淮北相山三种群落中优势树种次生木质部的解剖学特征

对淮北相山侧柏、构树混交林6个优势树种次生木质部的观察表明,其结构表现出一定的旱生特征：高的复孔率和导管分布频率,窄导管,木纤维短,射线低。利用相对输导率和脆性指数对导管水分输导的有效性和安全性进行了评估,结果表明6个优势树种的相对输导率依次为：牡荆〉酸枣〉扁担木〉构树〉柘树〉小叶鼠李,脆性指数依次为：构树〉牡荆〉扁担木〉酸枣〉小叶鼠李〉柘树,植物水分输导的有效性和安全性与其在相山的自然分布相一致。作为广布优势树种,牡荆、酸枣和扁担木的次生木质部在导管分子长度、单孔率、导管频率、相对输导率、脆性指数、多列射线高度、多列射线宽度和单列射线高度等性状上均表现出一定的可塑性。与混交林和人工侧柏林相比,灌丛中植物导管分子短,单孔率低,导管频率大,射线低,相对输导率大,脆性指数小,更倾向于旱生特点。逐步多重回归分析表明,随着郁闭度的增加,导管分子长度和单孔率增加。随着风速的增加,导管频率增加。随着土壤含水量的增加,多列射线变宽。     

灌水量对枸杞根茎次生木质部结构和组成的影响

以4年生宁夏枸杞树为材料,通过非称重式蒸渗器进行定量灌溉试验,研究了不同灌水量对枸杞根和茎内次生木质部结构及其组成的影响.结果显示:(1)随着灌水量的增加,枸杞根内次生木质部导管直径逐渐增加,且两者呈极显著正相关(r=0.942);在灌水量为900 m3/hm2时导管频率最大、纤维面积所占的比例最小,同时,根次生木质部导管面积比例与导管频率的变化趋势一致,而木薄壁细胞面积比例则与灌水量呈不显著正相关(r=0.835).(2)枸杞茎内次生木质部导管直径在灌水量为900 m3/hm2时达到最大,导管频率则与灌水量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.963);茎次生木质部内导管面积比例在灌水量为450 m3/hm2时最大,纤维面积所占的比例则与灌水量呈显著正相关(r=0.964);木薄壁细胞面积比例则与灌水量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.989).(3)枸杞根和茎内木射线频率随灌水量的增加而减少,且分别与灌水量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.96和r=-0.99),即根和茎内木射线的横向运输功能随着灌水量的增加而减弱.研究表明,宁夏枸杞根和茎内次生木质部结构和组成分子的数量随灌水量而变化,适度的灌水量(900 m3/hm2)使枸杞的根茎导管直径增加,导管频率降低,以维持枸杞体内输水系统较适宜的有效性和安全性.     

豆科7种沙生植物次生木质部的生态解剖

对我国西北沙漠地区的７种豆科植物的次生木质部进行了比较研究,除紫穗槐的导管直径相对较大,壁较薄和纤维壁薄之外,其余植物的共同特点是：导管平均直径小,管壁厚,导管分频率及复孔率高,导管分子很短,端壁几乎水平,具单穿孔;管间纹孔为互列的具缘纹孔,并有附物纹孔;韧型纤维短、壁较厚,壁上有较少的单纹孔;射线平均高度很低,具单列及多列射线。然而,它们的导管分布式样、单孔率,以及导管壁上有无螺旋加厚,轴向薄壁     

不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响

对生长在北纬23至32度的鹅掌楸〖WTBX〗（Liriodendron chinense〖WTBZ〗 Sarg.）的次生木质部进行了比较解剖学研究。观察的特征有：导管分子的长度、直径、壁厚、梯状穿孔板横闩的数目;导管密度、纤维长度、直径、壁厚;射线的高度、宽度,单列射线的比例,射线的密度等。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,导管分子变短变细,壁变薄,梯状穿孔板的横闩数目减少;纤维也变短变细,壁变薄;木射线变矮变窄,单列射线的比例和射线密度增加。     

不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响

对生长在北纬23至32度的鹅掌楸（Liriodendron chinense Sarg.）的次生木质部进行了比较解剖学研究。观察的特征有：导管分子的长度、直径、壁厚、梯状穿孔板横闩的数目;导管密度、纤维长度、直径、壁厚;射线的高度、宽度,单列射线的比例,射线的密度等。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,管分子变短变细,壁变薄,梯状穿孔板的横闩数目减少;纤维也变短变线,壁变薄;木射线变敌变窄,单列射线的比例和射线密度增加。     

扁担木叶片和次生木质部解剖和水分生理特征的可塑性

基于叶片和次生木质部解剖特征及水分生理指标观测,研究了淮北相山不同群落中扁担木的表型可塑性.结果表明,扁担木叶片结构表现出中生特点：叶为异面叶,较薄,角质层不甚发达,气孔密度较小.次生木质部表现出旱生特点：导管频率和复孔率较高,导管分子短而窄,纤维很短,射线很低.扁担木叶片、次生木质部的解剖和水分生理特征均表现出一定的可塑性,其可塑性指数高低顺序为次生木质部解剖特征（0.24）＞水分生理特征（0.19）＞叶片解剖特征（0.18）.与侧柏林和混交林相比,灌丛中扁担木个体对干旱生境有一定的适应能力,表现在次生木质部导管分子短,导管频率高,单孔率低,木纤维短,射线矮小,具有较大的相对输导率和较小的脆性指数;叶片水势、组织含水量、自由水含量较低,叶面积、比叶面积较小,而束缚水含量、束缚水自由水比值较高.扁担木的解剖和生理可塑性,使之能忍受群落演替早期的干旱生境,更好地适应演替后期的中生环境,从而成为广布种和混交林中的优势种.     

两种麻黄根与茎次生木质部的解剖与进化和干旱环境的关系

用光镜及扫描电镜对两种麻黄根、茎次生木质部进行了解剖研究,结果表明：轴向系统主要由导管和管胞组成。横向系统由细胞壁木质化了的射线薄壁组织细胞组成。导管直径甚小,多孔式穿孔板,并存在导管与管胞之间的管状分子类型,推断麻黄属是裸子植物中最早出现导管的类群;管胞中有一些两头尖、胞腔小、具缘纹孔含纹孔塞的长分子,可视作纤维状管胞,使管胞的输导作用被削弱,而支持功能被加强;射线异型多列,已不具备裸子植物具较窄射线的特点。导管与管胞并存,恰好起到了一般沙生被子植物具宽窄两种类型的导管、复孔率高等典型的对干旱环境的适应特征的作用,茎中导管分子的长度和宽度均小于根,这与茎部需要较强的机械支持力相一致。     

不同产地华中五味子叶表皮结构和导管分子的解剖学特征及其与环境因子的关系

在光学显微镜下观察了不同产地华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd.et Wils．)叶表皮结构和导管分子特征,应用多元回归方法对不同产地华中五味子的叶表皮特征及导管分子特征与环境因子的关系进行了分析。观察的指标有叶表皮特征(气孔器密度、气孔器指数、气孔器长宽、气孔器面积、气孔极区角质加厚、气孔器类型、表皮细胞垂周壁形状、分泌细胞密度及叶表面角质条纹)和导管分子特征(导管分子长度、直径、长／直径比值及穿孔板类型)。观察结果：上表皮有极少量气孔器和分泌细胞分布。在下表皮,气孔器类型为平列型和侧列型,气孔器指数为15．05％-22．53％,气孔器长59．2—74．2μm,气孔器宽37．9—46．8μm,分泌细胞密度为1．45／mm^2-3．99／mm^2。导管分子以具缘纹孔导管为主,穿孔板包含单穿孔和梯状穿孔板。导管分子长957．8—1270．2μm,导管分子直径85．0—136．7μm。随着产地的不同,华中五味子叶下表皮结构和导管分子的解剖特征有明显的差异。分析结果显示：年均气温与气孔器面积和气孔器长度,年降水量与气孔器宽度以及相对湿度与分泌细胞密度之间关系密切。随着年平均气温的升高,气孔器面积、气孔器长度呈减少的趋势,R^2值分别为0．74、0．71。随着年降水量的增加,气孔器宽呈减小的趋势,R^2值为0．64;导管分子长／直径比值增加,R^2值为0．46。相对湿度与分泌细胞密度呈正相关,R^2为0．63。     

大豆属植物茎的次生木质部结构研究

利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,对大豆属ClycineL.的4种类型植物茎材进行比较解剖学研究．结果表明,4种类型植物的茎材横切面均为散孔材。野生大豆茎材多为单管孔．少见复管孔;半野生大豆具复管孔,少见多细胞的管孔链;半栽培大豆茎材中复管孔和管孔链较多;而栽培大豆的复管孔和管孔链更多且普遍．野生大豆单列射线多,多列射线少半野生大豆有少数多列射线;半栽培大豆多列射线较多;栽培大豆多列射线细胞组成的射线最多．大豆种植物的次生木质部导管的侵填体分布不同,各种结构的演化途径为野生大豆→半野生大豆→半栽培大豆→栽培大豆野生大豆结构较原始,栽培大豆最进化     

大豆属植物茎的次生木质部结构研究

利用光学显微技术和扫描电镜技术,对大豆属Clycine L.的4种类型植物茎材进行比较解剖学研究.结果表明,4种类型植物的茎材横切面均为散孔材。野生大豆茎材多为单管孔.少见复管孔;半野生大豆具复管孔,少见多细胞的管孔链;半栽培大豆茎材中复管孔和管孔链较多;而栽培大豆的复管孔和管孔链更多且普遍.野生大豆单列射线多,多列射线少半野生大豆有少数多列射线;半栽培大豆多列射线较多;栽培大豆多列射线细胞组成的射线最多.大豆种植物的次生木质部导管的侵填体分布不同,各种结构的演化途径为野生大豆→半野生大豆→半栽培大豆→栽培大豆野生大豆结构较原始,栽培大豆最进化.     

Secondary Xylem Anatomic Characteristics of Dominant Plant Species in Three Communities in Xiangshan Mountain,Huaibei , China

The results of anatomic observations on secondary xylem of 6 dominant species in a Platycladus orientalis + Broussonetia papyrifera mixed forest in Xiangshan mountain, Huaibei, China, indicated that these species share some xeromorphic features in secondary xylem such as high vessel frequency, less percentage of single porous, thinner vessel, shorter fibers, and lower rays. The availability and safety of the vessel associated with water conduction was evaluated through relative conductivity and the vulnerability index, the result shown that relative conductivity of the 6 dominant species is ordered as Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Grewia biloba var. parviflora, Broussonetia papyrifera, Cudrania tricuspuidata, Rhamnus parvifolia , while the vulnerability index is ordered as B. papyrifera, V. negundo var. cannabifolia, G. biloba var. parviflora, Z. jujuba var. spinosa, C. tricuspuidata, R. parvifolia, and the availability and safety of water conduction of these plants is coincided with their distribution in Xiangshan mountain. The three widely distributed dominant species, Z. jujuba var. spinosa, V. negundo var. cannabifolia and G. biloba var. parviflora, show great plasticity in some characters, including vessel element length, vessel frequency, relative conductivity, vulnerability index, percentage of single porous, multiserate ray height, multiserate ray width, and single ray height, etc. Compared to those in mixed forest and P. orientalis forest, the species in shrub tend to have shorter vessel elements, higher vessel frequency, less single porous percentage, lower rays, higher relative conductivity, and less vulnerabilityindex, thus indicated that they are inclined to more xeromorphic anatomically. The result from the stepwise multiple regressions show that both of the vessel element length and percentage of single porous increased with the canopy density, and the vessel frequency increased with the wind velocity, multiserate ray width increased with the soil water content.     

Anatomical Characteristics of Leaves and Woods of Fagus lucida and Their Relationship to Ecological Factors in Mountain Fanjingshan,Guizhou, China

An eco-anatomic study on leaves and woods of Fagus lucida Rehd. et Wils., which grows at an elevation of 1 260～2 020 m above sea level in Mountain Fanjingshan, Guizhou Province of Southwestern China, was carried out. Anatomical characteristics of leaves (including the thickness of upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina) and woods (vessel length, vessel width, vessel frequency, fiber length, ray width, ray height and ray frequency), and leaf surface characters (stomatal density, stomatal width and stomatal length) were determined and compared along the latitudinal gradient. As the results, 1) Lamina thickness was between 119.2 and 364.3μm; 2) Vessel frequency 75.2～133.6 per mm , vessel width 50.7～85.6 μm, vessel length 479.8～748.6 μm; fiber length 936.4～1 326.9 μm; total frequency of single and muhiseriate rays 6～9 per mm; 3) No solitary trichome was found on mature foliage, and the stomatal density was 72～113.6 per mm . Climatic indices at different altitudes were obtained by means of climatological method. Multi-statistical analysis was used to clarify the relationship between the morphological characters of the leaves and woods and climatic factors. The results showed that: 1 ) The thickness of palisade mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina, and the vessel width increased with the humid/ add index (Bailey’s index); 2) With an increase of annual precipitation, spongy mesophyll thickness, vessel length and fiber length increased, but vessel frequency and stomatal density decreased; 3) Morphological features of leaves were closely related to low winter temperature, namely, lamina thickness decreased with coldness index, and the stomatal size decreased as the increase of mean temperature of the coldest month.     

贵州梵净山亮叶水青冈解剖特征的生态格局及主导因子分析

使用具有不同生物学意义的生态因子为环境变量,应用多元统计方法,分析了贵州梵净山的亮叶水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｕｃｉｄａ Ｌ．）叶片及木材形态解剖特征的生态格局和影响其变化的主导生态因子。结果表明,随着温度要素的增加,叶片的所有解剖特征、叶表面的气孔面各以及木材的导管直径、纤维长度均显示下降趋势,而叶表面的气孔器密度、木材的导管频率和单列射线高度呈上升趋势;随着寒冷指数（负积温）和水分因子（年降水和水     

Comparative wood anatomy of epacrids (Styphelioideae,Ericaceae s.L.)

The wood anatomy of 16 of the 37 genera within the epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.) is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Several features in the secondary xylem occur consistently at the tribal level: arrangement of vessel-ray pits, distribution of axial parenchyma, ray width, and the presence and location of crystals. The primitive nature of Prionoteae and Archerieae is supported by the presence of scalariform perforation plates with many bars and scalariform to opposite vessel pitting. The wood structure of Oligarrheneae is similar to that of Styphelieae, but the very narrow vessel elements, exclusively uniseriate rays and the lack of prismatic crystals in Oligarrheneae distinguish these two tribes. The secondary xylem of Monotoca tamariscina indicates that it does not fit in Styphelieae; a position within Oligarrheneae is possible. Like most Cosmelieae, all Richeeae are characterized by exclusively scalariform perforation plates with many bars, a very high vessel density and paratracheal parenchyma, although they clearly differ in ray width (exclusively uniseriate rays in Cosmelieae vs. uniseriate and wide multiseriate rays in Richeeae). Several wood anatomical features confirm the inclusion of epacrids in Ericaceae s.l. Furthermore, there are significant ecological implications. The small vessel diameter and high vessel frequency in many epacrids are indicative of a high conductive safety to avoid embolism caused by freeze-thaw cycles, while the replacement of scalariform by simple vessel perforation plates and an increase in vessel diameter would suggest an increased conductive efficiency, which is especially found in mesic temperate or tropical Styphelieae.     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭木射线径向运输特征研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠地区优势植物种梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）为试验材料,通过观察测定不同树龄、不同季节梭梭木质部解剖结构,计算梭梭木质部非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）及其组分的径向运输速率,分析NSC运输特征与木质部射线和导管解剖结构之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）随着树龄的增加,梭梭导管和射线解剖特征均表现出增加趋势;5月梭梭导管长度和导管直径高于其他季节,10月梭梭射线高度、射线宽度和射线细胞壁厚度均高于其他季节。（2）梭梭木质部NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉的径向运输速率随树龄增长呈显著递增趋势,但13年生与18年生树龄间的NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉的径向运输速率差异不显著。（3）5月和10月的梭梭木质部NSC径向运输速率显著高于7月（P<0.05）;可溶性糖径向运输速率表现为5月最高、7月最低;淀粉径向运输速率从5月到10月呈显著递减趋势。（4）相关分析结果显示,可溶性糖径向运输速率与导管长度（P＜0.05）、导管直径和射线高度呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）;淀粉径向运输速率与导管长度、导管直径间呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）;NSC径向运输速率与导管直径、射线高度间呈极显著正相关关系。研究认为,梭梭木质部径向运输功能与木射线和导管解剖结构有关,且呈明显季节动态变化。     

Influence of exogenous ethylene on cambial activity,xylogenesis and ray initiation in young shoots of Leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de Wit

The effect of exogenous ethephon on cambial activity, xylem production and ray population in young shoots of Leucaena leucocephala was investigated anatomically. The application of ethephon showed a diphasic effect on cambial activity and xylogenesis in a dose dependent manner. Lower concentration of ethephon enhanced cambial activity while high concentrations reduced cambial cell divisions and daughter-cell differentiation. High ethephon concentration also resulted in shorter vessel elements, thick walled fibers and phenolic accumulation in ray cells and vessel elements, whereas low concentration allowed elongation of fibers and vessel elements. The density of rays increased significantly with increase in ethylene concentration. The evaluation of longitudinal sections of cambial zone in ethephon treated plants showed high frequency of transformation of fusiform initials into ray initials through divisions and segmentation, resulting in high ray frequency in both xylem and phloem. The present study demonstrates that ethylene plays an important role in regulating secondary vascular tissue composition by reducing the population of fusiform initials in the cambium.     

Fine structure of the mature spermatozoon of rhynchocinetes typus,crustacea decapoda

Rhynchocinetes typus spermatozoa obtained from the vas deferens have the shape of a round-headed nail. The head measures 30 μm in diameter and 14 μm of height. At the center of the flat face of the head emerges a single rigid spike of 53 μm in length. Cross sections of this spike show that it has a wall of 0.4 μm in thickness and a core of 0.6 to 0.8 μm. The outer surface of the spike has a longitudinal striation. When the spermatozoa are placed in sea water it is possible to observe the unfolding of rays. The number of rays in different spermatozoa of the same individual varies from 9 to 13. Each ray is formed by a channel-like sheath that contains a rigid rod that occupies about 1/3 the length of the ray. This rod has a transverse striation with a periodicity of 185A. The rays are bound among them by a thin membranous sheet that is highly folded in vas deferens spermatozoa. At the distal end of each ray there is a rigid spine of 50 μm in length. The nucleus is coplanar to the radial plane and it extends through the rays. The structure and ultrastructure of R typus spermatozoa depart from that reported for spermatozoa of other Caridea species.