GL-7ACA酰化酶表达检测系统的建立

戊二酰 7 氨基头孢烷酸 (GL-7ACA)酰化酶能够催化GL-7ACA分解生成 7-ACA ,后者是工业半合成生产头孢类抗菌素所需的重要前体。为了准确地检测GL-7ACA酰化酶及其突变体的表达 ,本研究通过构建一系列质粒载体 ,建立了两个简便有效地测定GL-7ACA酰化酶基因acy表达量的系统 ,从而可对酶的比活力进行定量。我们将两个报告基因 ,即儿茶酚双加氧酶基因 (xylE)和 β-半乳糖苷酶基因 (lacZ)分别置于acy基因的下游 ,使之与acy基因共用一个启动子 ,进行串联表达 ,各自构成一个多顺反子系统。实验证明 ,基因融合后的儿茶酚双加氧酶或 β-半乳糖苷酶的活力可以间接反映acy的表达量。     

假单胞菌sp.130 GL-7-ACA酰化酶的核苷酸和蛋白质序列分析

对来源于假单胞菌sp.130的戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸（GL－7－ACA）酰化酶结构基因的全序列及所编码蛋白质的α,β亚基的N末端和C末端的氨基酸序列进行了测定。将蛋白质序列与其他同类的GL－7－ACA酰化酶进行了同源性比较,结果显示该酶与来源于假单胞菌GK16和C427的酰化酶的序列有较高同源性,而与其它同类酰化酶的同源性较低。这些酶的α亚基N－末端差别较大,但是β－亚基的N－末端有较高的保守性。     

GL一7一ACA酰化酶基因片段的酶谱分析及基因定位

本文报道了从假单胞菌130菌株(Pseudomonas sp．130)染色体上克隆得到的6．8kb的GL－7－ACA酰化酶基因片段的限制酶谱,基因定位以及在不同的大肠杆菌基因启动子控制下酰化酶基因的表达水平。结果表明,所克隆的片段上,不存在EcoR Ⅰ、HindⅢ、claⅠI切点,分别具有一个HpaⅠ、两个xhoⅠ、三个BamHⅠI以及四个Pst I切点,同时初步确定了这些酶切位点之间的相对位置。经过一系列次级克隆研究,GL一7一AcA酰化酶基因已被定位在3．Okb的B 2－B3－Hpa Ⅰ片段上。实验比较了以pACYCl84、pDR540、pUCl9等为载体的次级克隆株(分别为pMR9、pMRl0和pMR11)在大肠杆菌中酰化酶基因的表达水平,测定数据表明tac启动子的启动活力比tet启动子强,即pMRl0的产酶量比pMR9高一倍,而当tac启动子前再串接一个lac启动子时(pMRll),产酶水平并不进一步提高。本文还对假单胞菌基因在大肠杆菌中的表达进行了讨论。     

GL－7－ACA酰化酶基因克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

本文报道了利用BamHⅠ酶解的载体pBR322 DNA与Sau3A部分酶解的假单胞菌Ps．130染色体DNA片段构建重组质粒,并用³²P标记的寡核苷酸探针从3205个含有外源片段的重组质粒中检测得到7株阳性克隆株。进一步经¹²⁵Ⅰ标记的抗体／抗原放射免疫反应、GL－7－ACA酰化酶活力测定以及酶反应产物的纸谱色层分析,由上述7株阳性株中鉴定出3株能在大肠杆菌中表达酰化酶活力的基因克隆株。对该3株菌的重组质粒——pMR 5、pMR 6和pMR-7-DNA的初步凝胶电泳分析表明,pMR 5和pMR 7质粒中插入片段的分子量为6．8kb,质粒pMR 6则带有5．7kb的外源片段。实验还比较了重组质粒pMR 5在8株不同的大肠杆菌宿主菌中,GL－7－ACA酰化酶的表达水平。     

家蚕丝蛋白基因启动子调控β－半乳糖苷酶在家蚕细胞系中的瞬时表达

家蚕丝蛋白基因启动子调控β－半乳糖苷酶在家蚕细胞系中的瞬时表达华刚,钱斌,吴祥甫（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,２０００３１）关键词丝蛋白启动子;β－半乳糖苷酶基因;瞬时表达家蚕丝蛋自基因（Ｗｂ：Ｆｉｂｒｏｉｎｇｅｎｅ）在发育后期幼虫的后部丝腹中主要...     

Kl LAC4用作白色念珠菌的报告基因

由于ｌａｃＺ基因在白色念珠菌中不能工作。将克氏酵母的β－半乳糖苷酶基因Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４构建了能在白色念珠菌中工作的报告基因。Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４基因融合到白色念珠菌乙醇脱氢酶基因（ＡＤＨ１）的启动子后面,在ＡＤＨ１终止子的共同控制下构建Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４的表达质粒ｐＹＰＢ１－ＬＡＣ４。ＰＹＯＢ１－ＬＡＣ４转化白色念珠菌并测定了在固体培养基中的β－半乳糖苷酶活性以及在液体增减基的β－半乳糖苷酶活力。结果表明Ｋｌ     

GL-7ACA酰化酶基因工程菌(Escherichia coli MMR204/pZC1)批式补糖发酵条件优化

戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7-ACA)酰化酶(3．1．5．11)可有效催化GL-7ACA分子中戊二酰基侧链水解,形成7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)而成为两步酶法生产7-ACA的重要工业用酶之一。在已构建的GL-7ACA酰化酶基因(acy)重组质粒pZC1基础上,进一步对酰化酶基因工程菌Escherichia coli MMR204／pZC1的产酶发酵条件进行了考察。研究表明,工程菌的最佳发酵温度为33℃,pH7．5～8．5的微碱条件有利于酶的生成。LB培养基补加适量葡萄糖(1～5g／L),可提高发酵生物量和产酶水平,但葡萄糖的过量补加(6g／L以上),则导致发酵液偏酸(低至pH4．0)而完全抑制酰化酶生成,并证明工程菌生长和产酶对乙酸的抑制效应较为敏感。同时通过5L自控发酵罐的批式补糖试验,对恒速流加、pH反馈控制和指数流加等三种补糖模式的发酵产酶进程进行了比较。结果发现,三种方式的补糖条件下,acy基因在tac启动子控制下,呈组成型表达,细胞生长与产酶同步,无需诱导;其中,以指数流加方式得到的生物量和产酶水平最高。而从acy基因的表达效率,即比酶活看,pH反馈的补料方法略高于恒速或指数流加模式。     

人乳头瘤病毒6b型H增强子样序列在大肠杆菌中增强基因转录和β—干 …

将人乳头瘤病毒６ｂ型（ＨＰＶ６ｂ）基因组上游调控区（ＵＲＲ）５４０ｂｐ的Ｓａｕ３Ａ－Ｎａｒｌ片段（Ｈ序列）,正反向插入β－干扰素表达载Ｔｒｐ劝子上游,使β－ＩＦＮ表达明显增强,可使基因表达水平提高３．６倍和２．１倍。Ｈ序列正反向插入增强子检测载体不仅使β－半乳糖苷酶表达活性增加－１０倍,还能使半乳糖苷酶ｍＲＮＡ量明显增高,证明Ｈ序列对被调控基因的增强作用是发生在转录水平。     

人乳头瘤病毒6b型H增强子样序列在大肠杆菌中增强基因转录和β-干扰素表达

将人乳头瘤病毒６ｂ型（ＨＰＶ６ｂ）基因组上游调控区（ＵＲＲ）５４０ｂｐ的Ｓａｕ３Ａ－ＮａｒＩ片段（Ｈ序列）,正反向插入β－干扰素表达载体Ｔｒｐ启动子上游,使β－ＩＦＮ表达明显增强,可使基因表达水平提高３．６倍（正向）和２．１倍（反向）。Ｈ序列正反向插入增强子检测载体不仅使β－半乳糖苷酶表达活性增加５－１０倍,还能使半乳糖苷酶ｍＲＮＡ量明显增高,证明Ｈ序列对被调控基因的增强作用是发生在转录水平。     

β—半乳糖苷酶基因在猕猴桃果实成熟过程的表达

从成熟中华猕猴桃果实中克隆以了一个β－半乳糖苷酶基因ｃＤＮＡ片段,其长度为７４７ｂｐ,有一由２４９个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框架它与苹果、 芦笋、绿药椰菜、番匣中β－半乳糖苷酶基因ｃＤＮＡ相应区段的的核同源性为７６．３％～７０．３％,氨基酸同源性为６９．１％～７２．７％,用该片段为探针进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分析表明,果实采收时,β－半乳糖苷酶ｍＲＮＡ水平最高,随后呈下降变化,同时β－半乳糖苷酶ｍＲＮＡ水     

In vivo post-translational processing and subunit reconstitution of cephalosporin acylase from Pseudomonas sp. 130.

Cephalosporin acylases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze cephalosporin C (CPC) and/or glutaryl 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7ACA) to produce 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). The acylase from Pseudomonas sp. 130 (CA-130) is highly active on GL-7ACA and glutaryl 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (GL-7ADCA), but much less active on CPC and penicillin G. The gene encoding the enzyme is expressed as a precursor polypeptide consisting of a signal peptide followed by alpha- and beta-subunits, which are separated by a spacer peptide. Removing the signal peptide has little effect on precursor processing or enzyme activity. Substitution of the first residue of the beta-subunit, Ser, results in a complete loss of enzyme activity, and substitution of the last residue of the spacer, Gly, leads to an inactive and unprocessed precursor. The precursor is supposed to be processed autocatalytically, probably intramolecularly. The two subunits of the acylase, which separately are inactive, can generate enzyme activity when coexpressed in Escherichia coli. Data on this and other related acylases indicate that the cephalosporin acylases may belong to a novel class of enzymes (N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases) described recently.     

Affinity labeled glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid acylase C130 can hydrolyze the inhibitor during crystallization

7Beta-bromoacetyl amino cephalosporanic acid (BA-7-ACA), an analog of glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA), can inhibit and specifically alkylate GL-7-ACA acylase (C130) from Pseudomonas sp.130, forming a carbon-carbon bond between BA-7-ACA and the C-2 on indole ring of Trp-beta4 residue of C130. Here we reported that BA-7-ACA labeled C130 (BA-C130) could self-catalyze the hydrolysis of BA-7-ACA during crystallization process. The hydrolysis was confirmed to be a reaction analogous to the one of GL-7-ACA by comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry analysis. BA-C130 was inactive at room temperature, but in the process of crystallization at 18 degrees C it catalyzed the hydrolysis of BA-7-ACA, and thus made the latter become a substrate. Meanwhile, in crystals, 7-ACA was released but the acetic acid still bound with Trp-beta4, and as a result, the enzyme remained to be inactive. These results demonstrated that Trp-beta4 in the alphabetabetaalpha motif was critical and sensitive for the activity of C130 and also suggested that there was a conformational change induced by deacylation during the process of crystallization.     

2-Nitro-5-(6-bromohexanoylamino)benzoic acid test paper method for detecting microorganisms capable of producing cephalosporin acylases.

A novel method for detecting microorganisms capable of producing cephalosporin C (CPC) acylase and/or 7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA) acylase has been developed. The method is based on the degradation of 2-nitro-5-(6-bromohexanoylamino)benzoic acid (NBHAB), a chromogenic substrate, into yellow 2-nitro-5-aminobenzoic acid by the action of the CPC acylase or the GL-7-ACA acylase. This method is very sensitive and quite specific, and has been successfully applied to screen the acylases from a variety of bacteria. A large number of colonies isolated on a plate surface from more than 67 samples and several known bacteria were tested by the NBHAB paper. Five NBHAB-positive strains and isolates were obtained. They were further examined by the reaction of their bacterial cells upon CPC and GL-7-ACA, respectively, and by thin-layer chromatography in order to distinguish the CPC acylase from the GL-7-ACA acylase.     

Two novel engineered bacteria for secretory expression of glutaryl 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid acylase

Two novel engineered bacteria, BL21(DE3)/pETCA1S and TG1/pSuperCA1S, were obtained which can secretory express the gene encoding glutaryl 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid acylase (GL-7ACA acylase) from Pseudomonas sp. 130 with high activity. The growth conditions of transformants for overproduction of GL-7ACA acylase were optimized: in intact cells of BL21(DE3)/pETCA1S and TG1/pSuperCA1S the activity of GL-7ACA acylase was 415 and 600 units g^–1 dry cells, respectively. The highest specific activity of GL-7-ACA acylase is in the intact cell as compared with that of transformants constructed in our laboratory. In fiftieth generation of mutants transferred on agar plates the specific activity of GL-7ACA acylase remained constant.     

Improvement of the glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase activity of a bacterial gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is an important material in the production of semisynthetic cephalosporins, which are the best-selling antibiotics worldwide. 7-ACA is produced from cephalosporin C via glutaryl-7-ACA (GL-7-ACA) by a bioconversion process using d-amino acid oxidase and cephalosporin acylase (or GL-7-ACA acylase). Previous studies demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution, D433N, provided GL-7-ACA acylase activity for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) of Escherichia coli K-12. In this study, based on its three-dimensional structure, residues involved in substrate recognition of E. coli GGT were rationally mutagenized, and effective mutations were then combined. A novel screening method, activity staining followed by a GL-7-ACA acylase assay with whole cells, was developed, and it enabled us to obtain mutant enzymes with enhanced GL-7-ACA acylase activity. The best mutant enzyme for catalytic efficiency, with a k(cat)/K(m) value for GL-7-ACA almost 50-fold higher than that of the D433N enzyme, has three amino acid substitutions: D433N, Y444A, and G484A. We also suggest that GGT from Bacillus subtilis 168 can be another source of GL-7-ACA acylase for industrial applications.     

Thermal and Operational Characteristics of Glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid Acylase Immobilized on Silica Gel Modified by Epoxide Silanization

Summary In this study, an investigation was performed into the thermal and operational characteristics of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA) acylase (EC 3.5.1.-) immobilized on silica gel that had been modified by epoxide silanization. The pH values for the optimum activity of free and immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase were almost the same. However, the pH-dependent activity profile for the immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase is considerably expanded. Both free and immobilized enzymes generally had the highest activity at 50 °C. In thermodynamic studies, it was found that immobilization using epoxide silanization made GL-7-ACA acylase thermodynamically stable. In the results of repeated batch production of 7-ACA, 89.0 and 83.5% of the 7-ACA produced at the initial cycle were maintained after 20 times of recycle at 25 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Hence it was suggested that mass production of 7-ACA at 25 °C using immobilized GL-7-ACA acylase by epoxide silanization would be possible on a large scale.     

Cloning and co-expression of D-amino acid oxidase and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase genes in Escherichia coli

To convert cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporin (7-ACA), a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) gene from Trigonopsis variabilis and a glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase (GL-7-ACA acylase) gene from Pseudomonas were cloned and expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. For DAAO recombinant strain BL21(DE3)/pET-DAAO, a high DAAO activity of 250 U ml⁻¹ was obtained by a fed-batch culture. A GL-7-ACA acylase gene, in which the signal peptide sequence was deleted, was also successfully expressed in a recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-ACY with a high expression level of 3000 U l⁻¹. A novel recombinant strain, BL21(DE3)/pET-DA, harboring both genes of DAAO and GL-7-ACA acylase, was further constructed, and a rather high DAAO activity of 140 U ml⁻¹ and GL-7-ACA acylase activity of 950 U l⁻¹ were simultaneously obtained. This recombinant strain, in which two genes are co-expressed, made it possible to catalyze cephalosporin C into 7-ACA directly.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a novel 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid acylase gene of Bacillus laterosporus and its expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

A strain of Bacillus species which produced an enzyme named glutaryl 7-ACA acylase which converts 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid (glutaryl 7-ACA) to 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) was isolated from soil. The gene for the glutaryl 7-ACA acylase was cloned with pHSG298 in Escherichia coli JM109, and the nucleotide sequence was determined by the M13 dideoxy chain termination method. The DNA sequence revealed only one large open reading frame composed of 1,902 bp corresponding to 634 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a potential signal sequence in its amino-terminal region. Expression of the gene for glutaryl 7-ACA acylase was performed in both E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme preparations purified from either recombinant strain of E. coli or B. subtilis were shown to be identical with each other as regards the profile of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were composed of a single peptide with the molecular size of 70 kDa. Determination of the amino-terminal sequence of the two enzyme preparations revealed that both amino-terminal sequences (the first nine amino acids) were identical and completely coincided with residues 28 to 36 of the open reading frame. Extracellular excretion of the enzyme was observed in a recombinant strain of B. subtilis.     

Evolution of an acylase active on cephalosporin C

Semisynthetic cephalosporins are synthesized from 7-amino cephalosporanic acid, which is produced by chemical deacylation or by a two-step enzymatic process of the natural antibiotic cephalosporin C. The known acylases take glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid as a primary substrate, and their specificity and activity are too low for cephalosporin C. Starting from a known glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid acylase as the protein scaffold, an acylase gene optimized for expression in Escherichia coli and for molecular biology manipulations was designed. Subsequently we used error-prone PCR mutagenesis, a molecular modeling approach combined with site-saturation mutagenesis, and site-directed mutagenesis to produce enzymes with a cephalosporin C/glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid catalytic efficiency that was increased up to 100-fold, and with a significant and higher maximal activity on cephalosporin C as compared to glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid (e.g., 3.8 vs. 2.7 U/mg protein, respectively, for the A215Y-H296S-H309S mutant). Our data in a bioreactor indicate an ~90% conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid in a single deacylation step. The evolved acylase variants we produced are enzymes with a new substrate specificity, not found in nature, and represent a hallmark for industrial production of 7-amino cephalosporanic acid.     

头孢菌素酰化酶

7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-amino cephalosporanic acid, 7-ACA)是医药工业合成大多数头孢菌素的重要原料.头孢菌素酰化酶(cephalosporin acylase, CA)催化头孢菌素C(CPC)和戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7ACA)的水解反应, 生成7-ACA.根据CA催化底物的不同, 可将其划分为两类：CPC酰化酶和GL-7ACA酰化酶.由CA的同源性、分子质量大小和基因结构, 可以把头孢菌素酰化酶划分为五种;讨论了酶的基本性质.通过CA与N端亲核水解酶(Ntn水解酶)的比较, 推测CA属于Ntn水解酶, 并由此可以进一步理解它们的生理功能.