文化景观维护视野下德国历史性文化景观的两种方法论： 清单盘点与空间区划

中欧国家当前面临诸多发展问题,诸如地区差异化、农业土地面积矛盾加剧、高密度区域土壤退化及多样性丧失等,引发了学术界的关注。从20世纪90年代开始,德语背景下的 “文化景观维护”概念建立。利用历史地理学、考古学与遗产保护学以及空间与区域规划等学科的综合方法,对国土和区域空间内的文化景观进行分析和研究。文化景观维护概念以“永恒的圆环”理论模型体现,并分为分析与评价、保护与阐释、规划与管理3个主要步骤。基于此基本概念,文化景观维护大致分为2个研究方法范本：清单盘点与空间区划。范本一：历史性文化景观的对象清单盘点,就是对一定的限定区域内的文化景观要素和结构的系统化收集分类和评价方法。又分两种不同类型： Gunzelmann的复杂型“历史性文化景观”的分析法与Burggraaff和Kleefeld的 “文化景观物质分析”法。范本二：文化景观的区域化,旨在从专家角度对历史性文化景观进行标记、注释、分类和简要的特征化。又细分为类型化和个性化2个类型,并结合案例说明。最后指出：对两种研究方法的应用,不仅要客观地分析各种因素,而且还要考证在特定政治背景下的适用性。     

文化景观作为区域景观研究概念——德国图林根州文化景观研究、教学与规划实践

近20 年来,对风景园林的文化阐释成为埃尔夫特应用科技大学文化景观研究组持续以来的关注焦点。期间,该研究组系统地分析了决定图林根州文化景观的各种文化因素和要素,深入了解文化和自然环境中的复杂相互作用,以此来表述和研究图林根州的区域景观系统。首先,阐述了当下德国风景园林学术语境中“文化景观”的含义,强调文化对于景观质量的价值。继而,论述了对景观进行优化、保护和设计中无法否定和回避的文化与经济因素。这样既要发展经济又要保护文化的矛盾性质,是文化景观概念所理解的人类生存的重要性质所在。文化景观研究能够在看似统一的地理区域中,形成和发展为具有可识别性的、差异化的动态结构。此外,文化景观研究还涉及其他因素,诸如生物多样性与文化多样性的丧失、生态系统服务功能滞后、经济价值的低估、国土空间连接性以及缺少实质性评价的人文特征。对历史性文化景观价值的认知给风景园林学带来了机遇,对历史景观不仅要保护,而且要创造并提供各种富有成效的展示,以参与文化景观的未来发展。维护和整合风景园林规划设计中文化景观遗产的研究实践,可以通过基础设施项目的环境影响评估到建成区的景观设计整体过程中得以贯彻。更好地理解文化景观,有助于在空间规划和发展中对其更加谨慎地进行处理,以提高文化景观研究的科学和策略意识。     

2001年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试(生物学部分)

本试卷分第 卷 (选择题 )和第 卷 (非选择题 )两部分 ,满分 30 0分 ,考试时间 15 0 min(说明 :题号是原试卷中的号。)第 卷 ( 选择题共 144分 )本卷共 2 4题 ,每题 6分 ,共 144分。在下列各题的4个选项中 ,只有 1个选项是符合题目要求的。2 .运动员在进行不同项目运动时 ,机体供能方式不同。对 3种运动项目的机体总需氧量、实际摄入氧量和血液中乳酸增加量进行测定 ,结果如下 :运动项目总需氧量 (L)实际摄入氧量 (L)血液乳酸增加量马拉松跑 60 0 589略有增加4 0 0 m跑 162显著增加10 0 m跑 80未见增加　　根据以上资料分析马拉松跑、4 0…     

富有开创性的文化景观研究力作——评李加林教授等著《浙江海洋文化景观研究》

文化景观是人类文化与自然景观相互作用的结果,是在任何特定时间内形成某地基本特征的自然和人文因素的复合体。随着文化景观概念的提出及文化景观被列为联合国教科文组织和世界遗产委员会世界遗产类型,研究文化景观资源的形成、     

浙江严子陵钓台文化景观变迁探析

严子陵钓台是中国隐士文化景观的重要组成部分。通过文献整理,现场调研等研究方法,探索严子陵钓台历史变迁,共分为形成之初、繁荣发展、明清与近代发展3个时期。并且以钓台测绘图为基础,结合古籍文献对盛期钓台进行复原。在此基础上,从山水形胜、文人活动、景面文心3个方面分析了严子陵钓台的景观形成与特征。为严子陵钓台文化景观的保护提供参考,也为同类型文化景观的研究工作提供了一种研究思路。     

利用紧缩线性模型和贝叶斯模型对猪总产仔数和产活仔数性状的全基因组关联研究

全基因组关联分析策略已逐渐成为家畜重要经济性状研究的强有力工具。文章使用猪60K SNP芯片对一个具多胎繁殖性状记录的商业母猪群(n=820)进行分型检测,共计57 814个SNP通过设定质控标准。主成分分析显示群体内不存在显著的群体分层现象,而后分别运用两种统计模型Compressed Mixed Linear Model(GAPIT程序包)、Bayes CPi(GenSel软件)进行第1和第2胎次总产仔数和产活仔数性状的全基因组关联分析。从两种分析方法所得结果中各取最显著的50个SNP位点进行比较:对于第1胎次总产仔数,两种方法分析结果存在31个重合SNP位点,对于第1胎次产活仔数,有20个重合SNP位点;且两种统计分析结果中最显著的SNP位点都在另一方法中得到验证。与第1胎次总产仔数显著关联的SNP位于1、2、3、7、13、16和18号染色体,与第1胎次产活仔数显著关联的SNP位于1、3、4、13和16号染色体上的11个区域内。在1、3、13和16染色体上共有5个区域同时与这两个性状显著关联。与第2胎次总产仔数和产活仔数显著关联的区域主要位于7、10、12、13、14和16号染色体的6个重叠区域内。     

玉米优异早熟种质单330开花相关性状的QTL分析

玉米开花相关性状与玉米的成熟期和产量有密切的联系。通过对玉米CN165×单330(早熟种质)群体的130个F2:3家系开花相关性状在3个环境下进行分子鉴定和数量性状位点(QTL)分析,结果表明,在3个环境中检测到控制抽雄天数的10个QTL,分别位于第2、3、4、5、7、8染色体上,在第8染色体上同一区域在3种环境下都检测到了QTL;检测到控制散粉天数的10个QTL,分别位于第1、2、3、5、7、8染色体上,在第8染色体上同一区域在2种环境下都检测到了QTL;检测到控制吐丝天数的4个QTL,分别位于第4、5、8染色体上,在第8染色体不同环境下都检测到了2个QTL;仅仅在一个环境中检测到控制ASI的2个QTL,分别位于第6、9染色体上。这些QTL的基因效应以部分显性和超显性为主。研究表明,第8染色体上ph i060-um c2401区域(8.03~8.04)是一个研究开花相关性状的重要基因组区段,涉及到的标记可以作为分子标记辅助选择的重要候选标记。     

扩增青霉钙调蛋白基因部分区域的引物设计

在本研究中,基于某些模型生物的钙调蛋白氨基酸序列及其基因序列,一套用于扩增其部分区域的PCR引物被设计出来。为了与传统分类方法相整合,基因组DNA的提取及扩增的方法均得到了改进和优化。用这套引物和方法,在青霉的钙调蛋白基因中从编码第9个氨基酸---谷氨酰胺(Gln)的密码子的第3个核苷酸到编码第122个氨基酸---缬氨酸(Val)的密码子的第3个核苷酸被成功扩增出来。这个区段包含了青霉钙调蛋白基因第2和第5外元(exon)的部分序列和全部三个内元 (intron) 序列约600bp左右,可直接进行双向直通测序,非常适用于青霉的种系学研究。     

玉米雄穗分枝数与主轴长的QTL鉴定

在包含103个SSR标记的连锁图谱基础上, 运用复合区间作图法检测玉米组合(N87-1×9526 )F3家系在正常与干旱胁迫环境下的雄穗分枝数与主轴长性状QTL。雄穗分枝数在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL座位, 分别位于第5和7连锁群上; 在胁迫环境下被检测到4个QTL座位分别位于 2、5、7和10连锁群上, 其中位于第5和7连锁群上的QTL不仅具有一致性而且与本作图群体中曾检测到的耐旱相关性状QTL存在连锁。雄穗主轴长在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL位于第2和第6连锁群上, 在干旱胁迫环境下被检测到了3个QTL分别于第2、4和10连锁群上, 其中位于第2染色体上的QTL是两种环境下所共同检测到的QTL。分析QTL的遗传作用方式表明, 雄穗分枝数以部分加性效应为主, 而雄主轴长全部表现为显性和超显性。     

国家重点研发计划“现代食品加工及粮食收储运技术与装备”专项解析

国家重点研发计划“现代食品加工及粮食收储运技术与装备”是国家科技计划管理改革后首批启动的重点专项之一,从2016年起分3批部署了44个项目,投入中央财政资金11.63亿元。本文简要介绍了专项设立背景、研究基础、总体目标及项目设置,分析了承担单位立项数量及经费总量、承担单位地域分布以及项目主持人年龄特点等情况,建议优化专项立项流程,发挥第三方机构桥梁作用以及落实科技报告制度等完善专项组织实施的对策建议,为后续的科学管理提供参考。     

Assessment and illustration of cultural ecosystem services at the local scale – A retrospective trend analysis

There is a need to develop non-monetary methods for the assessment of cultural ecosystem services, in order to integrate them into the ES framework in a more balanced way. With this in mind, an adequate and comprehensive indicator base and mapping methods are required to communicate and discuss cultural ecosystem services, for it to be understood holistically. Referring to land use changes as an important driver for ES changes, we demonstrate the analysis of cultural ecosystem services trends, in a retrospective, as a supporting tool to better understand social and natural interactions as drivers behind land use changes, which are reflected in the landscape scene. There are two main outcomes of this study: (1) first, we developed and tested a catalogue of indicators as an approach to evaluate cultural ecosystem services trends at the local scale and (2) we established a mapping method for cultural ecosystem services trends in parallel with land use changes. This we did following the example of the afforestation processes which had taken place since the 19th century in the suburban area of Göttingen (Lower Saxony/Germany), called Hainberg. Our main conclusion is that cultural ecosystem services trends can indicate the reasons and drivers for land use changes that can be beneficial to forest/landscape management issues by means of the restoration of lost services. The proposed assessment method can be integrated into the development of future landscape plans, e.g. by providing information on historical guiding principles.     

文化景观视角下的历史性城市景观

历史性城市景观是遗产保护领域近十几年来提出的新概念,关于其学术意义的讨论也层出不穷。从文化景观所蕴含的时空过程的学术视角着眼,分别梳理了文化景观的学术脉络与遗产领域中的文化景观和历史性城市景观的实践发展历程,指出历史性城市景观并没有超出文化景观的学术范畴,而遗产领域当前面临的很多问题都与对文化景观学术内涵的认知缺陷有关。只有充分借鉴和吸收文化景观的学术成果,才能真正有效地应对世界遗产实践过程中复杂变化的人地关系等挑战。     

景观生态学在土地整治中的应用研究进展

在土地整治中融入景观生态学理念是推动土地整治生态建设的必然要求。阐述了土地整治中的景观生态学原理,分析了相关文献变化和研究重点,总结了中国土地整治中的景观生态学研究现状,提出了土地整治中的景观生态学研究展望:(1)重视土地整治中景观生态学的基础理论研究,构建土地整治的景观生态学理论与技术体系;(2)加强土地整治的景观动态与生态效应机制研究,建立适用土地整治景观生态影响的方法和模型;(3)强化土地整治的多尺度和长序列景观生态研究,揭示土地整治过程中的尺度效应和多尺度耦合机制;(4)加强土地整治中多种生态系统服务的集成与优化,强化用于指导土地整治生态规划设计与管理工作,以期为深化土地整治中的景观生态学研究提供借鉴和启示。     

An ontology for landscapes

As ecological data increases in breadth, depth, and complexity, the discipline of ecology is increasingly influenced by information science. While this influence provides many opportunities for ecologists, it also necessitates a change in how we manage and share data, and perhaps more fundamentally, define concepts in ecology. Specifically, the information technology process of automated data integration entirely depends upon consistent concept definition. A common tool used in computer science and engineering to specify meanings, which is both novel and offers significant potential to ecology, is an ontology. An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge in which concepts are described by their meaning and their relationship to each other. Ontologies are a tool that can be used to ‘explicitly specify a concept’ (Gruber, 1993) and this approach is uncommon in ecology. In this paper, we develop an ontology for the concept of ‘landscape’ that captures the most general definitions and usages of this term. We selected the concept of landscape because it is often used in very different ways by investigators and hence generates linguistic uncertainty. A graphic theoretic (i.e., visual) model is provided which describes the set of structuring rules we used to define the relationships between ‘landscape’ and appropriately related terms. Based upon these rules, a landscape necessarily contains a spatial component (i.e., area), structure and function (i.e., ecosystems), and is scale independent. This approach provides the set of necessary conditions for landscape studies to reduce linguistic uncertainty, and facilitate interoperability of data, i.e., in a manner that promotes data linkages and quantitative synthesis particularly by automatic data synthesis programs that are likely to become an important part of ecology in the future. Simply put, we use an ontology, a technique novel to ecology but not other disciplines, to define ‘landscape,’ thereby clearly delineating one subset of its potential general usage. As such this ontology can serve as both a checklist for landscape studies and a blueprint for additional ecological ontologies.     

Lectin-based structural glycomics: Glycoproteomics and glycan profiling

Structural glycomics (SG) plays a fundamental part of concurrent glycobiology aiming at comprehensive elucidation of glycan functions ( i.e. , functional glycomics) in the context of post-genome sciences. The SG project started in April 2003 and will continue for 3 years in the framework of NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Organization) under the METI (the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry), Japan. The main purpose of the project is the development of high-throughput and robust machines, which should greatly contribute to the structural analysis of complex glycans. In this chapter, 2 major research items, i.e. , (1) glycoproteomics, which enables comprehensive analysis of glycoproteins, and (2) "glycan profiling" by means of lectins, are described. For the latter, frontal affinity chromatography has been adopted as a starting tool for comprehensive analysis of the interaction of 100 lectins and 100 oligosaccharides under the concept of "hect-by-hect," which refers to 100 x 100.     

Clean and Green: Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Models in a Philippine Community

This article demonstrates how the study of indigenous knowledge can be enhanced by paying attention to the forms in which this knowledge is organized and the way it is embedded in a wider cultural matrix. The empirical setting is a community of small-scale farmers on the Philippine island of Bohol, where much agricultural knowledge is organized in a cultural model built around a concept of cleanliness. The main part of the article is concerned with analyzing this symbolic model of cleanliness. I examine how it is applied within agriculture as well as in other domains; its esthetic, moral and practical dimensions; and how it can be said to embody a particular vision of the nature-culture opposition. In conclusion, I suggest that the cultural models approach may also facilitate the analysis of how indigenous knowledge changes over time.     

山地视觉景观的GIS评价--以广东南昆山国家森林公园为例

视觉景观评价是指某一特定区域具有视觉价值的景观的量化评价。山地是旅游开发的重要区域,山地景观是山地资源价值和山地生态环境的重要体现之一。以广东南昆山为例,将视野总面积、水域空阔度、景观层作为七仙湖环湖地区视觉景观评价的三大因子。以基础地理数据结合DEM作为数据基础,借助ArcGIS软件作为具体实现平台,设计景观层分析和视通性分析模型,对最佳坡度、最佳坡向、水文、交通条件叠加分析后过滤的62个样地进行视觉景观定量分析,确定评价标准,最后得到8号、23号、50号、55号样地较其他样地在整体视野\,能见水域开阔和景观层次有明显优势。以此验证了将GIS空间分析技术应用于视觉景观评价的可行性,并为旅游观景点与度假村开发提供了科学依据。     

Automatic Fortran to C++ conversion with FABLE

Background

In scientific computing, Fortran was the dominant implementation language throughout most of the second part of the 20th century. The many tools accumulated during this time have been difficult to integrate with modern software, which is now dominated by object-oriented languages.

Results

Driven by the requirements of a large-scale scientific software project, we have developed a Fortran to C++ source-to-source conversion tool named FABLE. This enables the continued development of new methods even while switching languages. We report the application of FABLE in three major projects and present detailed comparisons of Fortran and C++ runtime performances.

Conclusions

Our experience suggests that most Fortran 77 codes can be converted with an effort that is minor (measured in days) compared to the original development time (often measured in years). With FABLE it is possible to reuse and evolve legacy work in modern object-oriented environments, in a portable and maintainable way. FABLE is available under a nonrestrictive open source license. In FABLE the analysis of the Fortran sources is separated from the generation of the C++ sources. Therefore parts of FABLE could be reused for other target languages.     

WHEN: A Conversation about Culture

For decades now culture has been a topic anthropologists argue about: WHAT it does or does not mean, IF it should or should not constitute a central concept of the discipline. This essay steps outside these arguments to rephrase the issue and our approach to it. It explores WHEN it makes sense to use the cultural concept: Should we proceed inductively or deductively in constructing connections between the concept and our data? And instead of assertions by one author, it utilizes a debate format to collectively raise possibilities to ponder, [culture, induction, deduction, anthropological analysis]     

Stories Remote Sensing Images Can Tell: Integrating Remote Sensing Analysis with Ethnographic Research in the Study of Cultural Landscapes

Although remote sensing techniques have become important methodologies in geographical studies, their quantitative tradition and empirical strength have discouraged their use in ethnographically based research of cultural landscapes. Using Uxin Ju of Inner Mongolia in China as a case study, this paper, adopting the approach of mixed methods, explores the integration of remote sensing techniques with ethnographic research in the study of cultural landscapes. In particular, it examines how remote sensing techniques, combined with ethnographic methods, can contribute to the study of cultural change and human perceptions as they relate to the landscape. Remote sensing analysis offers additional stories about changes in the landscape–stories not told by interviewees, or stories that supplement the account of interviewees. These stories provide important insights into cultural change and culture–landscape relationships. Through this case study, I argue that remote sensing techniques can greatly enhance ethnographic research in the study of cultural landscapes.