生物双重显微结构三维重建图象显示及畸变补偿方法

本文介绍计算机三维重建技术的两个进展:双重显微结构三维重建图象的显示技术及三维重建图象显示畸变的补偿方法。 1.生物双重显微结构的三维显示方法 有些生物的神经核团具有双重结构,例如蛤蚧的中脑峡核,它由大细胞部(Imc)和小细胞部(Ipc)两部分组成,仅Imc与视觉有关,Ipc似乎既无视觉功能也无听觉功能。但Imc与Ipc紧挨着,且有部分结构交迭在     

啤酒发酵罐结构与设计分析综述

本文对啤酒发酵罐的组成进行了简要介绍,并阐述了啤酒发酵罐的设计方法,在探究一些啤酒发酵罐的新型优化技术的同时,对啤酒发酵罐设计的未来发展趋势做了展望。     

快速成型技术在心血管疾病诊治中的应用进展

快速成型技术是近年来倍受学术界和制造业关注的一种先进成型制造技术,它在医学上已得到广泛应用.通过对医学计算机断层扫描(CT)图象的三维重建将患者的患病组织重建成数字模型,进而利用快速成型技术加工制造成患者的患病组织物理模型,以满足医学上的不同需要.本文对快速成型技术在心血管疾病中的应用进行综述,介绍其在先天性室间隔缺损、多重房间隔缺损、人工生物二尖瓣瓣周漏及胸主动脉假性动脉瘤等疾病中的应用,并对该技术的发展进行了展望.     

计算机三维重建华虻复眼性特异小网膜细胞结构

本文在计算机三维重建的基础上讨论了华虻复眼小网膜性特异结构与功能的关系,三维模型展示了中央小网膜细胞和部分外周小网膜细胞的空间构型及相互关系.在生物组织连续切片三维重建的对位技术方面,摸索了一套方法.保证了在Cromemco微机系统上实现对华虻复眼小网膜细胞的三维重建.证实了复眼光感受器性特化区R_7和R_8为并行排列的形式,并与非性特化区的R_7、R_8进行了比较.     

鸽峡核的计算机三维重建

本文采用灰度阴影法,在Cromemco微机系统上对家鸽(Columba livia)的次级视觉中枢——中脑峡核(NI)进行了计算机三维重建.通过使重建NI绕空间轴转动,以及用软件对其剖切,展示出峡核大细胞部(Imc)和小细胞部(IPc)的空间构型和相互关系.在三维重建的基础上测量了它们的尺寸和体积.讨论了三维重建、软件剖切和定量测量对组织解剖学的意义.     

电镜原位分子杂交技术及其应用

原位分子杂交技术应用于电镜水平,观察标记的特定DNA、mRNA和RHA在细胞和/或组织内的超微结构定位的方法,称为电镜原位分子杂交技术。本文综述了电镜原位分子杂交技术的建立及其分类,并详细介绍了非放射性电镜原位分子杂交技术的基本操作程序及注意事项,最后对电镜原位分子杂交技术的应用做了简要介绍。     

小鼠海马锥体细胞树突棘形态的电镜三维重建

大多数神经元的复杂三维结构是很难直接观察的。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术结合染料标记技术可以重建神经元的三维形态,但精细结构的识别需要电子显微镜。利用透射电子显微镜技术,可以得到连续超薄组织切片的高分辨率图像,结合计算机支持的三维重建技术就可进一步获得神经细胞精细结构的三维信息。通过电镜三维重建技术对未成熟和成熟小鼠海马锥体细胞树突棘的形态进行了观察和分析,并对其关键步骤的操作技巧进行了重点说明。实验结果为进一步利用成像技术研究树突棘的结构、功能和可塑性提供了重要信息。     

生物多样性信息系统建设的现状及CBIS简介

为了实现生物多样性保护和持续利用,履行《生物多样性公约》,各国政府及组织建立了大量的生物多样性信息（数据库）系统,为保护和利用的决策提供科学的支持。信息技术特别是计算机网络的发展为生物多样性信息系统的建设提供了强有力的工具和基础,使全球化的信息共享成为可能。本文简要介绍了国际上几个著名的生物多样性信息系统的建设目的、内容、现状和特点,并对国内生物多样性信息系统建设的代表——中国生物多样性信息系统（CBIS）做了介绍。     

东亚飞蝗脑的形态学观察及三维重建

本文主要研究东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilansis(Meyen)脑部的形态结构及其三维重建模型。采用石蜡包埋切片,在光镜下观察了东亚飞蝗脑部的形态结构,其由前脑、中脑和后脑3部分组成。为了获得整只蝗虫的连续、完整的图像数据集,采用冰冻切片技术将冰冻包埋剂(OCT)包埋的飞蝗成虫做连续切片。然后利用图像处理方法对飞蝗脑部的连续切片进行配准、分割,再用三维重建软件Image-Pro Plus(IPP)对分割后的脑部二维图像序列进行三维重建,构建出的飞蝗脑部三维结构模型可以任意旋转,能从不同角度观察。其结果为蝗虫生理和防蝗治蝗提供科学依据。     

RNA干涉在纤毛虫中的研究进展

RNA干涉是dsRNA介导的基因沉默现象,本文简要介绍了其作用的机制和生物学意义,重点阐述了RNA干涉在原生动物纤毛虫中的发现与应用,比较了RNA干涉与纤毛虫大核基因组重排机理的异同,并对RNA干涉在纤毛虫中传输的技术途径-RNAi喂饲法的原理也做了详细的介绍。     

Laparoscopic techniques for biomedical research.

The techniques used for laparoscopic observation of reproductive systems in 23 species are described. The application of various techniques to biomedical research is examined, and the methods used for laparoscopic follicular aspiration and injection, as well as the techniques for uterine flushing collection from swine and nonhuman primates, and oviductal deposition of test solutions are described.     

Advanced methods for bioreactor characterization.

Bioreactors are characterized by the transport capacities they provide to optimally supply the microorganisms during production process. The transport is performed by flows induced in their cultivation media. In order to understand the extremely complex mixing, mass and heat transfer phenomena encountered, and to perceive their influences on bioreactor performance, sophisticated measuring techniques are required. This review compiles the developments currently in progress to surmount today's shortage of reliable measuring techniques. Measuring techniques are distinguished which can be used on different scales and their application spectra are illustrated by recently obtained results. Several new measuring techniques, which can be employed to resolve the flow structures, are discussed in detail. Only those techniques are considered which can be used to advantage during real cultivations in industrial-scale reactors.     

TOMOBFLOW: feature-preserving noise filtering for electron tomography

Background  

Noise filtering techniques are needed in electron tomography to allow proper interpretation of datasets. The standard linear filtering techniques are characterized by a tradeoff between the amount of reduced noise and the blurring of the features of interest. On the other hand, sophisticated anisotropic nonlinear filtering techniques allow noise reduction with good preservation of structures. However, these techniques are computationally intensive and are difficult to be tuned to the problem at hand.     

噬菌体分离纯化技术研究进展*

噬菌体应用领域十分广泛,因此在制备噬菌体过程中,需采用不同的技术或几种技术相结合的方法来获得具有不同纯度的噬菌体制剂。常用的技术主要包括沉淀、过滤和离心。近年来,色谱技术、场流分流技术和电泳技术等的应用,为制备噬菌体制剂提供了新的方向。     

Advances in molecular marker techniques and their applications in plant sciences

Detection and analysis of genetic variation can help us to understand the molecular basis of various biological phenomena in plants. Since the entire plant kingdom cannot be covered under sequencing projects, molecular markers and their correlation to phenotypes provide us with requisite landmarks for elucidation of genetic variation. Genetic or DNA based marker techniques such as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), SSR (simple sequence repeats) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) are routinely being used in ecological, evolutionary, taxonomical, phylogenic and genetic studies of plant sciences. These techniques are well established and their advantages as well as limitations have been realized. In recent years, a new class of advanced techniques has emerged, primarily derived from combination of earlier basic techniques. Advanced marker techniques tend to amalgamate advantageous features of several basic techniques. The newer methods also incorporate modifications in the methodology of basic techniques to increase the sensitivity and resolution to detect genetic discontinuity and distinctiveness. The advanced marker techniques also utilize newer class of DNA elements such as retrotransposons, mitochondrial and chloroplast based microsatellites, thereby revealing genetic variation through increased genome coverage. Techniques such as RAPD and AFLP are also being applied to cDNA-based templates to study patterns of gene expression and uncover the genetic basis of biological responses. The review details account of techniques used in identification of markers and their applicability in plant sciences.     

rRNA技术及其在分子微生物生态上的应用

传统的基于微生物培养与纯种分离的技术所具有的局限性,以及分子生物学及其有关技术的长足进展,使微生物生态学的研究进入了分子的阶段.其中rRNA技术的建立、发展及其成功应用,为分子微生物生态和微生物系统分类学的研究掀开了崭新的一页.对rRNA分子技术的研究进展、以之为基础的主要方法及其在环境微生物研究中的应用,以及应用过程中所存在的一些潜在问题及其解决办法等作了详细综述.     

Short-scar breast reduction: why all the fuss?

The breast can be considered conceptually as a cone. This article compares and contrasts short-scar breast reduction techniques with inverted T techniques using the cone model. Four issues are examined-the base of the breast, breast projection, the inframammary fold, and the pedicle. The short-scar techniques focus on reshaping the breast parenchyma, and skin redraping occurs secondarily. Application of this model suggests that these techniques have the advantage of better projection and greater longevity. These techniques seldom give a square shape and are better at dealing with upper pole deficiency. However, the ability of the skin to redrape is the limiting factor; hence, results are less predictable with large-volume breast reductions. The emphasis of this article is on increasing the understanding of the mechanics of breast reduction. It is this factor that will enable appropriate selection of a particular technique.     

Application of "robust" methods to the analysis of collaborative trial data using bacterial colony counts

We describe techniques for the application of two methods, robust to the presence of "outliers", to the hierarchical analysis of variance of bacterial count data from collaborative trials. The techniques are tested against both artificially-generated data with known distributional parameters and actual trial results containing outliers. The relative merits of the robust methods are discussed in comparison with conventional ANOVA techniques.     

真菌系统学中的重要技术与方法的最新进展

本文对于真菌系统学中的重要技术与方法的最新进展进行了综合性评论,其中涉及到电子显微镜、染色技术、次生代谢产物、酶、血清学、细胞壁糖类、脂肪酸及酿类、染色体及核酸、以及数量分类等技术.作者讨论了这些新技术与新方法的现状与展望,并认为今后在真菌系统研究中多种学科之间的结合与国际之间的合作研究将具有特别重要的意义.     

Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent assays as innovative prospects for mycotoxin determination in food and feed.

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feedstuffs is among the top priorities for human and animal safety. The currently used techniques for mycotoxin determination, either chromatography or ELISA, are unsuitable for routine in-field assessment. There is an urgent need for other accurate, simple and cost-effective techniques that can be used as a screening tool for a rapid estimation of mycotoxin contamination in commodity lots. This paper reviews the literature on the use of chemiluminescence (CL) and bioluminescence (BL) assays for direct or indirect mycotoxin assessment. The chemiluminescence immunoassays, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and bioassays are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. These techniques used in food testing and the pharmaceutical industry offer promise as rapid techniques for mycotoxin determination. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence bioassays are the most innovative alternatives to the conventional techniques used for mycotoxin determination in food and feed.