辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响

采用辣椒秸秆废弃物与酸化土壤共培养的方法, 设计了不同添加量的辣椒茎、叶与酸化土壤充分混合、共培养, 测定了土壤交换性离子及土壤酶活性的变化, 探讨辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明, 辣椒茎、叶可以改善酸化土壤pH, 降低酸化土壤交换性酸含量; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤NH4+-N含量, 影响土壤NO3--N转化; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤交换性盐基含量、CEC及盐基饱和度, 尤其以添加辣椒叶5%的效果最好; 辣椒茎、叶可以提高土壤脲酶活性, 但培养60 d后各处理土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性无显著性差异; 添加辣椒茎、叶能提高土壤酶的几何平均数, 改善酸化土壤质量, 其对酸化土壤质量的改变与辣椒茎、叶的添加量有关。研究结论可为开拓辣椒秸秆利用途径、改善土壤酸度, 提高土壤肥力等方面提供理论依据。     

土壤酸化及其生态效应

自然条件下的土壤酸化是一个非常缓慢的过程。近几十年来,在人类活动的影响下,原本缓慢的自然酸化过程不断加快。土壤酸化加速带来的一系列负面效应正迫使人们必须对土壤酸化加以重视。本文首先介绍了土壤酸化的自然过程和人为因素引起的土壤酸化,阐述了土壤盐基饱和度、土壤酸缓冲体系、酸沉降、化学肥料、植物、土地利用方式等对土壤酸化的影响;然后总结了土壤酸化带来的一系列生态效应,如植物生长受到抑制、土壤生物群落结构改变、土壤重金属有效性升高、水体质量下降等;最后从施用酸性土壤改良剂和种植耐逆高效优质植物两个方面,论述了酸性土壤的可持续利用策略,并对土壤酸化将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

模拟酸沉降对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落结构的长期影响

土壤微生物是生态系统重要的组成成分, 尤其是在土壤风化严重, 养分贫瘠的热带和南亚热带森林生态系统中, 微生物在植物养分的获取、碳循环以及土壤的形成等生态过程中的作用尤为重要。该研究基于鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林长期(10年)的野外模拟酸沉降实验平台, 探究了土壤微生物群落结构对土壤酸化的响应。结果表明, 酸沉降处理显著降低土壤pH (即加剧酸化)。土壤酸化对微生物生物量碳(C)含量的影响不大, 但改变了土壤微生物生物量氮(N)和磷(P)的含量, 导致表层土壤(0-10 cm)微生物生物量C:P和N:P显著提高, 表明土壤酸化可能加剧了微生物P限制。土壤酸化还显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构, 导致次表层土壤(10-20 cm)真菌:细菌显著增加。进一步分析表明, 土壤pH和土壤有效P含量是影响土壤微生物群落最为主要的两个因素。     

广东省不同区域农田土壤酸化时空变化及其影响因素

基于广东省1980s、2010年以及2015年3期土壤数据,对全省不同区域农田耕作层土壤pH值的时空变异特征进行分析,并初步探讨了可能导致土壤pH变化的因素.结果表明: 不同时期广东全省土壤pH值空间分布格局变化显著. 全省农田土壤在1980s—2010年间,pH整体下降了0.3,呈酸化趋势,2010—2015年,土壤pH上升了0.09,但不均匀势态有所增强,酸碱分化趋势较明显. 从各区域看,1980s—2010年,各区域土壤均呈现酸化趋势;2010—2015年,珠三角地区农田土壤pH均值上升了0.27,而东、西两翼土壤pH均值分别下降了0.05、0.15,山区土壤pH变化不明显. 分析表明:广东省各地区土壤酸化除受土壤自身及降水等自然因素影响外,酸雨、不合理施肥以及高产作物高复种的种植结构等人为因素也是导致土壤酸化的主要原因;工业化、城市化、矿山开发和测土配方施肥的推广导致局部地区土壤pH值有所上升. 研究结果可为不同区域控制缓解土壤酸化、提高耕地质量提供理论指导.     

土壤酸化改良剂对烟株农艺性状、土壤pH值及青枯病发生的影响

由于长期连作障碍、不合理连续施用化肥等因素,植烟土壤存在酸化等问题,导致烟草青枯病等愈发严重.土壤酸化改良剂可以改善土壤酸化状况,同时还具有改善土壤物理结构、提高养分利用率、增强土壤酸碱缓冲能力等多项作用.本研究选取3种土壤酸化改良剂,用起垄条施的方式,以长期植烟酸化烟田为研究对象,评估不同处理对土壤pH值调节、烟草生长及青枯病发生的影响.结果表明,草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂处理对烟株生长有一定的促进作用;草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂和牡蛎壳粉处理后20d,三者土壤pH值分别较空白对照提高了0.40、0.63和0.40,草木灰颗粒剂对酸化土壤的改良效果最好;处理后60d,三者土壤pH值分别较空白对照提高了0.42、0.30和0.08,草木灰粉剂对酸化土壤的改良效果最好;基于烟草青枯病的病情指数AUDPC计算,从小到大依次为草木灰粉剂、草木灰颗粒剂、牡蛎壳粉、空白对照,草木灰粉剂和草木灰颗粒剂处理对烟草青枯病整个时期的防控效果分别为69.35%和28.43%.结合调酸效果、农艺性状和对青枯病的防效等指标综合分析,土壤酸化改良剂草木灰粉剂起垄条施的效果最优,可为今后在酸化烟田大面积运用调酸技术防控烟草青枯病提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

模拟酸雨对杉木幼苗-土壤复合体系土壤呼吸的短期效应

为了解酸雨对土壤碳释放的作用,选取对酸沉降敏感的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗-土壤复合系统,分成重度酸雨(pH值2.5)、中度酸雨(pH值4.0)和对照(pH值5.6)3个处理区组,进行了2a模拟酸雨胁迫盆栽实验。通过分析酸雨短期作用下土壤酸化的状况以及土壤呼吸的变动,发现:(1)对照组土壤pH值虽有下降,但土壤缓冲体系无显著变化。重度酸雨组土壤pH值持续下降至3.71,土壤残留交换性Ca2+和Mg2+含量明显降低,土壤缓冲体系转成铝缓冲体系,土壤明显酸化。中度酸雨组土壤pH值略低于对照,土壤残留交换性Ca2+含量维持在40.15-42.76μg·g-1(烘干土),而交换性Mg2+含量下降,土壤缓冲体系无显著变化。(2)非模拟酸雨胁迫状况下(对照组),2007年和2008年年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.41μmol·m-2·s-1和1.42μmol·m-2·s-1,土壤呼吸作用稳定。模拟酸雨短期内以抑制土壤呼吸为主。重度酸雨使土壤呼吸作用持续减弱,2007年和2008年年均土壤呼吸速率分别下降了14%和28%;中度酸雨虽未造成土壤的显著酸化,但该处理组年均土壤呼吸速率2007年增加了8%,2008年则降低了15%。模拟酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响随着酸雨的持续而加强。     

硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸性和盐基离子动态变化的影响

南方稻田土壤大面积酸化是水稻生产的主要限制因子.尽管石灰作为酸化土壤调理剂已广泛应用,但大量或长期施用石灰不仅会引起土壤板结,而且会导致土壤钙、钾、镁等元素的平衡失调.硅钙钾镁肥由于溶解度更低、养分全面是良好的替代材料.为了明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,本研究采用连续4年的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥为对照,分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875 kg·hm^-2硅钙钾镁肥下稻田土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子和有效硅的动态变化.结果表明: 农民习惯施肥导致土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度逐年下降,土壤交换性酸逐年增加.与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH值,提高幅度随硅钙钾镁肥施用次数或用量的增加而增大.连续多次施用硅钙钾镁肥有效促进了盐基离子在土壤中的累积和土壤交换酸的消耗,特别是土壤交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的累积和土壤交换性Al³⁺的消耗,硅钙钾镁肥用量越大,积累或消耗的量越多,但速率相对越慢.土壤交换性酸消耗量中,硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基离子和相应碱贡献了108.8%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径.硅钙钾镁肥在改良稻田土壤酸性的同时,土壤有效硅含量逐年增加,增幅随硅钙钾镁肥施用量的增加而显著增大.总之,农民习惯施肥导致土壤持续酸化,酸化率为2.86 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1,硅钙钾镁肥能有效阻控酸化过程,产生了大量碱(9.69~18.44 kmol OH^-·hm^-2·a^-1),释放的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺盐基离子和相应碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用因子.     

恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年变化特征

以第二次土壤普查(1980—1983年)和耕地质量评价(2010—2013年)两个不同时期恩施州土壤pH数据为基础,对恩施州耕地土壤pH近30年时空变化进行了研究,明确了恩施州耕地土壤pH值变化特征,并初步探讨了导致土壤pH变化的自然因素和人为因素,以期为制定土壤酸化控制对策提供理论指导.结果表明: 2010—2013年,恩施州pH<6.5的酸性土壤占耕地面积的98.4%,6.5～8.5中性偏碱性土壤仅占耕地面积的1.6%;与1980—1983年相比,酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例提高了61.4%,中性偏碱性土壤(pH在6.5～8.5)面积比例减少了61.2%,pH>8.5的强碱性耕地土壤在全州已基本消失.1980—1983年,pH<6.5的耕地土壤主要分布在来凤县、利川市、宣恩县和咸丰县,面积比例分别为74.4%、63.5%、61.3%和60.7%,至2010—2013年,恩施州酸性土壤分布更加广泛,各县市酸性土壤(pH<6.5)面积比例均达到96%以上.近30年来,恩施州土壤呈酸化趋势,土壤pH空间分布呈现东高西低格局.不同区域、不同耕地利用类型土壤pH值均发生不同程度的下降.耕地土壤pH整体下降了0.90,其中,旱地土壤pH下降了1.14,水田土壤pH下降了0.87,旱地土壤酸化程度大于水田.恩施州土壤酸化主要受肥料结构、配比变化及高产作物收获带走大量盐基养分等人为因素影响.     

豫南夏花生种植区土壤pH时空演变及其驱动力

研究花生种植区土壤酸化特征及其驱动因素,为花生种植土壤酸化改良提供理论依据。采用数据收集和田间取样分析方法,获取豫南典型花生种植区正阳县土壤pH及其驱动因子数据,利用GIS技术分析土壤pH时空变化特征,并基于增强回归树(BRT)模型识别影响土壤酸化的关键驱动因素。结果表明：正阳县花生种植土壤pH普遍呈下降趋势;土壤pH平均值由1980年的7.06降至2020年的5.15;弱碱性与中性土壤面积大幅度下降,酸性土壤面积增加;1980—2020年土壤pH面积变化最大的区间为-2.0～-1.5,占全县面积的51.9%;砂姜黑土区土壤酸化最严重,而水稻土和潮土区土壤pH下降幅度较小;BRT模型分析表明,阳离子交换量是造成2020年土壤pH空间变异的最主要因素,其贡献率达到26.2%;其次是速效钾含量、年均降雨量、有机质含量和全氮含量,贡献率分别为11.0%、7.7%、7.2%和6.9%;土壤pH随土壤阳离子交换量、年均降雨量、速效钾含量、有机质含量的增加而增加,但随土壤全氮含量的增加而降低。综上,正阳县夏花生种植土壤酸化形势严峻,尤其是砂姜黑土区,具有普遍性和局部严重性的特征;所研究因素中,阳离...     

设施土壤生态环境特点与调控

论述了设施土壤生态环境的特性主要是土壤养分富集 ,土壤板结 ;土壤酸化、次生盐渍化和连作障碍严重 ;土壤产生有害气体 ;土壤微生物区系变化很大。这些特点主要是盲目大量施肥 ,土壤长期连续利用 ,土壤环境密闭 ,单一化栽培 ,用肥种类不合理及某些化学物质积累造成的。利用生物、农业耕作、地上环境和工程措施调控相结合 ,是调控设施土壤生态环境的有效方法 ,土壤生物学的应用将是改善设施土壤生态环境新的研究方向。     

Bioremediation of HMX-Contaminated Soil Using Soil Slurry Reactors

Soil in some parts of the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant in Burlington, Iowa, was contaminated with cyclotetramethyleneter-anitramine, commonly known as high melting explosive (HMX). A laboratory treat-ability study was conducted to find out the ability of the native soil bacteria present in the contaminated site to degrade HMX. The results indicated that the HMX can be removed effectively from soil by native soil bacteria through a co-metabolic process. Molasses, identified as an effective co-substrate, is inexpensive, and this factor makes the treatment system cost-effective. The successful operation of aerobic-anoxic soil slurry reactors in batch mode with HMX-contaminated soil showed that the technology can be scaled up for field demonstration. The HMX concentration in the contaminated soil was decreased by 97% in 4 months of reactor operation. The advantage of the slurry reactor is its simplicity of operation. The method needs only mixing and the addition of molasses as co-substrate.     

Compost Soil Piles for Treatment of Oil-Contaminated Soil

A number of diverse technological options are being considered for the remediation of soil contaminated with weathered crude oil in Kuwait. The bioremediation technique involving the use of composting soil piles was selected from among the most appropriate methods and evaluated on a pilot scale. The field test was conducted from November 1992 to September 1993 at the Burgan oil field. Soil piles were constructed from the contaminated soil after amendment with necessary soil additives. The piles were subjected to regular irrigation and turning, and a monitoring program was carried out, including monthly soil sample collection from each pile for the measurement of petroleum hydrocarbon PAHs, soil microbial counts, mineral and metal concentrations. The results obtained showed that the composting soil pile treatment resulted in the reduction of up to 59% total extractable matter of oil contamination within 8 months. This article describes the technology used and summarizes the results obtained.     

Dependence of Soil Respiration on Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture in Successional Forests in Southern China

The spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration and its relationship with biophysical factors In forests near the Tropic of Cancer remain highly uncertain. To contribute towards an Improvement of actual estimates, soil respiration rates, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured In three successional subtropical forests at the Dlnghuahan Nature Reserve （DNR） In southern China from March 2003 to February 2005. The overall objective of the present study was to analyze the temporal variations of soil respiration and Its biophysical dependence in these forests. The relationships between biophysical factors and soil respiration rates were compared In successional forests to test the hypothesis that these forests responded similarly to biophysical factors. The seasonality of soil respiration coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high respiration rates in the hot humid season （April-September） and with low rates In the cool dry season （October-March）. Soil respiration measured at these forests showed a clear Increasing trend with the progressive succession. Annual mean （± SD） soil respiration rate In the DNR forests was （9.0 ± 4.6） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year, ranging from （6.1 ± 3.2） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in early successional forests to （10.7 ± 4.9） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in advanced successional forests. Soil respiration was correlated with both soil temperature and moisture. The T/M model, where the two biophysical variables are driving factors, accounted for 74%-82% of soil respiration variation In DNR forests. Temperature sensitivity decreased along progressive succession stages, suggesting that advanced-successional forests have a good ability to adjust to temperature. In contrast, moisture Increased with progressive succession processes. This increase is caused, in part, by abundant respirators In advanced-successional forest, where more soil moisture is needed to maintain their activities.     

提高赤红壤旱地生态系统土壤肥力问题的研究

提高赤红壤旱地生态系统土壤肥力问题的研究高志强（福建农业大学土地与环境学系,福州３５０００２）ＳｏｉｌＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＵｐｌａｎｄＬａｔｅｒｉｔｉｃＲｅｄＳｏｉｌＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ．￥ＧａｏＺｈｉｑｉａｎｇ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍ...     

Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil by an Integrated Soil Washing-Electrolysis Process

Chelating agents such as EDTA and DTPA are often used to remove metals from soil. However, their toxicity, bio-recalcitrance, and problems with recovery of heavy metal and chelating agents severely limit their applications. A biodegradable chelating agent, LED3A, and two surfactants, SDS and Triton X 100, were evaluated as potential alternatives for remediation of metal-contaminated soil.

LED3A alone only removed 40% of cadmium the addition of surfactant significantly enhanced its cadmium removal capacity up to 80% for a wide range of pH (5 to 11). The enhancement increased with both surfactant concentrations and LED3A concentrations. Because LED3A had a much higher removal capacity for copper, the synergistic effect of surfactant-LED3A mixture was less obvious. Sequential extraction analysis indicated that the LED3A not only removed copper from carbonate and Fe-Mn oxide fraction, but also from organic fractions. A three-dimension electrolysis reactor could effectively recover both metals and LED3A-SDS within thirty minutes. The combined soil washing by LED3A-surfactants and electrolysis provides a potential approach for remediation of copper- and cadmium-contaminated soils.     

Alkaliphilic Soil Actinomycetes

The actinomycete complex of alkaline soils was found to be dominated by alkaliphilic streptomycetes, which showed maximal radial rates of colony growth at pH 8. At pH values of 7 and 10, the growth of these streptomycetes was poor. Alkaliphilic streptomycetes can be morphologically differentiated from other actinomycetes based on their high radial rates of colony growth and increased spore formation in alkaline media as compared to neutral media.