有机酸对土壤无机态磷转化和速效磷的影响

土壤有效磷含量低是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一.作物根分泌活化难溶性磷的有机酸对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义.采用张守敬和Jackson无机磷分级方法,以湖北省3种pH值土壤为材料,加入不同磷源和有机酸,经过室温培养后,测定速效磷含量和无机磷组分的变化.结果表明:施磷显著提高了土壤中速效磷含量,中性土、酸性土Fe-P和Al-P含量大幅上升, Fe-P占增加量的50%以上,而碱性土Ca-P含量显著增加.加施有机酸使中性土速效磷含量增多,除苹果酸处理的变幅较小外,草酸和柠檬酸的加入速效磷显著增加.由于有机酸的作用,中性土Al-P含量下降,Ca-P含量上升,变幅大小依次为草酸＞柠檬酸＞苹果酸;酸性土中Al-P含量呈下降趋势,碱性土中Ca-P含量有不同程度的减少,3种土壤中O-P含量均有所增加.说明有机酸活化的磷主要来源于中性土和酸性土Al-P、Fe-P及碱性土Ca-P中的磷,同时有机酸能够促进土壤中闭蓄态磷(O-P)的形成与积累.     

不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化

选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10a和20a)湿地为研究对象,以仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地为参照,分析了土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、有机磷(OP)和无机磷(IP)各形态含量,探讨退耕还湖后湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化规律。结果表明:研究区土壤无机磷各形态含量大小顺序为:铁磷(Fe-P:73.55—391.76 mg/kg)钙磷(Ca-P:21.64—108.04 mg/kg)闭蓄态磷(O-P:17.15—29.57 mg/kg)铝磷(Al-P:5.84—25.97 mg/kg),其中Fe-P占了土壤无机磷总量的54.20%—74.13%;退耕还湖2—8a期间,湿地土壤Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量有逐渐降低趋势,而退耕8—20a后逐渐上升,以Fe-P为主的这3形态磷左右着退耕后土壤无机磷的变化;Ca-P随退耕年限增加整体呈上升趋势,对土壤无机磷的贡献逐渐增加;无机磷占土壤全磷的比例为35.90%—67.27%,主导着退耕后湿地土壤全磷变化;有机磷占土壤全磷的17.82%—50.51%,在退耕2a后下降,随后开始逐渐上升,对退耕后湿地土壤磷库恢复的贡献逐渐增加;其中Fe-P、O-P和Al-P控制着退耕后土壤磷素有效性变化。退耕后水文条件、植被生长和土壤黏粒含量变化不仅影响退耕后湿地土壤磷素组分特征,也影响着退耕后湿地土壤磷素有效性。     

湿地农田土壤磷素的分布、形态与有效性及磷素循环

对江汉平原四湖地区湿地农田土壤磷素的含量分布、形态、有效性、磷素循环及施肥效应进行了研究.结果表明农田土壤全磷和有效磷含量随着地势的降低呈明显降低趋势,潜育性土壤全磷和有效磷含量均极显著低于非潜育性土壤.水田土壤Ca-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P分别占无机磷总量的58.1%、3.7%、10.6%和27.5%,其中Ca-P和Al-P与有效磷呈高度正相关(r分别为0.9286**和0.9038**),说明Ca P和Al-P是该地区水田土壤有效磷的主要来源之一.潜育性土壤Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的平均含量分别比非潜育性土壤低84.0、10.2和21.1mg/kg,其差异达显著或极显著水平,证明潜育性土壤磷素降低的主要原因是Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的损失.五种耕作制度下潜育性稻田土壤磷素输入输出平衡值为盈余2.3～27.9kg/hm2·a,其输入输出比(1/0)为1.06～1.88.对于土壤速效磷小于5mg/kg的潜育性稻田,早、中、晚稻的最高产量施磷量分别为4.83,4.93和1.78 P2O5kg/666.7m2.     

白浆土-植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究II.白浆土无机磷形态变化

采用室内培养和微区试验研究表明,施入白浆土中无机磷在短时间内（24h、8d）主要向Fe-P和Al-P转变,较长时间后（80d）,Al-P向Fe-P转化,Ca-P变化较弱,土壤中无机磷形态转化与白浆土本身的土壤属性具有密切关系。施用有机肥改变了土壤中无机磷形态的转化过程,其与土壤中的铁、铝氧化物反应形成的“Al-有机质-P”和“Fe-有机质-P”是作物较易利用的有效P源。     

湖南会同不同年龄杉木人工林土壤磷素特征

对湖南会同不同年龄(7年生、17年生、25年生)杉木人工林土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分和有机磷进行了研究,结果表明:3种不同林龄杉木林土壤全磷和有效磷的含量分别在317.06—398.56 mg/kg和0.82—1.38 mg/kg之间,土壤全磷和速效磷含量均属低水平;杉木林土壤全磷含量从7年生幼龄林到25a近熟林出现先升高后降低的规律,并且17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分分别增加了19.68%、15.75%,土壤有效磷含量17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分提高了45.55%左右;土壤磷素活化系数均小于2.0%,这表明本研究区土壤全磷向速效磷转化较难,土壤中磷素的有效性较低,但该值随着林分年龄的增加而出现增大的现象;无机磷含量分别为:7年生169.50 mg/kg、17年生182.03 mg/kg、25年生175.94 mg/kg,从幼龄林到中龄林增高,中龄林以后降低;土壤中无机磷组分以O-P含量最高,其次是Fe-P,Ca-P,Al-P最少;杉木不同生长发育阶段对无机磷形态的吸收是有选择性的,幼龄林到中龄林阶段林木以吸收Al-P为主,近熟林阶段林木以吸收Fe-P和Ca-P为主;有机磷含量在全磷所占比例随林龄的变化来看,杉木生长过程中有部分的有机磷矿化为无机磷。土壤不同形态磷的相关性分析结果显示,土壤有效磷与有机磷相关系数为0.667,呈极显著相关性,是研究区杉木人工林土壤有效磷的主要来源。     

不同施肥模式下稻田土壤微生物生物量磷对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应

通过15年的红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式下土壤微生物生物量磷(MB-P)对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应.结果表明红壤稻田有机碳源的长期投入和土壤有机碳的逐年升高使土壤微生物生物量碳(MB-C)维持在较高水平(＞800 mg·kg-1),是稻田土壤MB-P(＞16.0 mg·kg-1)提高的主要原因.长期不施磷肥条件下,土壤全磷含量与试验前相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而土壤有机磷含量平均提高了29.3%;土壤亏损的磷形态主要是无机磷(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P),其中Al-P含量处于最低水平(平均0.5 mg·kg-1).另外,长期不施磷肥土壤的MB-P远高于Olsen法提取态磷(Olsen-P)(＜7.0 mg·kg-1),而稻田土壤MB-P与Al-P呈显著相关(P＜0.05),表明土壤微生物对稻田土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P的利用是促进其向有效磷方向转化的关键途径.磷肥配合有机养分循环利用不仅提高了土壤磷库的积累,而且通过土壤微生物的活化有效地提高了土壤磷的有效性.     

岷江上游本地种油松和外来种辐射松造林对土壤磷的影响

通过测定岷江上游16年生本地种油松和外来种辐射松人工林下不同土壤层次中各形态磷素含量以及磷酸酶活力,阐述两种林分对土壤磷素含量及其分布的影响.结果表明,在各个土层中,两种林分下的土壤含水量、pH值、有机碳的含量以及微生物生物量磷均无显著差异.在0～20cm土层中,油松林与辐射松林土壤全磷、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量以及磷酸酶活力均无显著差异,而油松林土壤有效磷和有机磷显著高于辐射松林;在20～40cm土壤中,油松林土壤全磷、有效磷、有机磷、Al-P、Fe-P含量与辐射松林差异不显著,油松林土壤Ca-P含量、酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活力显著高于辐射松林;在40～60cm土壤中,油松林土壤除中性磷酸酶活力与辐射松林的差异不显著外,其余各形态磷素含量和酸性磷酸酶活力变化与20～40cm土壤中的一致.此外,随土壤深度的增加,两种人工林土壤各形态磷素含量、磷酸酶活力都呈降低的趋势.单从土壤磷的状况看,油松林土壤中磷素含量高于辐射松林.     

底栖藻类对消落带土壤中各形态磷的影响

为揭示底栖藻类对三峡库区消落带淹没初期土壤中不同形态磷的影响作用,开展了相关的模拟实验。结果表明,在模拟的底栖藻类影响条件下,消落带土壤中铝磷（Al-P）的含量在实验期间处于波动状态,Al-P相对于其余形态的磷更易于被藻类吸收利用,且与藻类生长存在密切相关,即底栖藻类生长状态较好时,土壤中Al-P呈现下降趋势;而生长状态较差时,土壤中Al-P又出现略微上升的趋势。在实验后期土壤中Al-P含量上升,可能是其余形态的磷转化而来。底栖藻类的生长对不同深度土壤中铁磷（Fe-P）的影响不同,其生长对2-4 cm层土壤的影响较大,而对其余层影响不大。不同深度土壤中闭蓄态磷（O-P）和钙磷（Ca-P）含量差异不明显。实验后期Fe-P、O-P和Ca-P含量一直呈现下降的趋势,只有Al-P在后期出现上升的趋势,说明在淹水条件和底栖藻类生物膜共同作用下,土壤磷的有效性提高,土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化。       

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅱ．无机磷和有机磷

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法和灼烧法、Bowman-Cole的土壤有机磷分组方法,研究了定位试验23年的0～100cm土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态组成．结果表明。无机磷含量为厩肥>休闲>化肥>低秸>高秸>中秸>无肥．不同施肥处理土壤无机磷各组分的IPi值呈现以下特点：Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IP值较低,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值较高．与无肥处理的无机磷各组分IPi值相比,厩肥与休闲处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值显著增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P、O-P的IPi值减小,其中以Ca10-P的IPi值减小较大．单施化肥处理Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P的IPi值也增大,Ca10-P、Fe-P的IPi值减小,显示长期单施化肥不仅可明显提高Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P含量,而且对O-P的增长有显著作用．3种秸秆处理基本上呈现Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的IPi值增大,Ca10-P、Fe—P、O-P的IPi值减小趋势．从就有效磷(Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P)含量而言,厩肥处理高于化肥处理,而单施化肥处理高于玉米秸秆处理．玉米秸秆配施化肥可显著增加土壤有机磷含量．对土壤有机磷库的贡献。玉米秸秆处理大于厩肥处理．施入有机肥,可增加土壤有机磷各组分的含量,而化肥则主要是促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性、中活性有机磷转化．长期不施肥处理的土壤活性、中活性有机磷含量较低,而稳定性有机磷含量相对较高;休闲处理土壤有机质和有机磷含量均较低,而其活性有机磷、高稳性有机磷含量相对较高．     

中亚热带不同母质发育森林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

本研究以福建三明砂岩和花岗岩发育的米槠林土壤和杉木林土壤为对象,分析土壤磷组分、铁铝氧化物、微生物生物量以及磷酸酶活性等指标,研究母质和森林类型对土壤磷组分的影响程度和机制。结果表明: 母质和森林类型显著影响土壤不同磷组分含量。总体上,砂岩发育土壤全磷含量、活性无机/有机磷、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量均显著高于花岗岩发育土壤,并且砂岩发育米槠林土壤活性有机磷含量、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量显著高于砂岩发育杉木林土壤,而花岗岩发育米槠林与杉木林土壤磷组分的含量差异不显著。花岗岩发育的2种森林土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于砂岩,而砂岩发育米槠林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量磷(MBP)显著高于砂岩发育杉木林土壤。土壤不同磷组分的含量与土壤不同形态铁铝氧化物含量、MBP、MBC呈显著正相关,而与土壤pH、ACP呈显著负相关,表明土壤母质和森林类型可能主要通过土壤铁铝氧化物赋存形态、ACP、MBP等生物及非生物因子影响中亚热带森林土壤磷组分分配特征。     

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林林窗对土壤不同形态活性有机碳的影响

研究了四川盆地低山丘陵区马尾松人工林不同大小林窗对表层土壤活性有机碳(水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、易氧化碳)含量、分配比例及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明:(1)林窗下土壤微生物量碳含量与分配比例较林下土壤有所升高,而水溶性有机碳与易氧化碳含量及水溶性有机碳分配比例有所降低。(2)林窗大小显著影响林窗中心土壤活性有机碳含量与分配比例。随林窗面积增大,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳与易氧化碳含量呈现较为一致的升高趋势;水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳分配比例也升高,易氧化碳分配比例先下降后升高,稳定态碳先升高后降低;总体表现为较大林窗(900—1225m2)微生物活性强,活性有机碳含量高,且有机碳库稳定性较好。(3)土壤碳库管理指数随林窗面积增大无显著变化,但与各形态活性有机碳含量及总有机碳含量显著相关,说明土壤碳库管理指数能够相对全面地反映林窗大小对土壤碳库的影响。     

Studies on the nutrition of forage legumes

Summary Surface samples of six Ontario soils were selected to provide a range in pH, texture and carbonate content. Phosphorus was added to the soil samples at the rate of 200, and 2000 pounds. P₂O₅ per acre and the inorganic phosphates associated with aluminum (Al-P), iron (Fe-P) and calcium (Ca-P) were analysed 15, 30, and 335 days after treatment. Samples of the check soils were leached with the equivalent of 7 litres of soil-percolated water and then analysed for phosphate fractions. In 5 soils with added phosphorus the Al-P fraction increased at both rates of added phosphorus, Fe-P increased only at the higher rate of added phosphorus and Ca-P did not increase at either rate. In the sixth soil (69.9% CaCO₃ equivalent) Ca-P increased at both rates of added phosphorus, but proportionately less than the water-soluble phosphorus. These changes in phosphorus values existed relatively unchanged for 335 days after the addition of phosphorus. Leaching generally removed phosphorus from all phosphorus fraction. At or below pH 7.1 (soil paste) the Al-P decreased proportionately more than the Fe-P and Ca-P. Above pH 7.1 the Ca-P decreased proportionately more than the other two fractions upon leaching.Contribution from Dept. of Soil Science, O.A.C., Guelph, Canada. Part of thesis submitted by junior author to the Graduate School, University of Toronto, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the M.S.A. degree.     

易分解有机碳对不同恢复年限森林土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳库作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库,其微小的改变都将引起大气CO_2浓度的急剧改变。易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正/负激发效应加快/减缓土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化,并最终影响土壤碳平衡。以长汀县不同恢复年限森林(裸地、5年、15年、30年马尾松林以及天然林)土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养向土壤中添加~(13)C标记葡萄糖研究易分解有机碳输入对不同恢复阶段森林土壤激发效应的影响。研究结果表明,易分解有机碳输入引起的土壤激发效应的方向和强度因不同恢复阶段而异。易分解有机碳输入的初期对各恢复阶段森林土壤均产生正的激发效应,然而随着时间的推移,15年、30年马尾松林以及天然林相继出现负的激发效应。从整个培养期(59 d)来看,易分解有机碳的输入促进了裸地与5年生马尾松林土壤有机碳的矿化,有机碳的矿化量分别提高了131%±27%与25%±5%;但是减缓了15年生马尾松林土壤有机碳的矿化,使其矿化量减少了10%±1%;然而,易分解有机碳输入对30年生马尾松林及天然林土壤有机碳的矿化则无明显影响。土壤累积激发碳量与葡萄糖添加前后土壤氮素的改变百分比呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.44,P0.05),表明易分解有机碳输入诱导的土壤激发效应受土壤氮素可利用性的调控,土壤微生物需要通过分解原有土壤有机碳释放的氮素来满足自身的需求。     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山不同林型土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳储量库,其微小的变化也能使大气中CO₂浓度发生巨大的改变,植物来源碳的输入能通过激发效应促进或抑制土壤有机碳（SOC）的分解,对SOC的动态平衡产生影响。以武夷山三个林型（阔叶林、马尾松林、针阔混交林）土壤为研究对象,通过向土壤中添加不同量的¹³C标记葡萄糖（0、100、200、400 mg C/kg）研究易分解有机碳输入量对不同林型土壤激发效应的影响,并在此基础上探讨易分解有机碳输入量对土壤激发效应影响的作用机理。结果表明,葡萄糖输入对土壤激发效应的影响与葡萄糖输入量和林型有关。葡萄糖的输入均抑制了三个林型SOC的分解（即,呈现负的激发效应）。阔叶林土壤和针阔混交林土壤激效应强度随着葡萄糖输入量的增加而增加,而马尾松林土壤的激发效应强度对葡萄糖输入量的响应并不明显。然而在马尾松林土壤中由葡萄糖所引起的激发效应强度显著高于其他两种林型土壤。研究结果表明,易分解有机碳的输入可以抑制SOC的矿化,形成负激发效应,阔叶林土壤的激发效应强度与土壤可利用氮、葡萄糖添加量与微生物碳量比值有关,而针阔混交林与马尾松林土壤的激发效应强度分别与土壤中的放线菌和真菌有关。     

Phosphorus efficiency of wheat and sugar beet seedlings grown in soils with mainly calcium,or iron and aluminium phosphate

Phosphorus is often limiting crop growth in soils low in P supplying capacity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in P efficiency between sugar beet and wheat and to search for the plant properties responsible for different P efficiencies encountered and furthermore to see whether the kind of P binding in soil affects the P efficiency of crops. For this a pot experiment with an Oxisol with P mainly bound to Fe and Al (Fe/Al-P) and a Luvisol with P mainly bound to Ca (Ca-P) was run with increasing P fertilizer levels from 0 to 400 mg kg^–1 in a climate chamber. Shoot dry weights of wheat and sugar beet increased strongly with P application in both soils. Both crops, despite their large differences in plant properties, had the same P efficiency in both soils. Therefore none of the species was especially able to use either Fe/Al-P or Ca-P. Wheat relied on a somewhat lower internal requirement, a large root system (high root/shoot ratio) and a low shoot growth rate with a low influx while sugar beet with a small root system and a large shoot growth rate relied on a 5 to 10 times higher influx. A mechanistic mathematical model for calculation of uptake and transport of nutrients in the rhizosphere was used to assess the influence of morphological and physiological root properties on P influx. A comparison of calculated and measured P influx showed that prediction by the model is reasonably accurate for Luvisol. For Oxisol, the predicted P influx was much less than the observed one, even when P influx by root hairs was considered. A sensitivity analysis showed that physiological uptake parameters like I _max, K _m, and C_{L min} had no major influence on predicted influx. The greatest influence on influx had the P soil solution concentration C _{L i}. It is assumed that both species had used mechanisms to increase P availability in the rhizosphere similar to an increase of C _{L i}. Such mechanisms could be the exudation of organic acids, which are known as a sorption competitor to phosphate bound to Fe/Al-oxides or humic-Fe-(Al) complexes or to build soluble complexes with Fe and P. The close agreement between calculated and measured P influx in the Luvisol even at P deficiency indicates that root exudates were not able to mobilize Ca-bound P, whereas Fe/Al-P could be mobilized easily.     

The evaluation of inorganic phosphate species in salt water lake sediments

Abstract

Surface sediments drawn from 10 shallow bays have been subjected to selective extraction in order to sub-divide the total P content into sub-categories such as water soluble P, Ca-P, Al-P and Fe-P. The reagents selected were similar to systems used in soil analysis, but evaluation of the procedures showed that the species values varied with time of extraction, weight of sediment taken, volume of extradant and chemical nature of the sediment. In water extractions, the P levels appeared to be determined by saturation with a sparingly soluble salt, while in acidic media P extract levels peaked (using different experimental conditions) due to loss of extracted P as a new phase (e.g. CaHPO₄) or through re-adsorption on other components.

The optimum conditions for P speciation in sediments must be determined from a series of preliminary studies because each of the five sediments studied in detail displayed individual characteristic behaviour.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅱ.无机磷和有机磷

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法和灼烧法、Bowman-Cole的土壤有机磷分组方法,研究了定位试验23年的0～100cm土壤无机磷和有机磷的形态组成.结果表明,无机磷含量为厩肥>休闲>化肥>低秸>高秸>中秸>无肥.不同施肥处理土壤无机磷各组分的IP_i值呈现以下特点:Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P的IP_i值较低,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值较高.与无肥处理的无机磷各组分IP_i值相比,厩肥与休闲处理Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P的IP_i值显著增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值减小,其中以Ca₁₀-P的IP_i值减小较大.单施化肥处理Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、O-P的IP_i值也增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P的IP_i值减小,显示长期单施化肥不仅可明显提高Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P含量,而且对O-P的增长有显著作用.3种秸秆处理基本上呈现Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、AlP的IP_i值增大,Ca₁₀-P、Fe-P、O-P的IP_i值减小趋势.从就有效磷(Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P)含量而言,厩肥处理高于化肥处理,而单施化肥处理高于玉米秸秆处理.玉米秸秆配施化肥可显著增加土壤有机磷含量.对土壤有机磷库的贡献,玉米秸秆处理大于厩肥处理.施入有机肥,可增加土壤有机磷各组分的含量,而化肥则主要是促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性、中活性有机磷转化.长期不施肥处理的土     

Speciation and dynamics of phosphorus in some organically amended soils of southwestern Nigeria

Availability of soil phosphorus (P) is a function of its dynamics and can be improved by using organic amendments. Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of poultry manure (PM) on soil P fractions and bioavailability to soybean (Glycine max). Soils from ten farmers’ fields in Southwest Nigeria, were used for incubation and pot experiments. Treatments were five rates of PM (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t ha^?1). Triplicate units in incubation and pot experiments were arranged in Completely Randomised Design. Soybean was grown for three consecutive growth cycles of seven weeks each and soil samples were analysed for Saloid P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, occluded P, reductant soluble P, and residual P. Results indicated that Fe-P was the dominant active inorganic P in the soils while residual P was the dominant inactive inorganic-P in most of the soils. In the pot experiment, application of poultry manure significantly increased organic P in the soils in the first growth cycle, but decreased slightly in second growth cycle. Highest and lowest (P ≤ 0.05) organic P values were observed in soil samples from Ayetoro and Odeda, respectively. In the pot experiment, application of PM reduced P fixation and occluded P fraction in the soils. There was general increase in available P in most of the soils considered despite increase or decrease in other forms of P. Poultry manure reduced the fixation of P and release of occluded phosphorus. Generally, Poultry manure significantly improved soil P fractions and plant P tissue concentrations.     

Phosphorus characteristics correlate with soil fertility of albic luvisols

The information on phosphorus (P) characteristics of albic luvisols and their effect on plant P uptake is limited. Twelve soils representing typical albic luvisols were collected from farmland of four regions in northeast China, each with various levels of soil fertility. Phosphorus fractions, P adsorption and P supply capacity of the soils were analysed and were correlated with soil fertility and plant P nutrition. Total P in these soils ranged from 0.62–0.91 g kg^–1, and comprised 37–51% organic P, and 49–63% in inorganic forms among which the percentage of occluded P was the greatest, followed by Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P and loosely bound P was the lowest (<1%). Whereas the % of organic P was not clearly affected by fertility, the % of occluded P increased with fertility. By contrast, both % and contents of other P forms decreased with decreasing soil fertility. Soil P adsorption maxima calculated from Langmuir isotherm ranged from 484 to 912 mg kg^–1. Soils with low fertility had the strongest P adsorption, and those with medium fertility had the weakest in all collection regions. The supply capacity of P was positively related to soil fertility. Plant growth correlated positively with P forms with available P correlating best, followed by Fe-P and P supply capacity. Organic C correlated with available P, Fe-P, total P, Al-P and P supply capacity but not with organic P. The results suggest that though the albic luvisols contained high total P, they had low P availability, and P application is required for optimal crop production on these soils.     

土壤氮水交互对马尾松和杉木COS和CO2通量的影响

羰基硫(COS)和CO_2化学结构相似,且植物对COS和CO_2具有共吸收特性,因此可利用COS作为示踪物来估算生态系统总初级生产力,而不同植物吸收COS和CO_2对环境因子变化的响应差异较大。以南亚热带典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为研究对象,设置2个氮水平及3个土壤水分梯度处理。采取顶空套袋法采集气体样品,用预浓缩—气质联用仪分析样品COS浓度,同时测量植物光合参数。结果表明:马尾松和杉木吸收COS,吸收速率均值分别为39.58—127.27 pmol m~(-2) s~(-1)和0.81—66.92 pmol m~(-2) s~(-1)。整体而言,施氮可促进植物吸收COS,但除施氮对马尾松COS通量有显著影响外(P0.05),施氮、土壤水分和两者交互作用对马尾松和杉木的COS和CO_2通量及其比值均无显著性影响。施氮情况下,高土壤水分处理促进马尾松COS吸收而低土壤水分处理促进杉木COS吸收。中等土壤水分和高土壤水分条件下马尾松和杉木COS通量与气孔导度呈正相关关系。线性拟合结果表明,植物COS通量(F_(COS))与CO_2通量(F_(CO_2))呈极显著正相关(P0.01),马尾松和杉木F_(COS)/F_(CO_2)值分别为1.48×10~(-6)和1.01×10~(-6)。中等土壤水分条件均可提高马尾松F_(COS)/F_(CO_2)比值,而低土壤水分条件下施氮增加杉木F_(COS)/F_(CO_2)比值,高土壤水分条件下施氮降低杉木F_(COS)/F_(CO_2)比值。低土壤水分和高土壤水分使马尾松蒸汽压亏缺增大,促使气孔导度减小从而降低净光合速率。低土壤水分和高土壤水分下施氮导致杉木气孔导度增加从而增强净光合速率。研究结果不仅对进一步了解区域氮沉降和降水对树木COS通量及F_(COS)/F_(CO_2)的影响有重要意义,而且可为模型估算总初级生产力提供区域性数据支持。