8种木本旱生植物的木质部解剖学特性研究

从生态学角度对8种旱生植物木材的次生木质部结构进行了对比研究.结果表明,8树种次生木质部结构的共同特点为:生长轮分界明显(霸王和四合木的年轮有时不连续),半环孔材,单穿孔,导管壁间纹孔互列,木纤维无横隔膜,联合傍管轴向薄壁组织丰富,导管壁上呈现螺纹加厚,都具有异型射线;它们主要差异在于射线和导管的数量化指标:四合木异型射线1~2列,霸王、白刺、沙冬青和胡枝子射线2~5列,柽柳、柠条和花棒大型射线4~10列;导管分子长度和纤维长度在树种间和同一树种个体间差异较明显.四合木和沙冬青导管频率较大,导管管孔较小,因此Vulnerability和Mesomorphy值也较小,更能适应干旱环境.     

小钩叶藤茎解剖特性的变异

试验材料为一株２６０节、长约４２ｍ的小钩叶藤（ＰｌｅｃｔｏｃｏｍｉａｍｉｃｒｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓＢｕｒｒｅｔ）．分析了藤茎下列特性的轴向变异：表皮细胞的垂周长度和外壁厚度、皮层宽度、维管束的密度和纤维鞘／维管组织比值、后生木质部导管分子的长度和宽度、纤维长度,以及节间的长度和直径。节间长度、导管分子长度及纤维长度的轴向变异一致．这三项特性反映茎的生长活力．     

华北低山丘陵区常用树种木质部解剖特征及水其力学抗旱性

木本植物木质部解剖特征与水分运输和干旱适应策略密切相关,但目前对华北低山丘陵区常用树种这方面的研究仍然不足。为研究这一地区植物木质部解剖特征与抗旱性的关系,研究以抗旱树种和非抗旱树种各5种为研究对象,通过测定与木质部横截面导管、薄壁组织相关的大量解剖学性状和非结构性碳浓度,比较两类树种木质部解剖特征的差异和解剖性状间的关联,以探究这些树种水力学的干旱适应策略差异。结果显示:1)10个树种的16个木质部性状均有较大变异性;2)两类树种间的平均导管直径和导管密度无显著差异,但抗旱树种导管壁厚度、最大导管直径、旁管薄壁组织比例和轴向薄壁组织比例以及非结构性碳(NSC)浓度显著大于非抗旱树种;3)抗旱树种的导管壁厚度与平均导管直径、最大导管直径和潜在最大导水率均呈显著正相关关系,最大导管直径与潜在最大导水率呈显著正相关关系,但非抗旱树种不存在这些关系。本研究抗旱树种同时具有较大的最大导管直径和较厚的导管壁,在保证较高的水分运输效率的同时又具备一定的抗栓塞能力,较多的旁管薄壁组织和NSC也为抗旱树种提供了更大的木质部水储存和栓塞修复能力。     

淮北相山三种群落中优势树种次生木质部的解剖学特征

对淮北相山侧柏、构树混交林6个优势树种次生木质部的观察表明,其结构表现出一定的旱生特征：高的复孔率和导管分布频率,窄导管,木纤维短,射线低。利用相对输导率和脆性指数对导管水分输导的有效性和安全性进行了评估,结果表明6个优势树种的相对输导率依次为：牡荆〉酸枣〉扁担木〉构树〉柘树〉小叶鼠李,脆性指数依次为：构树〉牡荆〉扁担木〉酸枣〉小叶鼠李〉柘树,植物水分输导的有效性和安全性与其在相山的自然分布相一致。作为广布优势树种,牡荆、酸枣和扁担木的次生木质部在导管分子长度、单孔率、导管频率、相对输导率、脆性指数、多列射线高度、多列射线宽度和单列射线高度等性状上均表现出一定的可塑性。与混交林和人工侧柏林相比,灌丛中植物导管分子短,单孔率低,导管频率大,射线低,相对输导率大,脆性指数小,更倾向于旱生特点。逐步多重回归分析表明,随着郁闭度的增加,导管分子长度和单孔率增加。随着风速的增加,导管频率增加。随着土壤含水量的增加,多列射线变宽。     

10种茶藨子属植物导管分子形态特征及其生态适应性比较研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微电镜,以10种茶藨子属植物为研究材料,观察了其导管分子的形态结构。结果显示:(1)所研究的茶藨子属植物导管分子穿孔板为梯状穿孔板,且穿孔板上横隔分布的数量不同,端壁倾斜角度种间变化不大;(2)导管分子纹孔式样为互列式或兼有互列式和对列式,纹孔形状种间存在差异;(3)有的种类导管分子内壁有螺纹加厚或网状凸起。研究表明,不同生境下的茶藨子属植物导管形态与其生态适应性之间有较强的相关性,表现为湿生环境的物种导管较短,直径较宽;旱生环境的物种导管较长,直径较小;中生环境的居中。本文分析了茶藨子属植物导管分子形态特征的生态适应性。     

10 种茶藨子属植物导管分子形态特征及其生态适应性比较研究简

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微电镜,以10种茶藨子属植物为研究材料,观察了其导管分子的形态结构。结果显示：（1）所研究的茶藨子属植物导管分子穿孔板为梯状穿孔板,且穿孔板上横隔分布的数量不同,端壁倾斜角度种间变化不大;（2）导管分子纹孔式样为互列式或兼有互列式和对列式,纹孔形状种间存在差异;（3）有的种类导管分子内壁有螺纹加厚或网状凸起。研究表明,不同生境下的茶藨子属植物导管形态与其生态适应性之间有较强的相关性,表现为湿生环境的物种导管较短,直径较宽;旱生环境的物种导管较长,直径较小;中生环境的居中。本文分析了茶藨子属植物导管分子形态特征的生态适应性。     

四种番荔枝科(Annonaceae)植物导管分子及其穿孔板的比较观察

番荔枝科是被子植物基部类群,木兰目中最大的一个科。为了解暗罗属(Polyalthia)的海南暗罗(Polyalthia laui)、假鹰爪属(Desmos)的假鹰爪(Desmos chinensis)、紫玉盘属(Uvaria)的山椒子(Uvaria grandiflora)、瓜馥木属Fissistigma)的瓜馥木(Fissistigma oldhamii)四个种的导管与穿孔板的形态学特征,该研究利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其导管分子及穿孔板形态进行观察,首次展示了这4属4种的导管分子与穿孔板的形态特征,并对其导管的长度与直径进行了分析与比较。结果表明:这四个种导管分子端壁均为单穿孔板,部分穿孔板具尾,不同种在导管与穿孔板形态上具有明显的差异;长度与直径的统计学分析显示其种间差异极显著,导管长度与直径的相关性分析显示其没有相关性。综合导管的形态学特征与统计学分析结果,该研究认为在这四个种中,假鹰爪的导管分子直径与长度变化幅度都不大,长度较短,直径最大,穿孔板平截,不具尾或具小尾,其导管分子处于较高的演化水平。     

Drought effects on the plasticity in vessel traits of two endemic Magnolia species in the tropical montane cloud forests of eastern Mexico

本文旨在探讨气候变化如何影响两种特有墨西哥木兰的导管性状可塑性和其每年的年轮宽度。尽管如此，很少有研究评估干旱对墨西哥东部热带山地云林导管性状的影响。通过生长年轮的数字图像，我们对所研究的墨西哥木兰树种的径向生长率、树龄和导管性状可塑性进行了评估，比较了两种墨西哥木兰树种在干旱年和非干旱年的导管密度、水力直径和传导面积百分比。本研究首次对墨西哥两个热带山地云林中的两个濒危木兰树种(Magnolia vovidesii 和M. schiedeana)的多孔木质部导管性状对长期气候变化的可塑性进行了分析。结果发现，当比较干旱和非干旱年份时，温度和降水量与年轮宽度的差异密切相关。扩散型多孔木质导管解剖结构具有很高的可塑性，这与所研究的两种木兰树种的温度和/或水的有效性有关。我们的结论是，与非干旱年份相比，对干旱年份的解剖学适应导致了导管性状的大量减少；这些可塑的适应性在植物长期环境胁迫下的水分运输以及生存的安全性方面起着重要的作用。     

黄柳与小红柳导管分子形态特征及其生态适应性比较研究

黄柳和小红柳为浑善达克沙地2种重要的水土保持灌木,黄柳适宜在流动或半流动沙丘上生长,而小红柳适宜在丘间低地生长,二者既可混生,也可形成纯林,存在规律性分布。该研究采用组织离析法和显微照相技术,对黄柳和小红柳的根、茎部导管分子形态特征进行比较研究,探讨导管分子形态特征与其生态适应性的关系,为黄柳和小红柳次生木质部解剖学研究提供资料。结果显示:(1)黄柳和小红柳导管分子均以网纹和两端具尾、一端具尾类型为主,具单穿孔板、互列纹孔。(2)黄柳与小红柳的根部导管分子长度、直径、端壁斜度差异显著,且黄柳较小红柳的直径大、端壁斜度小,为进化特征,而长度较长,为原始特征;但茎部导管分子长度、直径、端壁斜度无显著差异。(3)黄柳与小红柳的导管分子的形态特征与生境间存在一定的相关性,黄柳根部导管具有高输水性而较小红柳适应干旱环境。该研究为黄柳和小红柳造林提供理论指导,并为植物生态适应性的相关研究提供参考。     

浅谈沙生植物的生态适应性

沙生植物长期生活在风沙大、雨水少、冷热多变的严酷气候条件下,形成一系列适应艰苦环境的形态特征和抗风蚀、沙割、耐沙埋、抗日灼、耐干旱贫瘠等的生态特性。从沙生植物适应沙埋生活的形态和生长特征、适应风和风沙打击危害的形态结构和生长特征、沙生植物具有的旱生或超旱生的形态结构与生理特性、沙生植物适应流动沙子的繁殖特性及短命植物等几个方面对它们的种种奇特的形态和适应性进行了详细论述。     

Wood anatomy reflects the distribution of Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (Chenopodiaceae)

Wood anatomy characters of the Eurasian/North American half-shrub Krascheninnikovia ceratoides were investigated on plants from different parts of the wide distribution area. The secondary xylem is developed as result of anomalous secondary thickening. The vessels are small (commonly <50 μm) and the secondary xylem is rayless. Differences in vessel diameter exist between the main axis, basal branches and flowering shoots. The maximum as well as the minimum vessel diameter in the flowering shoots is significantly smaller compared to the basal branches, as well as in the main axis in all provenances. The length of thick-walled libriform fibre cells varies between the main axis and the basal branches of the same plant individual, but in the short main axis the length of libriform fibre cells is relatively constant (193-217 μm), independent of provenance and climate. Obviously, the length of libriform fibre cells is a conservative character and dependent on plant size. The vessel diameter is a more sensitive parameter for ecological studies. It varies more clearly, considering the vessel position in the plant axis system, in relation with climate differences of the provenances of the examined plants.Plants from a temperate, semi-humid climate have the largest vessel diameter in basal branches and flowering shoots, while the vessel diameter of plants from an arid temperate climate in Central Asia is smallest. The vessel diameters depend not only on climate, but also on the position in the axial system of the plants. There is a trade-off between average vessel number and their maximum diameter in flowering shoots of populations from Russia and Mongolia. Thus, vessel diameters depend on both, position in the axial system of the plant and climatic conditions.     

安徽黄山华中五味子次生木质部的生态解剖

对安徽黄山海拔420～1840m的华中五味子茎的次生木质部进行了生态解剖学研究。结果表明,茎的次生木质部为散孔材,导管分子长741.7～1025.2μm,直径为152.4～191.9μm;导管频率60.6～70.2mm-2。纤维管胞长925.2～1046.3μm;木射线类型为异形ⅡA和ⅡB,单列射线高682.1～778.4μm,多列射线高度为1093～1208μm,多列射线宽63.6～92.6μm,射线频率9.2～12.8mm-1。次生木质部解剖特征随异质生境而表现出一定的可塑性,其中,多列射线宽、射线频率、导管分子长度、导管直径等性状的可塑性较大。多重回归分析表明,水分和温度是影响华中五味子次生木质部解剖特征的主导因子。随着空气相对湿度的增加,导管分子长度和直径均增大,射线频率减小。随着降雨量的增加,纤维长度增加。随着最冷月温度的增加,导管频率增加,多列射线宽度减小。随着年较差的增加,单列射线和多列射线高度均减小。     

Stem anatomy and development of inter- and intraxylary phloem in Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. (Asclepiadaceae)

Modification of external morphology and internal structure of plants is a key feature of their successful survival in extreme habitats. They adapt to arid habitats not only by modifying their leaves, but also show several modifications in their conducting system. Therefore, the present study is aimed to investigate the pattern of secondary growth in Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne., (Asclepiadaceae), one such species growing in Kachchh district, an arid region of Gujarat State. A single ring of vascular cambium, responsible for radial growth, divided bidirectionally and formed the secondary xylem centripetally and the phloem centrifugally. After a short period of secondary xylem differentiation, small arcs of cambium began to form secondary phloem centripetally instead of secondary xylem. After a short duration of such secondary phloem formation, these segments of cambium resumed their normal function to produce secondary xylem internally. Thus, the phloem strands became embedded within the secondary xylem and formed interxylary phloem islands. Such a recurrent behavior of the vascular cambium resulted in the formation of several patches of interxylary phloem islands. In thick stems the earlier formed non-conducting interxylary phloem showed heavy accumulation of callose on the sieve plates followed by their crushing in response to the addition of new sieve elements. Development of intraxylary phloem is also observed from the cells situated on the pith margin. As secondary growth progresses further, small arcs of internal cambium get initiated between the protoxylem and intraxylary phloem. In the secondary xylem, some of the vessels are exceptionally thick-walled, which may be associated with dry habitats in order to protect the vessel from collapsing during the dryer part of the year. The inter- and intraxylary phloem may also be an adaptive feature to prevent the sieve elements to become non-conducting during summer when the temperature is much higher.     

凹叶厚朴细弱枝与粗壮枝导管分子的比较研究

对凹叶厚朴粗壮枝和细弱枝的次生木质部进行离析研究,发现其导管穿孔板有两种类型,即单穿孔板和梯状穿孔板。在细弱枝中,具不同类型穿孔板的导管分子有八种类型,即一端为单穿孔板的导管分子,另一端为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;只有一端为单穿孔板的导管分子;只有一端为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;两端均为单穿孔板的导管分子;两端均为梯状穿孔板的导管分子;具三个单穿孔板的导管分子;两端具单穿孔板的导管分子,中间具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子;具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子。粗壮枝除了无具多个梯状穿孔板的导管分子外,其它细弱枝的导管分子的类型都具有。细弱枝的导管分子宽而长,粗壮枝导管分子窄而短。     

猫儿屎导管分子穿孔板新类型的发现

运用扫描电镜(SEM)对木通科(Lardizabalaceae)猫儿屎属(Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thoms.)植物猫儿屎[Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook.f.et Thoms.]茎的次生木质部导管分子进行观察,以期为该属的系统演化提供依据.结果表明,猫儿屎的导管分子具有多个穿孔板,端壁穿孔板除了梯状以外,还有梯-网、梯-网-单、梯-单混合穿孔板等类型;侧壁穿孔板包括梯状、网状、梯-网混合状穿孔板;穿孔板上纹孔膜的残余有丝状、网状和片状.同时对导管分子的长度、宽度及端壁倾斜度等特征进行统计,并讨论了木通科各类群的穿孔板特征.     

Relationships of growth,stable carbon isotope composition and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in seven mulberry cultivars: a hint towards drought tolerance

• The fast growth of mulberry depends on high water consumption, but considerable variations in drought tolerance exist across different cultivars. Physiological and anatomical mechanisms are important to plant survival under drought. However, few research efforts have been made to reveal the relationships of these two aspects in relation to drought tolerance.
• In this study, growth rates, leaf functional physiology and anatomical characteristics of leaf and xylem of 1‐year‐old saplings of seven mulberry cultivars at a common garden were compared. Their relationships were also explored.
• Growth, leaf physiology and anatomy were significantly different among the tested cultivars. Foliar stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) was negatively correlated with growth rates, and closely related to several leaf and xylem anatomical traits. Particularly, leaf thickness, predicted hydraulic conductivity and vessel element length jointly contributed 77% of the variability in δ¹³C. Cultivar Wupu had small stomata, intermediate leaf thickness, the smallest hydraulically weighted vessel diameter and highest vessel number, and higher δ¹³C; Yunguo1 had high abaxial stomatal density, low specific leaf area, moderate hydraulic conductivity and δ¹³C; these are beneficial features to reduce leaf water loss and drought‐induced xylem embolism in arid areas. Cultivar Liaolu11 had contrasting physiological and anatomical traits compared with the previous two cultivars, suggesting that it might be sensitive to drought.
• Our findings indicate that growth and δ¹³C are closely associated with both leaf and xylem anatomical characteristics in mulberry, which provides fundamental information to assist evaluation of drought tolerance in mulberry cultivars and in other woody trees.

     

Stem xylem features in three Quercus (Fagaceae) species along a climatic gradient in NE Spain

 Stem xylem features in two evergreen Quercus species (Q. coccifera and Q. ilex) and a deciduous one (Q. faginea) were analysed along an Atlantic-Mediterranean climatic gradient in which rainfall and winter cold experience strong variation. Mean maximum vessel diameter, vessel density, vessel element length, xylem transverse sectional area, Huber value (xylem transverse sectional area per leaf area unit), theoretical leaf specific conductivity (estimated hydraulic conductance per leaf area unit) and total leaf area were determined in 3-year-old branches. Q. faginea presented the widest vessels and the highest theoretical leaf specific conductivity while Q. coccifera showed the lowest total leaf area and the highest Huber value. Studied features did not exhibit significant correlations with mean minimum January temperature in any species but did show significant relationships with rainfall. In Q. coccifera, mean maximum vessel diameter, vessel element length and theoretical leaf specific conductivity increased with higher rainfall while vessel density decreased. Mean maximum vessel diameter and total leaf area in Q. ilex increased with precipitation whereas variables of Q. faginea did not show any significant trend. Results suggest that aridity, rather than minimum winter temperature, controls stem xylem responses in the studied evergreen species. Q. faginea traits did not show any response to precipitation, probably because this species develops deep roots, which in turn makes edaphic and topographic factors more important in the control of soil water availability. In response to aridity Q. coccifera only exhibits adjustment at a xylem level by reducing its water transport capacity through a reduction of vessel diameter without changing the amount of xylem tissue or foliage, whereas Q. ilex adjusts its water transport capacity in parallel to the foliage area. Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 8 April 1997     

Vessel dimensions in liana and tree species of Gnetum (Gnetales)

Maximum vessel diameters were examined in the secondary xylem of stems of Gnetum of various sizes. One tree (G. gnemon) and 13 liana species were compared. In three species, vessel length distributions were determined by the latex paint method, and showed many short and fewer long vessels. Latex and compressed air methods, used to find the maximum vessel lengths, showed that maximum vessel lengths were similar for three species of Gnetum. In old stems, mean and maximum vessel diameters tended to be greater in lianas than in the tree species. The skewed distribution of vessel lengths and the trend of wider vessels in lianas as compared to trees were similar to those distributions and trends described previously for angiosperms. In random samples of macerated wood of three species, simple perforation plates were most common in vessel members of all species. Foraminate and modified foraminate perforations were less frequent. Average diameter of vessel members with either foraminate or modified foraminate perforations was less than for those with simple perforations. The resemblance of Gnetum vessels to those of angiosperm trees and vines is most likely a case of convergent evolution (homoplasy) in xylem characteristics.     

A survey of vessel dimensions in stems of tropical lianas and other growth forms

Summary Vessel dimensions (total diameter and length) were determined in tropical and subtropical plants of different growth forms with an emphasis upon lianas (woody vines). The paint infusion and compressed air methods were used on 38 species from 26 genera and 16 families in the most extensive survey of vessel length made to date. Within most stems there was a skewed frequency distribution of vessel lengths and diameter, with many short and narrow vessels and few long and wide ones. The longest vessel found (7.73 m) was in a stem of the liana (woody vine) Pithecoctenium crucigerum. Mean vessel length for 33 species of lianas was 0.38 m, average maximum length was 1.45 m. There was a statistically significant inter-species correlation between maximum vessel length and maximum vessel diameter. Among liana stems and among tree+shrub stems there were statistically significant correlations between stem xylem diameter and vessel dimensions. Lianas with different adaptations for climbing (tendril climbers, twiners, scramblers) were similar in their vessel dimensions except that scramblers tended to have shorter (but not narrower) vessels. Within one genus, Bauhinia, tendril climbing species had greater maximum vessel lengths and diameters than tree and shrub species. The few long and wide vessels of lianas are thought to hydraulically compensate for their narrow stem diameters. The many narrow and short vessels, which are present in the same liana stems, may provide a high resistance auxiliary transport system.