌泡而排出细胞外,导致高尔基器大量减少;成熟区高尔基器相当少,分泌能力一般。     

Mapping the suturing of a continental biota

The present-day spatial distribution of interspecific contact zones and intraspecific phylogeographical breaks provides a window into the past ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie speciation and species ranges. The clustering of contact zones and/or phylogeographical breaks in space indicates the suturing of diverged biotas. The presence of such suture zones indicates that similar ecological and historical factors have influenced the past and present distributions of populations and their divergence. Thus, suture zones are ideal natural laboratories for studying divergence, secondary contact and speciation across many different taxa. The concept of suture zones was formalized decades ago by Remington (1968), but only a few detailed and quantitative investigations of suture zones exist (Swenson & Howard 2004, 2005; Whinnett et al. 2005; Moritz et al. 2009). This limited number of investigations is largely because of a lack of detailed geographical data and sophisticated analytical tools. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Rissler & Smith (2010) have accomplished a detailed investigation into the suturing of amphibian lineages in the United States which uses both detailed geographical data and sophisticated analytical methods. The work greatly enhances our knowledge of suture zones by extending previous work that has focused less on amphibians and by explicitly considering the relationship between species richness and suture zones.     

Molecular patterns of introgression in a classic hybrid zone between the Australian tree frogs,Litoria ewingii and L. paraewingi: evidence of a tension zone

Hybrid zones provide a rare opportunity to explore the processes involved in reproductive isolation and speciation. The southern hybrid zone between the southeastern Australian tree frogs Litoria ewingii and L. paraewingi has been comprehensively studied over the last 40 years, primarily using reproductive compatibility experiments and male advertisement calls. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and eight nuclear microsatellite markers to characterize this hybrid zone along a historically studied transect and to test various dispersal‐dependent and dispersal‐independent hybrid zone models. The species are genetically distinct and the level of hybridization within the contact zone is low, with the majority of admixed individuals representing later‐generation hybrids. Based on previous experimental genetic compatibility studies, we predicted that hybrids with L. paraewingi mtDNA would be more frequent than hybrids with L. ewingii mtDNA. Surprisingly, a greater proportion of the identified hybrids had L. ewingii mtDNA. Geographical cline analyses showed a sharp transition in allele frequencies across the transect, and both the mtDNA and microsatellite data showed concordant cline centres, but were best supported by a model that allowed width to vary. Overall, the L. ewingii–L. paraewingi hybrid zone is best characterized as a tension zone, due to the narrow cline width, concordant genetic clines and low levels of hybridization.     

An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mount Kinabalu,Borneo

A quantitative transect analysis of altitudinal sequences of forest canopy species from 600 to 3400 m asl on Mt. Kinabalu (4101 m), Borneo, resulted in four discrete altitudinal vegetation zones. These were made up of mutually exclusive species groups for lowland (<1200 m asl), lower montane (1200 to 2000–2350 m asl), upper montane (2000–2350 to 2800 m asl), and subalpine (2800 to the forest line, 3400 m asl) zones. Zonal soil types were correlated with the vegetation zones. In upslope sequence, these were: lowland Oxisols, montane Histosol/Spodosol complex, and subalpine Inceptisols. The highest contents of organic carbon, extractable phosphorus, and exchangeable magnesium and potassium were recorded in the lower and upper montane zones. The upper boundaries of the lowland, upper montane and subalpine zones coincided with thermal thresholds of latitudinal bioclimatic zones: 18°C TMIN (Köppen's tropical), WI 85 (Kira's warm temperate), and WI 45 (Kira's cool temperate), respectively. The upper limit of the lower montane zone was correlated with an abrupt increase of water surplus estimated from the annual rainfall minus annual potential evaporation. These climatic characteristics appear to define ecological altitudinal turnover points, so called critical altitudes, where groups of associated species are displaced by other groups.Abbreviations asl = above sea level - DBH = diameter at breast height - PHQ = Park headquarters - TMAX = Mean daily maximum air temperature - TMIN = Mean daily minimum air temperature - TWINSPAN = Two-way indicator species analysis - WI = Warmth index     

广东硇洲岛的瓣鳃类

根据1999－2001年在广东硇洲岛海滨的岩石岩,砾石滩,泥沙滩,泥沙滩,沙滩,红树林区潮间带和近海区潮下带等各种生态环境采集到的瓣鳃类动物的整理鉴定,获得瓣鳃炎77种,分隶于24科44属,本文对其区系组成及分布特点进行了详细的论述。     

Radio-anatomie de la prostate et du pelvis

Development and use of new tracers in tumoral prostatic exploration by nuclear medicine require specifying the pelvic anatomical knowledge. This article offers a reminder of the prostate–pelvic anatomy by studying CT-scanner and MRI to know the essential structures for the writing of the medical report.     

Temporal deposition of incremental and discontinuous zones in the otoliths of Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Ultrathin sections of otoliths were prepared and studied with the transmission electron microscope. The discontinuous zone starts to grow at night, 3 h before light-on, and is completed a few hours after light-on. The growth of the incremental zone follows immediately afterwards and continues approximately until light-off. There is little material deposited onto the otolith at night before the start of discontinuous zone deposition.