不同生境下蓝桉的木材解剖研究

用光镜及扫描电镜对不同生境下的蓝桉（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｇｌｏｂｕｌｕｓ Ｌａｂｉｌｌ．）木材结构进行了解剖学观察,描述了木材结构特征。以蓝桉木材的１１ 个主要特征——导管频率、单孔率、导管直径、导管分子长度、管胞长度和直径、纤维管胞长度和直径、纤维长度、射线频率和高度为指标,对生长在不同生境下的蓝桉进行比较发现：随着纬度的增加,生长轮变化不明显;木材中大部分组成分子的数量特征,除导管频率有降低趋势外均与纬度成正相关。评述了年降雨量对蓝桉木材结构的影响     

Studies on Wood Anatomy of Eucalyptus globulus Under Different Habitats

Wood anatomy of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. under different habitats was comparatively studied under light and scanning electron microscope. According to the eleven major quantitative perimeters of wood characteristics of E. globulus viz: vessel frequency, percentage of solitary vessels, vessel diameter, vessel member length; tracheid length and diameter; fibre tracheid length and diameter; libriform fibre length; ray frequency and ray height, the plants under different habitats have been made a comparison. The results showed that growth ring was indistinct, and there was a positive correlation between the quantitative characters of most wood constituent members were positively correlated with the latitude except for some of vessel frequency decreased. The decrease in effects of annual rainfall on the structure of the wood of E. glotrulus were evaluated.     

安徽黄山华中五味子次生木质部的生态解剖

对安徽黄山海拔420～1840m的华中五味子茎的次生木质部进行了生态解剖学研究。结果表明,茎的次生木质部为散孔材,导管分子长741.7～1025.2μm,直径为152.4～191.9μm;导管频率60.6～70.2mm-2。纤维管胞长925.2～1046.3μm;木射线类型为异形ⅡA和ⅡB,单列射线高682.1～778.4μm,多列射线高度为1093～1208μm,多列射线宽63.6～92.6μm,射线频率9.2～12.8mm-1。次生木质部解剖特征随异质生境而表现出一定的可塑性,其中,多列射线宽、射线频率、导管分子长度、导管直径等性状的可塑性较大。多重回归分析表明,水分和温度是影响华中五味子次生木质部解剖特征的主导因子。随着空气相对湿度的增加,导管分子长度和直径均增大,射线频率减小。随着降雨量的增加,纤维长度增加。随着最冷月温度的增加,导管频率增加,多列射线宽度减小。随着年较差的增加,单列射线和多列射线高度均减小。     

Ecological Wood Anatomy of Avicennia marina

The soil physicochemical indexes including edaphic pH values, edaphic salinity and soil nutrient indexes were determined in 8 Avicennia marina populations located in national nature reserve of Shenzhen of Guangzhou Province. The morphological characters in secondary xylem of Amarina populations corresponding to soil sampling which represented different habitats were surveyed by means of light microscopy and electronic microscopy. Some common specialized wood structures in Amarina growing in different habitais can be observed which suggest they function as safely conducting water under high negative pressure and are thus adaptive to intertidal habitats．These characteristics include the occurrence of: (1) some fibriform vessel elements; (2) vessel vestures and helical structures on vessel walls; (3) parenchyma cells contain lots of starch grains;(4) included phloem. Soil organic matter and soil total salt have significant effect on quantitative wood anatomical features by the stepwise regression analysis.With the increase of soil salinity and soil organic matter content which suggest occurrence of more and more serious “physiological drought”, Amarina is characterized by a higher porosity.and double thickness of vessel wall making contact with an adjacent vessel. The trends inferred that variations in the quantitative wood anatomical features of Amarina growing at different sites are adaptive to heterogenous habitats in the intertidal areas.     

秋茄次生木质部的生态解剖学研究

为了探讨秋茄(Kandelia obovata Sheue et al.)次生木质部的形态解剖和数量解剖特征变化对不同红树林生境的生态适应意义,采用光学显微镜(LM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对深圳福田红树林自然保护区内7个秋茄种群的次生木质部解剖特征进行观测,并对种群样地的土壤盐分含量、pH值和土壤养分含量进行测定。结果显示,(1)7个秋茄种群的次生木质部具有一些共同形态解剖特征:具纤维状导管和环管管胞;许多导管壁的微观结构(如管壁附物、穿孔板附物和螺旋雕纹等)有利于提高水分输导的高效性和安全性,以适应潮间带生境;(2)应用逐步回归分析法对秋茄次生木质部数量解剖特征和土壤理化因子的关系进行分析发现,随着土壤Na+、土壤全盐量增高,秋茄次生木质部导管分子趋向于"大型化"。"大型化"导管有利于水分输导,但降低了安全性。在土壤盐离子含量越高、秋茄导管分子越大其水分输导安全性越低的情况下,推测可能有其它机制保证秋茄导管水分输导的安全性。     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭木射线径向运输特征研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠地区优势植物种梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）为试验材料,通过观察测定不同树龄、不同季节梭梭木质部解剖结构,计算梭梭木质部非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）及其组分的径向运输速率,分析NSC运输特征与木质部射线和导管解剖结构之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）随着树龄的增加,梭梭导管和射线解剖特征均表现出增加趋势;5月梭梭导管长度和导管直径高于其他季节,10月梭梭射线高度、射线宽度和射线细胞壁厚度均高于其他季节。（2）梭梭木质部NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉的径向运输速率随树龄增长呈显著递增趋势,但13年生与18年生树龄间的NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉的径向运输速率差异不显著。（3）5月和10月的梭梭木质部NSC径向运输速率显著高于7月（P<0.05）;可溶性糖径向运输速率表现为5月最高、7月最低;淀粉径向运输速率从5月到10月呈显著递减趋势。（4）相关分析结果显示,可溶性糖径向运输速率与导管长度（P＜0.05）、导管直径和射线高度呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）;淀粉径向运输速率与导管长度、导管直径间呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）;NSC径向运输速率与导管直径、射线高度间呈极显著正相关关系。研究认为,梭梭木质部径向运输功能与木射线和导管解剖结构有关,且呈明显季节动态变化。     

海桑次生木质部导管解剖特征与土壤理化因子年内动态变化的关系研究

为揭示海桑次生木质部导管解剖特征随土壤理化因子年内动态变动而变化的适应机制,该研究利用海桑具有生长轮的特点,通过显微技术界定了海桑采样枝条一年内10个不同连续时间段形成的新"生长层"(新形成的次生木质部),观测了10个不同连续时间段新"生长层"的导管解剖特征,并对10个新"生长层"形成阶段所对应的土壤理化因子数量特征进行了测定,用逐步回归法分析了10个不同连续时间段海桑新"生长层"管孔数量解剖特征与对应土壤理化因子数量特征之间的关系。结果显示:(1)10个不同连续时间段海桑形成新"生长层"管孔数量特征指标,除相邻管孔间接触壁长占比无显著差异外,其他8项指标包括管孔径向直径、管孔弦向直径、导管壁厚、导管长度、管孔密度、单孔率、导管聚合度和相邻管孔间接触壁长等均具有显著差异(P0.05);多重比较显示,10个不同连续时间段海桑形成新"生长层"管孔数量特征8项指标具不同程度的变动。(2)海桑新"生长层"形成阶段(10个不同连续时间段)土壤理化因子,包括土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量、土壤pH值和土壤全盐量等5项指标均具有显著差异(P0.05);多重比较显示,海桑新"生长层"形成阶段(10个不同连续时间段)土壤理化因子指标均具有不同程度变动。(3)10个不同连续时间段海桑形成新"生长层"的管孔数量解剖特征,与所对应新"生长层"形成阶段土壤理化因子数量特征的逐步回归分析表明,随着土壤全盐含量的升高,海桑导管弦向直径和导管聚合度同时呈显著增大趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,海桑在一年内不同连续时间段,随土壤全盐量增加,土壤渗透势将增大,水分在次生木质部导管中输导的安全性将下降,而海桑导管分子随一年内不同连续时间段土壤全盐量的增加呈增大趋势,根据木材生态解剖学的观点,水分输导的安全性将进一步降低,但导管聚合度随一年内不同连续时间段土壤全盐量的增加而增大,具有增进水分输导安全性的作用,这可能是海桑对土壤盐含量变化的生态适应策略。     

8种木本旱生植物的木质部解剖学特性研究

从生态学角度对8种旱生植物木材的次生木质部结构进行了对比研究.结果表明,8树种次生木质部结构的共同特点为:生长轮分界明显(霸王和四合木的年轮有时不连续),半环孔材,单穿孔,导管壁间纹孔互列,木纤维无横隔膜,联合傍管轴向薄壁组织丰富,导管壁上呈现螺纹加厚,都具有异型射线;它们主要差异在于射线和导管的数量化指标:四合木异型射线1~2列,霸王、白刺、沙冬青和胡枝子射线2~5列,柽柳、柠条和花棒大型射线4~10列;导管分子长度和纤维长度在树种间和同一树种个体间差异较明显.四合木和沙冬青导管频率较大,导管管孔较小,因此Vulnerability和Mesomorphy值也较小,更能适应干旱环境.     

The Secondary Xylem Anatomy of 6 Desert Plants of Caragana

The structures of secondary xylem of 6 species of Caragana, which grow in desert regions of Northwest of China, are described in details. The main quantitative characters are compared with species. And a key to the identification of wood structures of 6 species is given. The main similarities of secondary xylem of these 6 species are as follows: vessels per mm2 very numerous, percentage of multiple vessels high; vessel elements very short, perforations simple and in almost horizontal end walls; intervessel bordered pits alternate and vestured, and vessels with spiral thickenings. Libriform fibres are very short, and usually with thick end walls, and with simple pits. Rays are heigh to very low, and with multiseriate and uniseriate, and with heterogeneous type Ⅰ and Ⅱ. In addition, there are differences in other characters, e.g. vessel distribution, amount of axial parenchyma and distribution, ray frequency, crystals present or absent, and crystal distribution, if present. These differences can be used as the anatomical characters to identify the wood structures of the 6 species. In this article we also discuss the relation between the structure of xylem elements and the environmental influences.     

不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响

对生长在北纬23至32度的鹅掌楸（Liriodendron chinense Sarg.）的次生木质部进行了比较解剖学研究。观察的特征有：导管分子的长度、直径、壁厚、梯状穿孔板横闩的数目;导管密度、纤维长度、直径、壁厚;射线的高度、宽度,单列射线的比例,射线的密度等。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,管分子变短变细,壁变薄,梯状穿孔板的横闩数目减少;纤维也变短变线,壁变薄;木射线变敌变窄,单列射线的比例和射线密度增加。     

橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)幼茎木材的超微结构观察

橡胶树是中国重要的热带经济作物,橡胶种植的副产物橡胶木是我国木材供应的重要来源。我们以不同发育阶段的橡胶树幼茎木材为材料,借助扫描电子显微镜技术,对木质部细胞的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,在橡胶树幼茎木材中,导管和木纤维细胞壁随着木质部发育成熟会发生明显的次生加厚,加厚方式主要为螺纹加厚;木质部各类型细胞均存在大量纹孔,纹孔排列方式主要有散生、网状、梯状和单串状等类型;在木质部发育过程中,木射线和部分薄壁细胞中会逐渐积累大量淀粉粒;木质部细胞内壁及其填充物表面存在不同类型的附着物。研究结果将为橡胶木材材性及其形成机制的研究提供一定理论参考。     

不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响

对生长在北纬23至32度的鹅掌楸〖WTBX〗（Liriodendron chinense〖WTBZ〗 Sarg.）的次生木质部进行了比较解剖学研究。观察的特征有：导管分子的长度、直径、壁厚、梯状穿孔板横闩的数目;导管密度、纤维长度、直径、壁厚;射线的高度、宽度,单列射线的比例,射线的密度等。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,导管分子变短变细,壁变薄,梯状穿孔板的横闩数目减少;纤维也变短变细,壁变薄;木射线变矮变窄,单列射线的比例和射线密度增加。     

Comparative wood anatomy of epacrids (Styphelioideae,Ericaceae s.L.)

The wood anatomy of 16 of the 37 genera within the epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.) is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Several features in the secondary xylem occur consistently at the tribal level: arrangement of vessel-ray pits, distribution of axial parenchyma, ray width, and the presence and location of crystals. The primitive nature of Prionoteae and Archerieae is supported by the presence of scalariform perforation plates with many bars and scalariform to opposite vessel pitting. The wood structure of Oligarrheneae is similar to that of Styphelieae, but the very narrow vessel elements, exclusively uniseriate rays and the lack of prismatic crystals in Oligarrheneae distinguish these two tribes. The secondary xylem of Monotoca tamariscina indicates that it does not fit in Styphelieae; a position within Oligarrheneae is possible. Like most Cosmelieae, all Richeeae are characterized by exclusively scalariform perforation plates with many bars, a very high vessel density and paratracheal parenchyma, although they clearly differ in ray width (exclusively uniseriate rays in Cosmelieae vs. uniseriate and wide multiseriate rays in Richeeae). Several wood anatomical features confirm the inclusion of epacrids in Ericaceae s.l. Furthermore, there are significant ecological implications. The small vessel diameter and high vessel frequency in many epacrids are indicative of a high conductive safety to avoid embolism caused by freeze-thaw cycles, while the replacement of scalariform by simple vessel perforation plates and an increase in vessel diameter would suggest an increased conductive efficiency, which is especially found in mesic temperate or tropical Styphelieae.     

油松茎次生结构中树脂道的结构分布和发育的研究

油松茎的次生结构中树脂道存在于次生维管组织中。其中,次生木质部内具有水平的和垂直的两类树脂道,而次生韧皮部内则仅有水平的树脂道。两类树脂道都由上皮细胞和鞘细胞包围着胞间道构成,其中木质部内的树脂道具有死鞘细胞,而韧皮部中的则都系生活细胞。在心材中,垂直树脂道形成拟侵填体。在次生木质部内,垂直树脂道常分布于早材的外部区域和最初形成的晚材中,它们与水平树脂道连接,腔道贯通,从而形成二维网状结构。垂直树脂道来源于纺锤状原始细胞的衍生细胞,而水平树脂道来源于射线原始细胞,两者都以裂生方式发生。     

白檀茎次生木质部结构研究

研究白檀茎次生木质部结构研究,其为散孔材。射线为异形Ⅱ型射线,导管分子穿孔板为梯状穿孔板。另外还有纤维管胞。     

Anatomical Studies on Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem of Dipentodon sinicus

The anatomy of secondary xylem and secondary phloem in Dipentodon sinicus Dunn a precious and protected plant in China was studied, and compared with the wood anatomy of 8 other genera in Celastraceae. The main characteristics of this genus were described as follows: vessel members length were relatively long with scalariform perforations in oblique end walls, which were formed by 14 (9--28) bars. Intervessel pits possessed scalariform pattern. Libriform fibres and tracheid-fibres were septate. The sieve tube elements of the secondary phloem were relatively shorter, with simple sieve plates in the slightly inclined to almost horizontal end walls. There was no obvious boundary between the functional and non-functional phloem. In the Baileyan sense, the secondary xylem possessed a lower level of specialization, and displayed an obviously primitive and conservative character. In contrast, the secondary phloem possessed a higher level of specialization and displayed advanced characters. Therefore, the phylogenetic evolution between xylem and phloem was not synchronous in this genus. The result provided a novel pattern in the development of xylem and phloem structure which has not been noticed before.     

MORPHOGRAM: A NOVEL DIAGRAM TO ORGANIZE THE TRANSITIVE SECONDARY XYLEM ELEMENTS OF BASAL TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) INTERNODES

In the internodal secondary xylem of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Moneymaker) there are five main groups of secondary xylem elements which can be distinguished in wood macerates of basal internodes of the plant. Their top-frequency lengths are distinct: ray parenchyma cells (80 μm); fusiform parenchyma cells and strands (250 μm); vessel members (290 μm); tracheids (350 μm); and fibrous elements (590 μm), although there is overlap in length and morphology. The imperforate axial elements are strikingly diverse and morphologically intergrading, precluding ready classification according to traditional wood anatomical standards. In a novel, more appropriate, flexible categorization the variability in imperforate axial elements is depicted in a morphogram in which pit shape is plotted against cell length and cell morphology. This morphogram organizes the various elements without imposing an absolute classification. It is concluded that the appreciable variation in tomato wood samples results from developmental plasticity. The morphogram elucidates the extent and nature of element variation at the morphological level. Thus, it can be used to record developmental plasticity of wood tissues to assess interplant variation in wood tissue development, as well as intraplant plasticity.     

13种沙生植物纤维和导管分子长度变异的研究及木质部特征的定量研究

对13种沙生植物的纤维长和导管分子长度进行了测定分析, 二者的径向变异规律呈现上升,下降, 波动或恒定不变趋势。所选树种的平均纤维长度小于900 μm,属于较短纤维。所选树种的纤维长度和导管分子长度除沙冬青年轮内差异不显著外,其他树种间及树种年轮间的差异极其显著。对沙生植物的解剖特征的定量研究可以看出,所选树种的次生木质部特征体现了对沙漠环境的高度适应性。较短,孔径较窄导管以单管孔或复管孔形态出现,纹孔较小使干旱区沙生植物具有较大的水分运输能力,也是水分安全传导的一种策略。     

The Differentiation of Contact Cells and Isolation Cells in the Xylem Ray Parenchyma of Populus maximowiczii

A histochemical analysis was made of the differentiation ofcontact cells and isolation cells in the xylem ray parenchymaof Populus maximowiczii. The contact cells formed secondarywalls at approximately the same time as adjoining vessel elements.The lignification of the cell walls of contact cells and vesselelements began earlier than that of wood fibres and isolationcells. Thus, the formation of the secondary wall, includinglignification, of the contact cells might occur at the sametime as that of the vessel elements to which they are directlyconnected. By contrast, the isolation cells began to form secondarywalls later than the vessel elements and wood fibres in thevicinity of the isolation cells. After the deposition of thesecondary wall, a protective layer was formed in contact cellsbut no isotropic layer was observed in isolation cells. Theresults suggest the importance of vessel elements in the determinationof the differentiation of adjoining ray parenchyma cells.Copyright1999 Annals of Botany Company Contact cell, isolation cell, vessel element, xylem differentiation, Populus maximowiczii Henry.