Sox10和Olig2加速人源性诱导多能干细胞向少突胶质前体细胞分化

少突胶质细胞(OLs)有望用于治疗多发性硬化和先天性脑瘫等脱髓鞘疾病.近年来,一些研究者利用人的胚胎干细胞和神经干细胞作为起始细胞来获得少突胶质细胞前体细胞(OPCs).然而,神经干细胞的应用受到其来源的限制;现有的将胚胎干细胞分化为OPCs的方法耗时较长.因此,本研究探讨了一种通过在人诱导多能干细胞中过表达两个转录因子(Sox10和Olig2),从而有效获得OPCs的方法.通过这种方法,可以在14天内获得PDGFRα阳性的OPCs,并在56天内获得O4阳性的OPCs.获得的OPCs在和大鼠(Rattusnorvegicus)皮质神经元共培养时能分化为成熟的少突胶质细胞并包裹轴突形成髓鞘.该研究结果在自体细胞移植领域中具有一定的应用潜力.     

生酮饮食激活脂肪酸氧化促进ME区的少突胶质细胞前体细胞增殖

下丘脑正中隆起(mdian eminence,ME)是神经元和少突胶质细胞的可能生态位，营养因素可能通过诱导ME区细胞变化而调控下丘脑功能。为了确定生理条件下休眠的下丘脑干细胞是否存在饮食诱导的可塑性，本研究使用正常饲料、高脂饮食和生酮饮食(一种低碳水、高脂肪的饮食)等不同喂养方式，比较了不同饮食条件下小鼠ME区伸展细胞(tanycytes,TCs)和少突胶质细胞前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)的增殖情况，首次发现生酮饮食可诱导促进ME区OPCs增殖，阻断脂肪酸氧化通路可抑制生酮饮食诱导的OPCs增殖。本研究初步揭示了饮食诱导对ME区OPCs的影响，为进一步研究ME区OPCs的功能提供了启示。     

L-型钙通道对大鼠胚胎海马神经干细胞增殖和分化的调控

为鉴定大鼠胚胎海马神经干细胞(NSCs)是否表达功能性的L-型钙通道,L-型钙通道是否参与了对大鼠胚胎NSCs增殖和分化调控.分离孕15天Wistar大鼠胚胎海马组织,制成单细胞悬液,利用无血清培养技术,在添加bFGF、EGF、N-2和B27 supplement的DMEM/F12培养液中进行培养.采用细胞免疫荧光法对原代至第5代细胞进行鉴定,均有巢蛋白(nestin)的表达,第3代nestin阳性细胞比例达97%.把培养的细胞诱导分化5天后,这些细胞表现为神经元和星形胶质细胞的形态,且分别呈Ⅲ型β-微管蛋白(Tuj1)阳性和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性;细胞免疫印迹结果显示,NSCs表达L-型钙通道的Cav1.2α1C亚单位,而无Cav1.3α1D亚单位的表达;利用全细胞膜片钳技术在NSCs上记录到了L-型钙电流,证明了NSCs所表达的L-型钙通道具有功能.进一步对细胞进行药理学干预,发现L-型钙通道的激活不仅可以促进胚胎NSCs的增殖,而且使增殖的NSCs向神经元分化的比例显著增加.以上结果表明,Wistar大鼠胚胎海马NSCs表达功能性的L-型钙通道;L-型钙通道参与了胚胎NSCs增殖和分化的调控.     

ROCK特异性抑制剂Y27632对缺氧后少突胶质前体细胞分化的影响

目的观察ROCK特异性抑制剂Y27632对缺氧损伤(Oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)后少突胶质前体细胞分化的影响。方法培养SD大鼠大脑皮层少突胶质前体细胞,实验分为对照组、对照+Y27632组、OGD组、OGD+Y27632组四组;对细胞进行OGD处理2h,取4d后时间点,进行免疫荧光组化染色和Western blot实验,检测细胞A2B5、NG2、O4及MBP蛋白表达情况。结果与对照组相比,OGD组表达少突胶质细胞特异性蛋白MBP量明显增多(P0.01);OGD+Y27632组比单纯OGD组表达少突胶质细胞特异性蛋白MBP的量显著增加(P0.01)。结论 OGD损伤可促进OPCs的分化,Y27632特异性抑制ROCK可以进一步促进OGD损伤后OPCs的分化,提示ROCK信号通路在缺氧诱导OPCs分化的过程中有重要的调控作用。     

大鼠少突胶质前体细胞(OPCs)纯化培养及糖氧剥夺(OGD)模型的建立

目的建立大鼠脑少突胶质前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)分离纯化培养及糖氧剥夺(oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD)模型。方法出生3d内的SD大鼠乳鼠取脑,经胰蛋白酶消化法培养混合胶质细胞,混合培养10d后,震摇及差速贴壁法分离纯化OPCs,纯化培养3d后鉴定、诱导分化OPCs为少突胶质细胞(oligodendrocyte,OL)及进一步OGD干预。免疫荧光法鉴定OPCs纯度及分化为OL的能力;MTT法检测OGD(37℃,1%O2,5%CO2)干预0.5h、1h、2h及4h时细胞活力改变,Edu染色检测细胞增殖情况。结果免疫荧光显示纯化培养的OPCs 95%以上表达NG2+A2B5,且可分化为MBP阳性的OL。OGD 2h时,MTT显示细胞活力明显下降,Ed U染色阳性率明显降低。结论震摇及差速贴壁法可获得高纯度的OPCs,且细胞具有分化为OL的能力。2h可作为OPCs OGD模型缺血缺氧损伤合适时间。     

一些细胞因子对哺乳动物神经干细胞增殖分化的影响

神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)的增殖、分化与中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)的自我更新、神经病理损伤的修复密切相关。细胞因子可以调节NSCs的增殖,诱导NSCs进行特定分化,这对于治疗CNS损伤疾病具有重要的临床意义。该文综述了生长因子(growth factor,GF)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)、干扰素(interferon,IFN)等常见细胞因子对NSCs增殖和分化的影响及其可能的作用机制。其中,神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、碱性成纤维生长因子(base fi broblast growth factor,b FGF)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)促进NSCs增殖,IL-1β、IL-17、IFN-α抑制NSCs增殖。IL-1α、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、IFN-γ促进NSCs向神经细胞方向分化,TNF-α、IL-1β促进NSCs向神经胶质细胞分化。有些细胞因子仅对增殖或分化有影响,有些细胞因子对增殖和分化均有影响。此外,大多数细胞因子的不同亚型产生的效应大致相同,但少数亚型可能会产生不同甚至相反的效应。     

S1P通过S1PR-3/PI3K促进少突胶质前体细胞增殖机制的研究

探讨鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)对少突胶质前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)的影响及其作用机制。使用P3SD乳鼠构建OPCs原代培养体系,运用倒置相差显微镜、CCK-8、流式细胞术(FCM)、Ed U及Western blotting检测细胞增殖情况和蛋白表达量。结果证实S1P能促进OPCs增殖,并且随着S1P浓度升高呈上升趋势,在10滋mol/L时细胞增殖能力最佳;其增殖机制是通过与S1PR-3结合,激活PI3K/p-ERK信号通路,使S期细胞比例上调。OPCs可增殖、迁移和分化到损伤部位进行抗髓鞘修复,因此关于OPCs增殖的深入研究对于脱髓鞘疾病的临床治疗具有重大意义。     

中枢神经系统少突胶质细胞前体细胞产生的研究进展

少突胶质细胞(oligodendrocytes,OLs)在脊椎动物中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中负责形成包裹神经元轴突的髓鞘,保证神经冲动沿轴突的快速传导,并为其提供营养支持。OLs发育异常及损伤会导致严重的神经系统疾病,比如脑白质营养不良(leukodystrophy)、多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis,MS)等。少突胶质细胞前体细胞(oligodendrocyte progenitor cells,OPCs)在胚胎期由神经前体细胞(neural progenitor cells,NPCs)产生,该过程受到一系列细胞内外因素的调控,对这一问题的研究也是神经系统研究的重要内容。现主要基于遗传学结果,简述关于OPCs产生的调控机制的最新研究进展。     

人神经干细胞的体外生物学特性

本实验利用有丝分裂因子,体外诱导生成人神 经干细胞(NSCs),观察其生长特性并进行鉴定。取胎龄10-22周的大脑半球,分散细胞后种于添加表皮生长因子(EGF,20ng/ml)和/或碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF,20ng/ml)的培养基中。利用免疫组织化学方法鉴定分化后的细胞类型。同时,进行细胞克隆分析、传代培养及端粒酶活性检测。结果显示:NSCs呈悬浮生长的干细胞球,其特异性抗原nestin阳性。NSCs具有增殖能力,可连续传代而不丢失其增殖和多分化潜能的干细胞特性。撤除EGF和bFGF的作用,细胞停止分裂,并分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。克隆分析显示NSCs生长呈密度依赖性。人NSCs表达较低的端粒酶水平,并随培养时间延长而下调。研究表明,利用有丝分裂因子,可在体外成功诱导生成人NSCs,其生长,分化受内外源因素的调节,相关的机制还有待阐明。     

少突胶质前体细胞治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病,其发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,并且治疗较为困难。研究发现脊髓损伤后少突胶质细胞大量死亡,引发脱髓鞘病变,这可能是其难以治疗的原因之一。少突胶质前体细胞(OPCs)为少突胶质细胞的祖细胞,后者是中枢神经系统的成髓鞘细胞。OPCs来源于胚胎发育早期神经管腹侧神经上皮细胞,随着神经管的发育,OPCs逐渐增殖、迁移并分化为成熟OL,参与中枢神经系统轴突髓鞘的形成。随着对OPCs的不断深入研究,发现OPCs移植对SCI有较好的疗效,这可能为SCI患者开辟一条新的治疗途径。本文就OPCs治疗SCI的动物实验研究结果做一综述。     

A role for Noggin in the development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can be differentiated in culture into either oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes (2As), depending on the culture conditions. Whereas oligodendrocyte development can occur in the absence of inducing signals, 2A development apparently cannot. Fetal calf serum (FCS) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are powerful inducers of 2A development in culture, but there is no compelling evidence that OPCs develop into astrocytes in vivo. We show here that BMPs are made by glial cells in the developing rat optic nerve, raising the question of why 2As do not normally develop in the optic nerve. We demonstrate that the BMP antagonist Noggin is strongly expressed by both OPCs and type-1 astrocytes in the developing optic nerve. We also show that depletion of Noggin by a small interference RNA inhibits OPC proliferation and induces 2A differentiation in the presence of a low, non-2A-inducing concentration of FCS. By contrast, enforced expression of Noggin in OPCs blocks FCS-induced 2A differentiation. These findings suggest that BMPs in FCS are largely responsible for the 2A-inducing activity of FCS and that Noggin may normally inhibit the formation of 2As in the developing CNS.     

Differentiation of neurosphere-derived rat neural stem cells into oligodendrocyte-like cells by repressing PDGF-α and Olig2 with triiodothyronine

One of the approaches for treating demyelination diseases is cytotherapy, and adult stem cells are potential sources. In this investigation, we tried to increase the yield of oligodendrocyte-like cells (OLCs) by inducing neural stem cells generated from BMSCs-derived neurospheres, which were used for deriving the neural stem cells (NSCs). The latter were induced into OLCs by heregulin, PDGF-AA, bFGF and triiodothyronine (T3). The BMSCs, NS, NSCs and OLCs were characterized by using immunocytochemistry for fibronectin, CD44, CD90, CD45, Oct-4, O4, Olig2, O1 and MBP markers. PDGF receptor α (PDGFR-α), Olig2 and MOG expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. The BMSCs expressed CD44, CD90, CD106 and Oct-4; the NSCs were immunoreactive to nestin and neurofilament 68. Incubation of the NSCs for 4 days with heregulin, PDGF-AA and bFGF resulted in their induction into oligodendrocyte progenitor-like cells (OPLCs), which immunoreacted to O4, Olig2 and O1, while Olig2 and PDGFR-α were detected by RT-PCR. Replacing heregulin, PDGF-AA and bFGF with T3 for 6 days resulted in repression of O4, O1, Olig2 and PDGFR-α. The OLCs were co-cultured with motoneurons resulted in induction of MOG and MBP, which were expressed in functional OLCs. The latter can be generated from BMSCs-derive NS with high yield.     

Cultured Rat Astrocytes Give Rise to Neural Stem Cells

Previously, we reported the occurrence of neural stem cells (NSCs) around an area of damage after rat traumatic brain injury (TBI), but it was unclear if this was due to blastgenesis in astrocytes, or to NSCs migrating from the subventricular zone (SVZ). In this study, NSCs were isolated and cultured from cultured type 1 astrocytes taken from newborn rat cortex in which the subventricular zone and hippocampus had been discarded. All cultured type 1 astrocytes showed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunopositivity. Nestin immunopositive spheres were isolated from type 1 astrocytes and cultured in the presence of bFGF and EGF in the medium. Neurospheres differentiated into Tuj1-, GFAP- and A2B5-positive cells after 4 days of culture without bFGF and EGF. These results indicate that isolated neurospheres from brain cortex astrocytes can differentiate into neurons and glia and might contribute to neurogenesis and neuroplasticity.     

溶血磷脂酸对离体培养的大鼠胚胎神经干细胞向神经胶质细胞分化的影响

本研究用免疫细胞化学荧光双标技术观察了溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）分化为少突胶质细胞（galactocerebroside—positive,Gal-C阳性）和星形胶质细胞（grim fibrillary acidic protein-positive,GFAP阳性）的影响,并且用RT-PCR技术对NSCs可能表达的LPA受体进行分析。结果显示：（1）加入不同浓度（0．010．0μmol／L）LPA,第7天进行检测时,少突胶质细胞数量呈明显的剂量依赖性增加,峰值出现在1．0μmol／LLPA组,少突胶质细胞所占百分比从对照组的8．5％增加到32．6％;（2）星形胶质细胞的分化几乎不受LPA的影响,第7天时各LPA处理组星形胶质细胞百分比与对照组相比均无显著性差异;（3）RT-PCR结果显示,大鼠胚胎NSCs的LPA1和LPA3受体表达明显,而LPA3受体表达很弱。以上结果表明,较低浓度的LPA可能作为细胞外信号,通过LPA1和LPA3受体促进大鼠胚胎NSCs向少突胶质细胞分化和生成,但对星形胶质细胞的分化过程无明显影响。     

胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞分离培养与鉴定

目的:研究胎鼠的脊髓源性神经干细胞的分离培养方法并观察其增殖和分化能力。方法:利用显微操作技术分离获得胎鼠脊髓组织、无血清培养技术和酶消化法结合机械法传代培养神经干细胞、免疫细胞化学方法鉴定神经干细胞和分化情况。结果:建立了胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴定的方法,观察到了脊髓源性神经干细胞具有较强的增殖能力,在添加有5ng／mlEGF和5ng／mlbFGF的无血清培养液中可贴壁分化为神经元、少突细胞和星形胶质细胞。结论:在体外培养条件下分离培养的胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞具有干细胞的特性即较强的增殖能力和多向分化潜能。     

Long-term self-renewal of naïve neural stem cells in a defined condition

During embryonic development, neural stem cells (NSCs) emerge as early as the neural plate stage and give rise to the nervous system. Early-stage NSCs express Sry-related-HMG box-1 (Sox1) and are biased towards neuronal differentiation. However, long-term maintenance of early-stage NSCs in vitro remains a challenge. Here, we report development of a defined culture condition for the long-term maintenance of Sox1-positive early-stage mouse NSCs. The proliferative ability of these Sox1-positive NSCs was confirmed by clonal propagation. Compared to the NSCs cultured using the traditional culture condition, the long-term self-renewing Sox1-positive NSCs efficiently differentiate into neurons and exhibit an identity representative of the anterior and midbrain regions. These early-stage Sox1-positive NSCs could also be switched to late-stage NSCs by being cultured with bFGF/EGF, which can then differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The long-term self-renewing Sox1-positive NSCs were defined as naïve NSCs, based on their high neuronal differentiation capacity and anterior regional identity. This culture condition provides a robust platform for further dissection of the NSC self-renewal mechanism and promotes potential applications of NSCs for cell-based therapy on nervous system disorders.     

神经干细胞在治疗脑损伤中的应用

神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）是中枢神经系统中既具有自我更新能力又能分化为神经系统各类细胞的细胞群。在体外一定条件下,NSCs能保持增殖能力,经定向诱导能分化为具有成熟神经细胞特征的各类细胞。NSCs移植治疗研究显示,植入的NSCs能分化为移植部位的神经细胞,并融入、整合该部位,重建受损神经网络,在一定程度上缓解病症。近年来,激活体内内源NSCs治疗神经损伤也逐渐得到广泛关注。因此,NSCs在治疗神经损伤中的应用研究已成为当前神经生物学基础理论和临床应用研究的热点。本文简要介绍了最近关于NSCs在治疗脑损伤中的应用研究进展。     

The Molecular Events Involved in Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Proliferation Induced by the Conditioned Medium from B104 Neuroblastoma Cells

The conditioned medium from B104 neuroblastoma cells (B104CM) induces proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in vitro. However, the molecular events that occur during B104CM-induced proliferation of OPCs has not been well clarified. In the present study, using OPCs immunopanned from embryonic day 14 Sprague–Dawley rat spinal cords, we explored the activation of several signaling pathways and the expression of several important immediate early genes (IEGs) and cyclins in OPCs in response to B104CM. We found that B104CM can induce OPC proliferation through the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), but not PI3K or p38 MAPK signaling pathways in vitro. The IEGs involved in B104CM-induced OPC proliferation include c-fos, c-jun and Id2, but not c-myc, fyn, or p21. The cyclins D1, D2 and E are also involved in B104CM-stimulated proliferation of OPCs. The activation of Erk results in subsequent expression of IEGs (such as c-fos, c-jun and Id-2) and cyclins (including cyclin D1, D2 and E), which play key roles in cell cycle initiation and OPC proliferation. Collectively, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 is an important molecular event during OPC proliferation induced by B104CM.     

Macroglial cell development in embryonic rat brain: studies using monoclonal antibodies, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and cell culture

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes have been shown to develop on the same schedule in dissociated cell cultures of early embryonic rat brain as in vivo. Subsequent studies showed that there are two major types of astrocyte (type-1 and type-2), which, in cultures of perinatal optic nerve, develop as two distinct lineages. In such cultures, type-2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from the same, bipotential, (O-2A) progenitor cells, which differentiate into type-2 astrocytes in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and into oligodendrocytes in less than or equal to 0.5% FCS. In light of these findings, we now have extended our studies on macroglial cell development in rat brain and show the following: (i) The first astrocytes to develop have a type-1 phenotype, while astrocytes with a type-2 phenotype do not develop until almost 2 weeks later, just as in the optic nerve. (ii) Most importantly, type-2 astrocytes, like the other macroglial cells, develop on the same schedule in cultures of early embryonic (less than or equal to E15) brain as they do in vivo. (iii) By contrast, both oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes develop prematurely in cultures of E17 brain, and FCS influences this development in the same way it does in perinatal optic nerve cultures. (iv) Type-2 astrocyte precursors are labeled by the A2B5 monoclonal antibody, as shown previously for oligodendrocyte precursors in brain and for O-2A progenitor cells in optic nerve. Taken together with our previous findings, these results suggest that oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes in brain develop from bipotential O-2A progenitor cells, whose choice of developmental pathway and timing of differentiation depend on mechanisms that operate independently of brain morphogenesis.